CN108348999A - 用于增材制造的设备和方法 - Google Patents

用于增材制造的设备和方法 Download PDF

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CN108348999A
CN108348999A CN201680058284.7A CN201680058284A CN108348999A CN 108348999 A CN108348999 A CN 108348999A CN 201680058284 A CN201680058284 A CN 201680058284A CN 108348999 A CN108348999 A CN 108348999A
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克里斯蒂安·布伦胡贝尔
托马斯·索勒
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Abstract

一种设备和一种方法，其将要涂覆至另一要覆层的层的粉末预加热，通过所述设备和所述方法能够极大地缩短执行所述方法的时间。

Description

用于增材制造的设备和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于增材制造的设备和相应的制造方法。
背景技术
生成式的或增材式的制造方法是用于制造具有高的几何形状复杂性的构件的新型方式。所述方法的特征在于，基于虚拟的数据模型由不定形的或形状中性的材料，如粉末、液体借助于化学和/或物理工艺进行制造。
对于涡轮机安装和服务而言尤其有意义的是射束熔融法，如选择性激光熔化(SLM)，激光金属沉积(LMD)或电子束熔融(EBM)，因为所述射束熔融法能够实现金属材料的加工。
因为通过熔融射束的能量输入非常局部地进行并且经由粉末状的初始材料的散热是非常差的，所以产生高的热梯度，所述热梯度促进形成热裂纹。尤其地，用于转子叶片和导向叶片以及用于燃烧器部件的耐高温的合金典型地是难于焊接的，并且在借助于基于激光的方法加工时非常容易产生热裂纹，由此这样得到的构件具有大量的缺陷。
在加工不同类型的材料、尤其金属和陶瓷时，高的温度梯度也是成问题的，这使得借助于生成式的方法将所述材料类别在原位彼此连接变得困难。
由于所考虑的材料的可焊接性差，现今高负荷的部件仅经由精密铸造来制造。
在大多数当前处于测试中的构思中，在高温下在粉末床工艺、如SLM/EBM中执行生成式的工艺，由此能够避免快速冷却和与此关联的热裂纹。在具有高的γ’份额的镍基合金的情况下，例如1273K的预热温度是有利的，而1073K的较小的预热温度已经造成明显更多的裂纹形成。为了加热工艺腔，应用电阻式加热装置、电感式加热装置或借助于IR射束的加热装置。
在辐射器加热装置的情况下，在涂覆要处理的料层之后才进行加热，这可技术耗费地实现。借助于在结构空间中可移动的线圈的快速加热同样表现为在技术上要求高的，其中线圈不允许移动到激光束中。
可加热的底板的情况虽然是非常容易实现的，但是随着跨过由熔融的材料和粉末构成的不同料层的结构高度增大，造成在最上部的粉末层中的实际温度与期望的预热温度明显不同。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，解决在上文中提到的问题。
所述目的通过根据权利要求1的设备和根据权利要求4的方法来实现。
在从属权利要求中，列举其他有利措施，所述措施能够任意彼此组合，以便实现其他优点。
附图和说明书仅为本发明的实施例。
在本发明中——不同于在现有技术中——应并非在SLM或EBM设施的工艺腔中才进行初次加热，而是在刮涂粉末之前、即在将粉末作为精密料层在工艺腔中面状地分布之前就已经进行初次加热。随后将经预加热的粉末优选借助于全陶瓷的或陶瓷覆层的刷子在热的状态下分布在工艺腔中，并且随后直接经由射束熔融进行处理。
粉末的加热应进行成，使得从粉末储备容器中将涂覆新的粉末层所需要的粉末量定量分配到小的加热腔中。随后，将粉末部分加热至需要的工艺温度，优选经由电感式的加热装置加热。经加热的粉末随后经由适合的机构，优选在这种情况下通过溅板式分布装置(Prallverteileranordnung)，均匀地沿着陶瓷的刮刀或陶瓷的拉削框安放。随后如常规那样进行热粉末的刮除和生成式的处理。
在具有非常高的预热温度的应用中，如具有高的γ’份额的镍基合金，存在第一粉末层由于相对于其余的粉末床的高的温度差而快速冷却的风险。在此，相应更强的预热是不可能的，因为金属颗粒造成在加热腔中烧结的风险。
然而在本发明的一个尤其有利的实施方案中，在该情况下，能够将预热的粉末的涂覆与电阻式底部加热装置或粉末床加热装置组合。电阻式底部加热装置提高在整个粉末床中的温度水平，这防止预热的第一粉末层的快速冷却。通过适当地选择底部加热装置的目标温度，尤其能够实现，在刮涂和激光熔融预热的粉末期间，预热温度不移动到对于工艺不利的温度窗口中，尤其对于具有高的γ’份额的镍基合金所述温度窗口为973K-1173K。
实例：在结构空间面积为0.5m2×0.5m2并且料层厚度为20μm的情况下，将数量级为5cm3的粉末体积加热，以便能够涂覆新的粉末层。在假设粉末的堆积密度为5g/cm3的情况下，这对应于25g的粉末重量。
本发明的步骤在于，将在粉末施加到结构空间中之前对金属粉末原料的预加热以及粉末制备和涂覆系统的适当调整集成到具有或不具有电阻式粉末加热系统的SLM工艺中。
从中此外得到如下优点：
-与整个结构空间加热相比更短的工艺时间(由于在生成式制造结束之后的更快的冷却时间)，
-通过简化的预加热设备造成的成本节约(尤其与辐射加热装置相比)，
-通过更准确地控制预加热温度造成的更好的构件质量，
-用于加工迄今为止不能生成式处理(即尤其难于焊接)的连接的可行性，
-对于多种不同材料的可应用性；适合于可复制的批量生产。
附图说明
附图示出根据本发明的设备1。
具体实施方式
附图和说明书仅为本发明的实施例。
设备1如在现有技术中那样具有可运动的平台4，在所述平台上构建有粉末床7。平台4可沿向下的方向(z方向)运动，以便能够涂覆新的粉末层。要制造的构件10在粉末床7中存在或在粉末床7中产生。
在工艺腔31中，借助于能量束13、尤其激光器29的激光束13和相应的扫描仪34将粉末选择性地逐层地密实(verdichtet)成构件10，即烧结或熔融。
借助于刷子25，如在现有技术中那样，将粉末28作为新的层涂覆，在此之后将平台4以特定值降低。
然而，根据本发明，将新涂覆的所述粉末28预加热。这能够以不同的方式和方法进行。
能够存在其他加热设备，所述加热设备预加热根据现有技术的整个粉末储存器16。
同样如在附图中示出的，能够将出自粉末存储器16的粉末作为用于粉末层的要涂覆的粉末量在预热腔19中选择性地预加热，并且可选地通过相应的分配器22引入到工艺腔31中，使得可将所述粉末在那里作为粉末层借助于刷子25引入到工艺腔31中。
分布器22和预热腔19也能够共同地构成为组件。
工艺腔能够可选地同样以不同的方式和方法预加热已经存在的粉末床7，尤其在金属粉末的情况下，电感式加热是适合的。

Claims (5)

1.一种用于增材制造的设备(1)，
所述设备(1)至少具有：
能运动的平台(4)，
在所述平台(4)上能够通过为粉末层逐渐添加粉末(28)逐渐产生粉末床(7)，
在所述粉末床(7)中逐步地制造要制造的构件(10)，
其中在工艺腔(31)之内能够选择性地通过能量束(13)、尤其通过激光束(13)密实所述粉末床(7)；
粉末存储器(16)，
从所述粉末存储器中能够逐层地涂覆用于所述粉末床(7)的新的粉末层的粉末(28)，
其特征在于，
存在机构(19)，
所述机构预加热用于新的粉末层的要涂覆的粉末(28)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备，
其中将出自所述粉末存储器(16)的粉末选择性地在预热腔(19)中预加热并且可选地经由分布器(22)引入到所述工艺腔(31)中，
使得能够将加热的所述粉末(28)作为粉末层分布在已经存在的所述粉末床(7)上。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的设备，
其中在所述设备(1)中存在用于已经存在的所述粉末床(7)的另一加热设备。
4.一种用于在用于增材制造的设备中增材制造构件(10)的方法，尤其借助于根据权利要求1、2或3的设备(1)进行增材制造，
其中将要输送的粉末层所需要的粉末(28)预加热，以及
随后将其选择性地借助于能量束(13)密实。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，
其中将已经存在的所述粉末床(7)加热。
CN201680058284.7A 2015-10-07 2016-09-09 用于增材制造的设备和方法 Pending CN108348999A (zh)

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