CN108331805A - Closed hydraulic system and its adjustment method - Google Patents
Closed hydraulic system and its adjustment method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108331805A CN108331805A CN201810234341.3A CN201810234341A CN108331805A CN 108331805 A CN108331805 A CN 108331805A CN 201810234341 A CN201810234341 A CN 201810234341A CN 108331805 A CN108331805 A CN 108331805A
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- Prior art keywords
- oil
- closed
- hydraulic
- closed tank
- pressure
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B21/00—Common features of fluid actuator systems; Fluid-pressure actuator systems or details thereof, not covered by any other group of this subclass
- F15B21/04—Special measures taken in connection with the properties of the fluid
- F15B21/044—Removal or measurement of undissolved gas, e.g. de-aeration, venting or bleeding
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B1/00—Installations or systems with accumulators; Supply reservoir or sump assemblies
- F15B1/26—Supply reservoir or sump assemblies
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Treatment And Processing Of Natural Fur Or Leather (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of closed hydraulic systems, including not with the closed tank of contacting external air and the leather bag being set to inside closed tank, leather bag is connected to outside air, leather bag is shunk or is expanded in closed tank to adjust the pressure equilibrium of leakproof fuel cell closed tank in oil suction and oil return, the oil inlet of closed tank is used for oil inlet, oil outlet is connected to hydraulic pump, solenoid directional control valve is connected on hydraulic pump, Bidirectional cushion cylinder is connected on solenoid directional control valve, hydraulic pump oil suction from fuel tank left and right commutation carried out by solenoid directional control valve with enters Bidirectional cushion cylinder run business into strong one or fuel tank progress commutation action repeatedly, solenoid directional control valve is also connected with closed tank.The adjustment method of closed hydraulic system is debugged by above-mentioned component.By the above-mentioned means, the closed hydraulic system of the present invention and adjustment method, can ensure hydraulic oil completely and air exclusion, saving space and cost, reliability height, durability are good.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to hydraulic system fields, more particularly to a kind of closed hydraulic system and its adjustment method.
Background technology
In general hydraulic system, after hydraulic oil is sucked by hydraulic pump, negative pressure will produce in hydraulic oil container, it is necessary to pass through
Air filter is from external feed stream, and to maintain pressure equilibrium inside and outside hydraulic oil container, this is natural process；But it is special at some
In operating mode, fine solid particles object is various in air or air humidity is aqueous larger, when the minimum filtering more than air filter
Precision or when more than air filter maximum dry limit with drier, fine solid particles or hydrone can enter hydraulic pressure system
System, to cause hydraulic medium contaminated, this is also necessary process, irresistible.However, when fine solid particles object enters liquid
After pressure system, Hydraulic Elements abrasion aggravation, system working performance can be made to be deteriorated, the lost of life, or even damage, according to statistics, by solid
Hydraulic system fault caused by body Particulate Pollution accounts for the 60% ~ 70% of hydraulic system gross contamination failure rate；In addition, working as excessively
After hydrone enters hydraulic oil, hydraulic oil can be made to emulsify, its greasy property is made to decline, increase component abrasion, meanwhile, it must in air
So contain oxygen, the oxidation of fluid can be increased, so that causing the vibration of hydraulic system, creeping and cavitate；Existing liquid
It presses in system product, no matter using which kind of precision high air filter again, or even with the air filter containing drier,
100% solid particulate matter or hydrone can not possibly be filtered out, after fine solid particles or hydrone enter hydraulic system, meeting
Cause hydraulic medium contaminated, this is also necessary process, irresistible；Also, extraneous air is sucked into hydraulic oil container, will certainly
It brings the oxygen in air into, the oxidation of fluid can be increased surely, make hydraulic oil by oxidation deterioration.However, either solid
Grain object, hydrone or oxygen enter hydraulic system, can cause catastrophic effect to hydraulic system.
Invention content
The invention mainly solves the technical problem of providing a kind of closed hydraulic system and its adjustment methods, can ensure liquid
Pressure oil is completely and air exclusion, saving space and cost, reliability height, durability are good.
In order to solve the above technical problems, one aspect of the present invention is：A kind of closed hydraulic system is provided, is wrapped
The not closed tank with contacting external air and the leather bag being set to inside closed tank are included, the leather bag connects with outside air
Logical, leather bag shrinks in closed tank or expands flat to adjust the pressure of leakproof fuel cell closed tank in oil suction and oil return
The oil inlet of weighing apparatus, the closed tank is used for oil inlet, and oil outlet is connected to hydraulic pump, and electromagnetic switch is connected on the hydraulic pump
Valve is connected with Bidirectional cushion cylinder on the solenoid directional control valve, and hydraulic pump oil suction from closed tank passes through electromagnetic switch
Valve carry out left and right commutation with enter Bidirectional cushion cylinder run business into strong one or fuel tank carries out commutation action repeatedly, the solenoid directional control valve
Also it is connected with closed tank.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, electromagnetic proportion relief valve, the electricity are also associated on the closed tank
Magnetic proportional pressure control valve under the state of position, sets maximum oil pressure relief in solenoid directional control valve returns.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, first pressure sensor and the second sensing are connected on the hydraulic pump
Device, the first pressure sensor monitor hydraulic pump inlet port negative pressure pressure to prevent hydraulic pump to be emptied, and the second pressure passes
Sensor monitors the pressure of the oil outlet pressure oil of closed tank to detect whether to need to refuel.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is additionally provided with first row between the Bidirectional cushion cylinder and solenoid directional control valve
Gas pressure measuring tie-in and second exhaust pressure measuring tie-in, the solenoid directional control valve are three position four-way directional control valve.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the oil inlet of the closed tank is equipped with ball valve, the closed tank
On be connected with check valve for preventing from adding oil.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, air filter is installed, the leather bag is Double-skin on the leather bag
Capsule.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, motor is connected on the hydraulic pump, the motor passes through shaft coupling
Device and bell-jar drive hydraulic pump oil suction from closed tank, and bradyseism pad is provided with below the motor.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the junction of the inside of the closed tank and outside is by boring spiral shell
Line seals.
In order to solve the above technical problems, another technical solution used in the present invention is：A kind of closed hydraulic system is provided
Adjustment method, include the following steps：A. by refueling in ball valve phase closed tank, until leather bag is compressed into original total volume
1/3；B. motor start-up drives the hydraulic pump just oil suction from fuel tank, the pressure oil of hydraulic pump oil outlet to pass through 3-position 4-way
Solenoid directional control valve or so commutates, and so that hydraulic oil is entered the left chamber or right chamber of Bidirectional cushion cylinder, is commutated repeatedly, make system
Inner air is discharged；C. three-position four-way electromagnetic directional valve returns to middle position, makes pipeline by hydraulic oil by solenoid valve proportional pressure control valve
It is full of, concurrently sets system maximum oil pressure relief；D. it after the completion of exhaust debugging, again passes by ball valve and refuels into closed tank,
Until leather bag is compressed into the 1/3 of original total volume, debugging is completed.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：The closed hydraulic system of the present invention and its adjustment method, can ensure that hydraulic oil is complete
And air exclusion, space and cost are saved, reliability is high, and durability is good.
Description of the drawings
To describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention more clearly, make required in being described below to embodiment
Attached drawing is briefly described, it should be apparent that, drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the invention, for
For those of ordinary skill in the art, without creative efforts, it can also be obtained according to these attached drawings other
Attached drawing, wherein：
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of closed one preferred embodiment of hydraulic system of the present invention；
The label of each component is as follows in attached drawing：1, closed tank, 2, leather bag, 3, hydraulic pump, 4, solenoid directional control valve, 5, two-way slow
Rush oil cylinder, 6, electromagnetic proportion relief valve, 7, first pressure sensor, 8, second pressure sensor, 9, first exhaust connects with pressure measurement
Head, 10, second exhaust pressure measuring tie-in, 11, ball valve, 12, air filter, 13, motor, 14, shaft coupling, 15, bell-jar,
16, cushion pad, 17, check valve.
Specific implementation mode
The technical scheme in the embodiments of the invention will be clearly and completely described below, it is clear that described implementation
Example is only a part of the embodiment of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.Based on the embodiments of the present invention, this field is common
All other embodiment that technical staff is obtained without making creative work belongs to the model that the present invention protects
It encloses.
Referring to Fig. 1, a kind of closed hydraulic system, including not with the closed tank of contacting external air 1 and be set to
Leather bag 2 inside closed tank 1, leather bag 2 are connected to outside air, and leather bag 2 shrinks or expands to adjust in closed tank 1
The pressure equilibrium of leakproof fuel cell 1 is led to since hydraulic system can make the pressure in closed tank 1 change in oil suction and oil return
Contraction and the expansion of the double-deck leather bag 2 are crossed to adjust the pressure equilibrium of hydraulic oil container 1, the oil inlet of closed tank 1 is used for oil inlet, goes out
Hydraulic fluid port is connected to hydraulic pump 3, and solenoid directional control valve 4 is connected on hydraulic pump 3, Bidirectional cushion cylinder is connected on solenoid directional control valve 4
5, the oil suction from closed tank 1 of hydraulic pump 3 carries out left and right commutation to enter doing for Bidirectional cushion cylinder 5 by solenoid directional control valve 4
Commutation action, solenoid directional control valve 4 are also connected with closed tank 1 progress of strong or fuel tank repeatedly.
In addition, being also associated with electromagnetic proportion relief valve 6 on closed tank 1, electromagnetic proportion relief valve 6 is in solenoid directional control valve 4
In returning under the state of position, maximum oil pressure relief is set.
In addition, being connected with first pressure sensor 7 and second sensor 8 on hydraulic pump 3, first pressure sensor 7 monitors
3 inlet port negative pressure pressure of hydraulic pump is anti-to be emptied with stopping hydraulic pump 3, and second pressure sensor 8 monitors the oil outlet pressure of closed tank 1
The pressure of power oil is to detect whether to need to refuel.7 real-time monitoring system hydraulic pump inlet port negative pressure pressure of first pressure sensor,
Anti- locking system main pump is emptied, and protects component, i.e.,：After hydraulic oil container negative pressure is more than setting value, automatic sender is shut down.Second pressure
8 real-time monitoring system oil outlet pressure oil pressure of force snesor, prevents system overload, and after overload, automatic sender is shut down.
In addition, being additionally provided with first exhaust pressure measuring tie-in 9 and second row between Bidirectional cushion cylinder 5 and solenoid directional control valve 4
Gas pressure measuring tie-in 10, solenoid directional control valve 4 are three position four-way directional control valve.
In addition, the oil inlet of closed tank 1 is equipped with ball valve 11, it is connected on closed tank 1 for preventing from adding oil
The outer row pressure power of maximum of check valve 17, check valve 17 is 0.15Mpa.
In addition, being equipped with air filter 12 on leather bag 2, leather bag 2 is the double-deck leather bag, after hydraulic system is started to work,
Hydraulic fluid temperature can be increased naturally, due to the characteristic of expanding with heat and contract with cold of hydraulic oil, the total amount hydraulic oil volume in system
It can be expanded, and 1/3 or so the double-deck leather bag being flattened to original total volume can play adjustment effect, it is slightly deflated again
A bit, ensure system main pump totality oil suction environment；Otherwise similarly；Using the double-deck leather bag, it is assumed that closely after the rupture of that layer of hydraulic oil,
Also second layer leather bag is protected, and system will not be made to shut down for some reason, can be continuing with.I.e.：It ensure that the reliability, durable of system
Property.
In addition, being connected with motor 13 on hydraulic pump 3, motor 13 drives hydraulic pump by shaft coupling 14 and bell-jar 15
3 oil suctions from closed tank 1,13 lower section of motor are provided with bradyseism pad 16.
In addition, the inside of closed tank 1 and the junction of outside are sealed by taper thread.
The closed hydraulic system of the application can prevent completely the contact of hydraulic oil and air, solid particle and moisture, prevent
Only hydraulic pressure deterioration of oil can effectively house hydraulic component damage, extend the service life of hydraulic system.
A kind of adjustment method of closed hydraulic system, includes the following steps：
A. it is refueled into closed tank 1 by ball valve 11, until the double-deck leather bag 2 is compressed into 1/3 or so of original total volume, and
And prevent in the double-deck leather bag 2 Hymecromone air into dust, lead to atmospheric air at it, air filter 12 is installed, when expansion air-breathing is into interior
When courage, it is necessary to filter out dust by air filter 12, ensure that the 2 liner air inlet of the double-deck leather bag is clean, extending the double-deck leather bag 2 makes
Use the service life；
B. motor 13 starts, and by shaft coupling 14 and bell cover 15, just 1 oil suction from closed tank of hydraulic pump 3 is driven, with this
Meanwhile first exhaust pressure measuring tie-in and 9 second exhausts pressure measuring tie-in 10 and oil filler are ready to through ball valve 11 to closed
Hydraulic oil is added in fuel tank 1, if is needed hydraulic oil filling, can be observed 7 numerical value of first pressure sensor, 3 oil outlet of hydraulic pump
Pressure oil by three-position four-way electromagnetic directional valve or so commutate, so that hydraulic oil is entered left chamber or the right side of Bidirectional cushion cylinder 5
Chamber is commutated repeatedly, and internal system air is made to be discharged；
C. three-position four-way electromagnetic directional valve returns to middle position, so that pipeline is full of by hydraulic oil by solenoid valve proportional pressure control valve 6, simultaneously
Initialization system maximum oil pressure relief, another important function of electromagnetic proportion relief valve 6 in this closed system circuit, i.e.,：When
After three-position four-way electromagnetic directional valve 4 goes back to middle position, median signal is given back to, forces electromagnetic proportion relief valve 6 automatically by pressure unloading tune
To minimum, make this energy saving of system；
D. it after the completion of exhaust debugging, again passes by ball valve 11 and refuels into closed tank 1, until leather bag 2 is compressed into originally always
Debugging is completed, you can deliver to customer to use in the 1/3 of volume.
It is different from the prior art, the closed hydraulic system of the present invention and its adjustment method can ensure that hydraulic oil is completely and empty
Air bound is exhausted, saves space and cost, and reliability is high, and durability is good.
Example the above is only the implementation of the present invention is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, every to utilize this hair
Equivalent structure or equivalent flow shift made by bright description is applied directly or indirectly in other relevant technology necks
Domain is included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of closed hydraulic system, which is characterized in that including not with the closed tank of contacting external air and be set to close
The leather bag of fuel tank internal is closed, the leather bag is connected to outside air, and leather bag shrinks in closed tank or expand close to adjust
The pressure equilibrium of oil sealing case closed tank in oil suction and oil return, the oil inlet of the closed tank are used for oil inlet, oil outlet with
Hydraulic pump is connected to, and is connected with solenoid directional control valve on the hydraulic pump, Bidirectional cushion cylinder, institute are connected on the solenoid directional control valve
State hydraulic pump from closed tank oil suction by solenoid directional control valve carry out left and right commutation with enter Bidirectional cushion cylinder run business into strong one or
Commutation action, the solenoid directional control valve are also connected with closed tank the progress of person's fuel tank repeatedly.
2. closed hydraulic system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that be also associated with electromagnetism ratio on the closed tank
Example overflow valve, the electromagnetic proportion relief valve under the state of position, set maximum oil pressure relief in solenoid directional control valve returns.
3. closed hydraulic system according to claim 2, which is characterized in that be connected with first pressure biography on the hydraulic pump
Sensor and second sensor, the first pressure sensor monitor hydraulic pump inlet port negative pressure pressure to prevent hydraulic pump to be emptied,
The pressure of the oil outlet pressure oil of the second pressure Sensor monitoring closed tank is to detect whether to need to refuel.
4. closed hydraulic system according to claim 3, which is characterized in that the Bidirectional cushion cylinder and solenoid directional control valve
Between be additionally provided with first exhaust pressure measuring tie-in and second exhaust pressure measuring tie-in, the solenoid directional control valve is 3-position 4-way commutation
Valve.
5. according to any closed hydraulic systems of claim 1-4, which is characterized in that on the oil inlet of the closed tank
Equipped with ball valve, the check valve for preventing from adding oil is connected on the closed tank.
6. closed hydraulic system according to claim 5, which is characterized in that air filter is installed on the leather bag,
The leather bag is the double-deck leather bag.
7. closed hydraulic system according to claim 5, which is characterized in that be connected with motor, institute on the hydraulic pump
It states motor and hydraulic pump oil suction from closed tank is driven by shaft coupling and bell-jar, bradyseism is provided with below the motor
Pad.
8. closed hydraulic system according to claim 5, which is characterized in that the inside of the closed tank and outside
Junction is sealed by taper thread.
9. a kind of adjustment method of closed hydraulic system as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
A. by refueling in ball valve phase closed tank, until leather bag is compressed into the 1/3 of original total volume；
B. motor start-up drives the hydraulic pump just oil suction from fuel tank, the pressure oil of hydraulic pump oil outlet to pass through 3-position 4-way electricity
Magnetic reversal valve or so commutates, and so that hydraulic oil is entered the left chamber or right chamber of Bidirectional cushion cylinder, is commutated, made in system repeatedly
Portion's air discharge；
C. three-position four-way electromagnetic directional valve returns to middle position, so that pipeline is full of by hydraulic oil by solenoid valve proportional pressure control valve, simultaneously
Initialization system maximum oil pressure relief；
D. it after the completion of exhaust debugging, again passes by ball valve and refuels into closed tank, until leather bag is compressed into original total volume
1/3, complete debugging.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810234341.3A CN108331805A (en) | 2018-03-21 | 2018-03-21 | Closed hydraulic system and its adjustment method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810234341.3A CN108331805A (en) | 2018-03-21 | 2018-03-21 | Closed hydraulic system and its adjustment method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108331805A true CN108331805A (en) | 2018-07-27 |
Family
ID=62931373
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810234341.3A Pending CN108331805A (en) | 2018-03-21 | 2018-03-21 | Closed hydraulic system and its adjustment method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN108331805A (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109114049A (en) * | 2018-09-27 | 2019-01-01 | 中船重型装备有限公司 | A kind of assembling machine sealed reservoir system |
| CN109162970A (en) * | 2018-10-19 | 2019-01-08 | 成都中寰流体控制设备股份有限公司 | A kind of closed fuel tank self-compensating pressure method |
| CN110081032A (en) * | 2019-06-05 | 2019-08-02 | 中国铁建重工集团股份有限公司 | A kind of engineering machinery and its hydraulic power mechanism |
| CN111536097A (en) * | 2020-05-15 | 2020-08-14 | 武汉磐索地勘科技有限公司 | Oil pipe hydraulic transmission system and method based on double pumps |
| CN114278629A (en) * | 2021-11-24 | 2022-04-05 | 中联重科土方机械有限公司 | Hydraulic oil tank, hydraulic system and air pressure balancing method of hydraulic oil tank |
| CN114542993A (en) * | 2022-03-15 | 2022-05-27 | 成都理工大学 | Manual-automatic dual-purpose full-pressure anti-blocking pressure measuring device |
| CN117249126A (en) * | 2023-11-16 | 2023-12-19 | 浙江大学 | Oil tank structure, hydraulic control system and working machine |
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| GB190210666A (en) * | 1902-05-09 | 1903-05-09 | Enrico Hocke | A New or Improved Starting and Reversing Device for Explosion Motors. |
| JP2009204052A (en) * | 2008-02-27 | 2009-09-10 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Sealed tank device, and integrated hydraulic actuator |
| CN102619814A (en) * | 2012-04-24 | 2012-08-01 | 上海朝田实业有限公司 | Fully-enclosed hydraulic pump station system |
| CN202520674U (en) * | 2012-04-13 | 2012-11-07 | 宁波雄信塑料机械有限公司 | Servo oil tank |
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| CN204704169U (en) * | 2015-04-28 | 2015-10-14 | 北京首钢国际工程技术有限公司 | A kind of hydraulic system air sac type constant voltage sealed reservoir |
| CN105134674A (en) * | 2015-08-12 | 2015-12-09 | 兖州煤业股份有限公司 | Hydraulic oil tank and engineering machinery employing same |
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| GB190210666A (en) * | 1902-05-09 | 1903-05-09 | Enrico Hocke | A New or Improved Starting and Reversing Device for Explosion Motors. |
| JP2009204052A (en) * | 2008-02-27 | 2009-09-10 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Sealed tank device, and integrated hydraulic actuator |
| CN202520674U (en) * | 2012-04-13 | 2012-11-07 | 宁波雄信塑料机械有限公司 | Servo oil tank |
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109114049A (en) * | 2018-09-27 | 2019-01-01 | 中船重型装备有限公司 | A kind of assembling machine sealed reservoir system |
| CN109162970A (en) * | 2018-10-19 | 2019-01-08 | 成都中寰流体控制设备股份有限公司 | A kind of closed fuel tank self-compensating pressure method |
| CN110081032A (en) * | 2019-06-05 | 2019-08-02 | 中国铁建重工集团股份有限公司 | A kind of engineering machinery and its hydraulic power mechanism |
| CN111536097A (en) * | 2020-05-15 | 2020-08-14 | 武汉磐索地勘科技有限公司 | Oil pipe hydraulic transmission system and method based on double pumps |
| CN114278629A (en) * | 2021-11-24 | 2022-04-05 | 中联重科土方机械有限公司 | Hydraulic oil tank, hydraulic system and air pressure balancing method of hydraulic oil tank |
| CN114278629B (en) * | 2021-11-24 | 2024-03-22 | 中联重科土方机械有限公司 | Hydraulic oil tank, hydraulic system and air pressure balancing method of hydraulic oil tank |
| CN114542993A (en) * | 2022-03-15 | 2022-05-27 | 成都理工大学 | Manual-automatic dual-purpose full-pressure anti-blocking pressure measuring device |
| CN114542993B (en) * | 2022-03-15 | 2023-01-06 | 成都理工大学 | Manual-automatic dual-purpose full-pressure anti-blocking pressure measuring device |
| CN117249126A (en) * | 2023-11-16 | 2023-12-19 | 浙江大学 | Oil tank structure, hydraulic control system and working machine |
| CN117249126B (en) * | 2023-11-16 | 2024-01-30 | 浙江大学 | Oil tank structure, hydraulic control system and working machine |
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