CN108357447B - Gradient notch groove buffering energy-absorbing element and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Gradient notch groove buffering energy-absorbing element and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN108357447B
CN108357447B CN201810036813.4A CN201810036813A CN108357447B CN 108357447 B CN108357447 B CN 108357447B CN 201810036813 A CN201810036813 A CN 201810036813A CN 108357447 B CN108357447 B CN 108357447B
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thin
pipe
walled
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CN108357447A (en
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尹冠生
姚如洋
赵振宇
张婉琪
杨辉
秦小利
霍亚光
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Changan University
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R19/00—Wheel guards; Radiator guards, e.g. grilles; Obstruction removers; Fittings damping bouncing force in collisions
    • B60R19/02—Bumpers, i.e. impact receiving or absorbing members for protecting vehicles or fending off blows from other vehicles or objects
    • B60R19/023—Details
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F7/00—Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers

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Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of collision and energy absorption, and particularly discloses a gradient notch buffering energy-absorbing element, which comprises a plurality of thick-wall pipes and at least one thin-wall pipe; the thick-wall pipe and the thin-wall pipe are arranged at intervals along the axial direction and connected into a whole, and the central axis of the inner pipe of the thick-wall pipe is superposed with the central axis of the inner pipe of the thin-wall pipe; the two ends of each thin-walled pipe are connected with thick-walled pipes, the axial length and the radial thickness of different thin-walled pipes are changed along the axial gradient, and the radial thickness corresponding to the thin-walled pipe with the longest axial length is the smallest. The thick-wall pipe and the thin-wall pipe are arranged at intervals along the axial direction and connected into a whole, and the axial lengths of different thin-wall pipes are changed along the axial direction in a gradient manner, so that crushing wrinkles occur sequentially from the longest section to the shortest section; the radial thicknesses of different thin-walled tubes are changed along the axial gradient, so that the crushing wrinkles sequentially occur from the thinnest section to the thickest section; the radial thickness corresponding to the thin-walled tube with the longest axial length is the minimum, so that the position of the crushing wrinkle is more accurately controlled.

Description

Gradient notch groove buffering energy-absorbing element and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of collision and energy absorption, and particularly relates to a gradient notch groove buffering energy-absorbing element.
Background
In practical engineering such as aerospace, automobiles, rail vehicles, highway anti-collision facilities, nuclear power stations and the like, the energy absorption behavior of the buffering energy-absorbing element plays a key role in the safety of a collision bearing structure. Due to the requirement of safety protection, the buffering energy-absorbing element has the characteristics of good energy-absorbing effect, light weight, long crushing stroke and the like, and the structural form of the buffering energy-absorbing element needs to be as simple as possible and is easy for industrial manufacturing and batch production.
At present, the traditional buffering energy-absorbing element mainly comprises a thin-wall member, wherein the axial crushing energy absorption of the thin-wall pipe member is considered as one of the most effective modes, and the most common thin-wall pipe has a circular, square, hat-shaped and other cross-sectional shapes. Through tests and theoretical verification, the energy absorption effect of the round-section thin-walled tube under the same working condition is obviously superior to that of other types of thin-walled tubes. However, the conventional round cross-section tube is highly susceptible to non-axisymmetric buckling during crushing, and the existing multi-stage crushing has an advantage in that the crushed portion of the structure can be selected according to the difference of the impact force.
However, most of the existing energy absorption structures cannot effectively control the occurrence position of the crush wrinkle of the energy absorption tube on the one hand, and a great deal of uncertainty exists, which can cause unpredictable hidden troubles in the collision process. On the other hand, in the current technical situation, many structures which theoretically have good energy absorption effect and can realize multi-level energy absorption function are difficult to produce in batches and are expensive in manufacturing cost.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a gradient notch groove buffering energy-absorbing element and a preparation method thereof; the position of occurrence of crush wrinkles can be accurately controlled and the manufacturing is easy.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a gradient notch groove buffering energy-absorbing element is characterized by comprising a plurality of thick-wall pipes and at least one thin-wall pipe; the thick-wall pipe and the thin-wall pipe are arranged at intervals along the axial direction and connected into a whole, and the central axis of the inner pipe of the thick-wall pipe is superposed with the central axis of the inner pipe of the thin-wall pipe; the two ends of each thin-walled pipe are connected with thick-walled pipes, the axial length and the radial thickness of different thin-walled pipes are changed along the axial gradient, and the radial thickness corresponding to the thin-walled pipe with the longest axial length is the smallest.
The inner diameters of the thick-wall pipe and the thin-wall pipe are the same.
The sections of the thick-wall pipe and the thin-wall pipe are both circular, rectangular or elliptical.
The thickness of each thick-walled pipe is the same.
The axial length dimensions of the different thin-walled tubes are arranged in an arithmetic progression or an geometric progression along the axis direction.
The radial thickness dimensions of the different thin-walled tubes are arranged in an arithmetic progression or an geometric progression along the axis direction.
A method of making, wherein the energy absorber element is made using mechanical cold working.
The mechanical cold machining is to carve grooves on the outer surface of the tube by a lathe or a milling machine or a machining mode combining the lathe and the milling machine to form a mode of interval distribution of thick-wall tubes and thin-wall tubes, and finally the energy-absorbing element is machined.
The preparation method is characterized in that 3D printing is used for preparing the energy-absorbing element, the energy-absorbing element made of a solid metal material is prepared by a laser sintering method, and the energy-absorbing element made of a solid non-metal material is prepared by a photocuring forming method.
The solid non-metal material is PVC or resin.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
the thick-wall pipe and the thin-wall pipe are arranged at intervals along the axial direction and connected into a whole, and the axial lengths of different thin-wall pipes are changed along the axial gradient, so that crushing wrinkles occur sequentially from the longest section to the shortest section; the radial thicknesses of different thin-walled tubes are changed along the axial gradient, so that the crushing wrinkles sequentially occur from the thinnest section to the thickest section; the radial thickness corresponding to the thin-walled tube with the longest axial length is the minimum, so that the position of the occurrence of the crushing wrinkle is more accurately controlled.
Furthermore, the thick-wall pipe and the thin-wall pipe have the same inner diameter, so that the energy absorption element is more stably stressed, and the position of the crushed wrinkles can be generated according to the expected position.
Furthermore, the sections of the thick-wall pipe and the thin-wall pipe are circular, rectangular or elliptical, the circular, rectangular or elliptical shapes are regular, the stress is stable, and the positions where the crushing wrinkles occur can occur according to expected positions.
Furthermore, the thickness of each thick-wall pipe is the same, and the thin-wall pipes with the same thickness are more convenient to manufacture and more stable in stress.
Furthermore, the axial length dimensions of different thin-walled tubes are arranged in an arithmetic progression or an geometric progression along the axial direction, and the variation function is changed by the arithmetic progression or the geometric progression, so that the preparation is convenient, and the position of the occurrence of the crushing wrinkle is easier to control.
Furthermore, the radial thickness dimensions of different thin-walled tubes are arranged in an arithmetic progression or an geometric progression along the axis direction, and the variation function is changed by the arithmetic progression or the geometric progression, so that the preparation is convenient, and the position of the occurrence of the crushing wrinkle is easier to control.
Furthermore, the invention also discloses a preparation method, the energy-absorbing element is prepared by mechanical cold processing, and the manufacturing is convenient.
Furthermore, the mechanical cold machining of the invention is to carve grooves on the outer pipe surface of the pipe to form a mode of interval distribution of thick-wall pipes and thin-wall pipes, the machining method has the advantages of convenient material selection, direct cold machining from commercially-sold seamless pipes, no need of mold opening again for manufacturing, and low manufacturing cost.
Furthermore, the energy absorbing element is prepared by 3D printing, and the energy absorbing element printed by 3D printing is accurate in manufacturing, can be manufactured into the energy absorbing element with a complex shape, and meets the requirements of the energy absorbing element on the use site.
Furthermore, the solid-state non-metallic material is PVC or resin, and has reliable material performance and good energy absorption effect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of a gradient notched impact absorbing element in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a non-axisymmetrical crushing mode of the gradient grooved energy-absorbing tube of the present invention, which is generated by axially compressing a common circular-section energy-absorbing tube having the same size;
FIG. 3 shows a discontinuous crushing mode of the gradient grooved energy-absorbing tube of the embodiment of the present invention, which is generated by axially compressing the uniform grooved energy-absorbing tube with the same size;
FIG. 4 shows a continuous progressive collapse mode of a gradient notched energy absorbing tube under axial compression in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a force-displacement curve of the embodiment of the present invention when the normal circular section energy-absorbing tube, the uniform grooved energy-absorbing tube and the gradient grooved energy-absorbing tube are axially crushed.
In the figure: 1 is a thin-walled tube, 2 is a thick-walled tube, L is the length of the tube, DOIs the outer diameter of a thick-walled pipe, DIThe inner diameter of the thick-walled pipe, W the axial length of the thick-walled pipe, W0Is the initial axial length, w, of the thin-walled tubeiIs the axial length of the ith thin-walled tube, wi+1Is the axial length of the (i + 1) th thin-walled tube, d0To an initial groove depth, diDepth of ith notch, di+1Depth of the (i + 1) th notch.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the attached drawings, which are illustrative, but not limiting, of the present invention.
As shown in FIGS. 1-5, the gradient notch buffering energy-absorbing element of the invention is characterized by comprising a plurality of thick-wall tubes 2 and at least one thin-wall tube 1; the thick-wall pipe 2 and the thin-wall pipe 1 are arranged at intervals along the axial direction and connected into a whole, and the central axis of the inner pipe of the thick-wall pipe 2 is superposed with the central axis of the inner pipe of the thin-wall pipe 1; the two ends of each thin-walled tube 1 are connected with thick-walled tubes 2, the axial length and the radial thickness of different thin-walled tubes 1 are changed along the axial gradient, and the radial thickness corresponding to the thin-walled tube 1 with the longest axial length is the smallest.
The inner diameters of the thick-wall pipe 2 and the thin-wall pipe 1 are the same.
The sections of the thick-wall pipe 2 and the thin-wall pipe 1 are both circular, rectangular or elliptical.
The thickness of each thick-walled tube 2 is the same.
The axial length dimensions of the different thin-walled tubes 1 are arranged in an arithmetic progression or an geometric progression along the axis direction.
The radial thickness dimensions of the different thin-walled tubes 1 are arranged in an arithmetic progression or an geometric progression along the axis direction.
A method of making, wherein the energy absorber element is made using mechanical cold working.
The mechanical cold machining is to carve grooves on the outer surface of the tube by a lathe or a milling machine or a machining mode combining the lathe and the milling machine to form a mode that the thick-wall tube 2 and the thin-wall tube 1 are distributed at intervals, and finally the energy-absorbing element is machined.
The preparation method is characterized in that 3D printing is used for preparing the energy-absorbing element, the energy-absorbing element made of a solid metal material is prepared by a laser sintering method, and the energy-absorbing element made of a solid non-metal material is prepared by a photocuring forming method.
The solid non-metal material is PVC or resin.
The gradient width notch energy absorption element is a gradient width notch energy absorption tube, the gradient width notch energy absorption tube comprises a plurality of notches and thick walls which are alternately distributed along the axial direction, wherein the width of each thick wall part is the same, the wall thickness is the same, the depth of each notch is the same, the width gradually changes along one end of the tube with a preset gradient, and the thick wall parts are always positioned at two ends of the gradient width notch energy absorption tube.
Further, the cross section of the gradient width notch energy absorption pipe can be in any geometrical shape such as a circle, a rectangle, an ellipse and the like.
Furthermore, the gradient width notch groove energy absorption tube can be made of metal materials such as stainless steel and aluminum alloy, and can also be made of nonmetal materials such as PVC and resin.
Furthermore, the mode that the gradient width notch groove energy-absorbing pipe bears the impact is axial and oblique impact forming a certain angle with the axial, and both ends of the pipe can bear the impact force.
Further, the number of notches of the gradient width notched energy absorption tube can be any value larger than 1.
Further, the gradient may be represented by an arithmetic series, geometric series or other function or series that causes the uneven effect of the overall groove width, wherein the first groove is the first groove.
Furthermore, the geometric parameters of the gradient width notch energy absorption tube in the wall thickness direction should satisfy an equation, wherein the geometric parameters are notch depth, the wall thickness of the notch and the wall thickness of the thick wall part.
Further, the preparation method of the gradient width grooved energy absorption pipe comprises a mechanical cold processing method and a 3D printing method.
Further, the mechanical cold-processing preparation method of the gradient width grooved energy absorption pipe can follow the following steps:
s1, purchasing a seamless pipe for standby according to the actually required cross section shape and cross section size;
s2, cutting the purchased seamless pipe according to the actual required pipe length;
s3, grooving the cut seamless pipe by a machine tool (such as a lathe and a milling machine) according to the required gradient;
and S4, polishing the machined gradient width grooved energy absorption pipe, and removing burrs.
Further, the 3D printing preparation method of the gradient width grooved energy absorption tube may follow the following steps:
s1, establishing a three-dimensional data model of the gradient width grooved energy absorption pipe by using Solidworks, UG, Pro/E and other CAD software;
s2, converting the gradient width groove energy absorption tube three-dimensional data model established in the S1 into stl format which can be recognized by a 3D printer;
s3, inputting the stl format model generated in the S2 into a 3D printer and performing 3D printing by using a selective laser sintering method (mainly aiming at metal materials) or a photocuring forming method (mainly aiming at non-metal materials);
and S4, taking the 3D printed gradient width grooved energy absorption pipe out of the machine, and brushing off all residual powder.
In addition, in the subsequent implementation examples, the selected geometric parameters and the finite element simulation result are verified by test data, so that the accuracy of the result can be fully ensured.
In the subsequent embodiment I, the energy absorption effect and the crushing mode of the buffering energy absorption element disclosed by the invention in the quasi-static crushing process are compared with those of the traditional round pipe and the uniform grooved round pipe, and the gradient width grooved energy absorption pipe disclosed by the invention has a better energy absorption effect and a progressive crushing mode. The structure is firstly crushed at the notch with the largest width value and gradually deformed in a gradual crushing mode. Energy absorption efficiency can be further enhanced by reasonably designing the geometric parameters of the energy absorption device, and the lightweight structure design is realized.
The product of the invention has simple structure and strong assembly, can be used as an independent buffering energy-absorbing element, and can realize the cooperative work of a plurality of gradient width notch buffering energy-absorbing elements under the specific application.
The product of the invention has simple preparation process, can be directly obtained by cold processing of commercially sold seamless pipes, and does not need to be manufactured by opening the die again. Meanwhile, the product of the invention has wide alternative materials, and can adopt metal materials such as stainless steel, aluminum alloy and the like, and also can adopt nonmetal materials such as PVC, resin and the like.
Example one
In this embodiment, the gradient notch energy absorption element is a gradient notch energy absorption tube with a circular cross section (referred to as a gradient notch tube for short). In the embodiment, the number of the notches is 5, wherein the depths of three notches at the bottom are the same, the depths of two notches at the top are the same, the depth d of the notches is changed according to the form of an arithmetic progression, and the depth coefficient
Figure BDA0001548257190000072
Namely, the thicknesses of the fourth section of thin-walled tube and the fifth section of thin-walled tube are smaller than the thicknesses of the first section of thin-walled tube, the second section of thin-walled tube and the third section of thin-walled tube. At the same time, the width w of the groove is changed according to the form of an arithmetic progression, and the width coefficient gamma is wi+1-wi3.36 mm; namely, the axial lengths of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth sections of thin-walled tubes are sequentially increased, so that the thin-walled tube with the shortest axial length has the largest radial thickness, and the thin-walled tube with the longest axial length has the smallest radial thickness.
In order to verify the advantages of the gradient grooved tube, the gradient grooved tube is compared with a common circular-section energy absorption tube and a uniform grooved tube which have the same size and are made of the same material, and the energy absorption effects of the three types of energy absorption tubes under the axial quasi-static crushing working condition are analyzed, wherein the specific size selected in the embodiment is shown in table 1, and the units of geometric parameters in the table are (mm).
TABLE 1
Figure BDA0001548257190000071
The superiority of the gradient grooving pipe is verified by carrying out finite element simulation test by Abaqus/Explicit software, wherein the finite element simulation parameters are set as follows:
the common round pipe, the uniform groove carving pipe and the gradient groove carving pipe are all made of mild steel, and the density of the pipes is 7.8g/cm3The elastic modulus, the Poisson ratio and the ultimate strength are 210GPa, 0.3, 372MPa and 526MP respectively. The bottom of the tube is placed on a fixed rigid plate, and the other rigid plate is loaded at a constant speed of 1mm/min from the collision direction, so that the energy absorption characteristics and the crushing modes of the three types of energy absorption tubes under low-speed impact are researched by means of a quasi-static test. The three types of tubes and rigid plates in the calculation all use universal contact based on the penalty function method, and the friction factor is 0.15. In order to ensure the calculation efficiency of the Abaqus/Explicit under quasi-static collapse, the calculation speed is increased by combining the lowest-order mode of the system with a smooth amplitude curve.
Fig. 2 shows the crushing mode of a common circular-section energy-absorbing tube, and the occurrence of non-axisymmetric instability of the circular tube can be visually observed. Due to the strong randomness and low energy absorption efficiency of the non-axisymmetric crushing mode of the round tube, great uncertainty can be generated when the round tube is used for energy absorption elements with more precise structures such as vehicles or crash pads. As the tube length is further increased, a more unstable euler buckling mode may also occur. Thus, non-axisymmetric crush modes of the tube are avoided as much as possible in the design of such energy absorber elements.
Fig. 3 shows the crushing mode of the uniformly grooved energy-absorbing tube, and it can be visually observed that the uniformly grooved tube is more stable than a common round tube in the crushing process, and all thin-wall parts are in an axisymmetric crushing mode. However, the location of the uniform grooved energy-absorbing tube where crushing occurs is difficult to control, and as can be seen from fig. 3, the location where crushing occurs first is located at the second grooved location of the loading end, the second crushing occurs at the first grooved location of the loading end, and the second grooved location of the fixed end is crushed. Therefore, the energy absorbing structure still does not solve the randomness of the wrinkle generation part during crushing while ensuring the stability.
Fig. 4 is a collapse mode of the gradient grooved energy-absorbing tube, and it can be visually observed that the gradient grooved tube has the advantage of stability of the uniform grooved tube, and at the same time, can stably form a deformation mode of axial progressive collapse. As can be seen from fig. 4, the first portion to be crushed is located at the notch having a depth of 2.5mm, and the thin-walled portions at the two notches are completely crushed before the thin-walled portions at the lower three notches having a depth of 2mm start to be crushed. As can be seen from fig. 4, the thin-walled tube having the longest axial length and the smallest radial thickness is crushed first, and the thin-walled tube having the shortest axial length and the largest radial thickness is crushed last.
FIG. 5 is a force-displacement curve of the energy-absorbing tube with a circular cross section, the energy-absorbing tube with uniform notches and the energy-absorbing tube with gradient notches in axial crushing, and the comparison shows that the force-displacement curve of the energy-absorbing tube with gradient notches has two obvious platforms due to different notch depths, the curve of the first platform and the curve of the energy-absorbing tube with uniform notches are in the same level, the energy-absorbing capacity of the first platform is higher than that of the energy-absorbing tube with uniform notches, the force value of the second platform is obviously increased, and the energy-absorbing tube with gradient notches has good multi-stage energy-absorbing characteristics as a whole.
To compare the energy absorption capacity of the gradient grooved tube and the uniform grooved tube, table 2 summarizes the data presented by the force-displacement curve in fig. 5, the total energy absorption of the gradient grooved tube is 22.33% more than that of the uniform grooved tube, the crushing distance of the gradient grooved tube is 0.22% less than that of the uniform grooved tube, the average crushing force of the gradient grooved tube is 22.58% higher than that of the uniform grooved tube, and the superiority of the gradient grooved tube in the energy absorption process is fully demonstrated.
TABLE 2
Figure BDA0001548257190000091
The cold-processing preparation method of the gradient notch energy-absorbing tube in the embodiment can follow the following steps:
s1, purchasing a plurality of commercially available mild steel seamless circular tubes with the wall thickness of 4mm for later use;
s2, cutting the seamless round pipe according to the dimension shown in table 1, wherein the specified pipe length L is 144 mm;
s3, passing the cut seamless circular tube through a lathe according to the notching characteristics (N is 5, w is 10.08mm, d is d) described in table 10＝2.5mm，η＝di+1-di＝0.5mm，γ＝wi+1-wi3.36mm) to obtain a gradient grooved tube.
And S4, polishing the machined gradient notch energy absorption pipe, and removing burrs.
In conclusion, compare the even fluting pipe of the same size, the gradient fluting pipe can also provide more stable, controllable multistage deformation mode when promoting energy absorption efficiency by a wide margin. In addition, the gradient grooving pipe of the embodiment also has the advantages of simple processing and low cost.
The outer pipe of the thin-wall pipe 1 and the outer pipe of the thick-wall pipe 2 connected with the two ends of the thin-wall pipe form a grooving space along the axial direction; the axial length and radial depth dimensions of the different engraved spaces vary in gradient along the axial direction.
The above-mentioned contents are only for illustrating the technical idea of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby, and any modification made on the basis of the technical idea of the present invention falls within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims (2)

1. A gradient notch groove buffering energy-absorbing element is characterized by comprising a plurality of thick-wall pipes (2) and at least one thin-wall pipe (1); the thick-wall pipe (2) and the thin-wall pipe (1) are arranged at intervals along the axial direction and connected into a whole, and the central axis of the inner pipe of the thick-wall pipe (2) is superposed with the central axis of the inner pipe of the thin-wall pipe (1); the two ends of each thin-walled pipe (1) are connected with thick-walled pipes (2), the axial length and the radial thickness of different thin-walled pipes (1) are changed along the axial gradient, and the radial thickness corresponding to the thin-walled pipe (1) with the longest axial length is the smallest; the axial length sizes of the different thin-walled tubes (1) are arranged in an arithmetic progression or geometric progression along the axis direction; the radial thickness dimensions of the different thin-walled tubes (1) are arranged in an arithmetic progression or geometric progression along the axis direction; the radial thickness of the thin-walled tube with the shortest axial length is the largest; the inner diameters of the thick-wall pipe (2) and the thin-wall pipe (1) are the same; the thickness of each thick-wall pipe (2) is the same.
2. The gradient notch impact energy absorption element according to claim 1, wherein the cross sections of the thick-walled tube (2) and the thin-walled tube (1) are circular, rectangular or elliptical.
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