CN108293020B - 基础设施独有的服务转发 - Google Patents

基础设施独有的服务转发 Download PDF

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CN108293020B
CN108293020B CN201680070655.3A CN201680070655A CN108293020B CN 108293020 B CN108293020 B CN 108293020B CN 201680070655 A CN201680070655 A CN 201680070655A CN 108293020 B CN108293020 B CN 108293020B
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service
packet
forwarding
nsh
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CN108293020A (zh
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苏仁达·M·库马尔
亨德里克斯·G·P·博世
肯特·K·莱昂
阿布几特·巴特哈
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Cisco Technology Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/74Address processing for routing
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L49/00Packet switching elements
    • H04L49/30Peripheral units, e.g. input or output ports
    • H04L49/3009Header conversion, routing tables or routing tags
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/74Address processing for routing
    • H04L45/745Address table lookup; Address filtering
    • H04L45/7453Address table lookup; Address filtering using hashing

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)

Abstract

在一个示例实施例中提供了一种方法,并且包括:在网络元件处接收包括网络服务报头(“NSH”)的分组,其中NSH包括基础设施(“I”)标志和包括服务索引(“SI”)和服务路径ID(“SPI”)的服务路径报头,并确定I标志是否被设置为第一值。该方法还包括:在I标志被设置为第一值时将I标志设置为第二值并且将该分组转发到与SI相对应的服务功能以用于进行处理。该方法还包括:在I标志未被设置为第一值时递减SI并基于SI和SPI的新值做出转发决策。

Description

基础设施独有的服务转发
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请根据35 U.S.C.§119(e)要求于2015年12月4日递交的、题为“METHOD FORINFRASTRUCTURE-EXCLUSIVE SERVICE FORWARDING(用于基础设施独有的服务转发的方法)”的申请序列号为62/263,422的美国临时申请的权益,其全部内容通过引用被完整结合于此。
技术领域
本公开总体涉及通信网络领域,并且更具体地,涉及用于在这样的通信网络中执行基础设施独有的服务转发的技术。
背景技术
通信网络中端到端服务的递送往往需要执行各种服务功能。这样的服务功能可以包括但不限于防火墙和传统IP网络地址转换器(“NAT”)以及应用特定的功能。对有序服务功能集的定义和实例化以及后续通过这些功能的对业务(traffic)的引导被称为服务功能链接(“SFC”),或简称为服务链接。在这个过程中,按照服务功能和服务链基础设施中的策略来服务业务。通过服务功能来转发业务的现有方法存在各种缺陷,包括但不限于由于大量的转发触点而导致的部署和操作上的复杂性;由于服务功能参与制定转发决策而导致的缩放难题,以及由于错误或服务功能对转发状态的无意修改而导致违背操作环境策略。
附图说明
为了提供对本公开及其特征和优点的更完整的理解,参考以下结合附图的描述,其中相同的附图标记表示相同的组件,其中:
图1A是根据本文所描述的实施例的启用SFC的域,其可以包括作为进入服务功能路径的入口点的起始分类功能;
图1B示出了根据本文所描述的实施例的服务功能链的简化框图,该服务功能链可以包括作为进入服务功能路径的入口点的起始分类功能;
图1C示出了根据本文所描述的实施例的另一服务功能链的简化框图,该服务功能链可包括作为进入服务功能路径的入口点的起始分类功能;
图2A是根据本文所描述的实施例的用于规定业务流的服务路径的第一类型的服务功能链感知网络元件的简化框图;
图2B是根据本文所描述的实施例的用于按规定转发业务流的第二类型的服务链功能感知网络元件的简化框图;
图3是根据本文所描述的实施例的服务节点的简化框图;
图4示出了根据本文所描述的实施例的两个示例服务路径;
图5示出了根据本文所描述的实施例的示例分组结构;
图6示出了根据本文所描述的实施例的基本和服务报头的示例布置;
图7示出了根据本文所描述的实施例的基本和服务报头的修改布置;
图8示出了根据本文所描述的实施例的服务功能覆盖和服务基础设施覆盖之间的差异;
图9A示出了根据本文所描述的实施例的可以在起始分类器功能(诸如图2A的网络元件)处实现的方法的流程图;
图9B示出了根据本文所描述的实施例的可以在转发元件(诸如图2B的网络元件)处实现的方法的流程图;
图10是示出了根据本文所描述的实施例的典型分组流的示例的系统框图;以及
图11是包括通信网络的元件的机器的简化框图,其中可以实现根据本文所描述的实施例的用于基础设施独有服务转发的技术。
具体实施方式
概览
本发明的各方面在独立权利要求中阐述,并且优选特征在从属权利要求中阐述。一个方面的特征可以单独应用或与其他方面组合应用。
在一个示例实施例中提供了一种方法,并且包括:在网络元件处接收包括网络服务报头(“NSH”)的分组,其中NSH包括基础设施(“I”)标志和包括服务索引(“SI”)和服务路径ID(“SPI”)的服务路径报头,并确定I标志是否被设置为第一值。该方法还包括:在I标志被设置为第一值时将I标志设置为第二值并且将该分组转发到与SI相对应的服务功能以用于进行处理。该方法还包括:在I标志未被设置为第一值时递减SI并基于SI和SPI的新值做出转发决策。
还描述了用于实现该方法的装置,其包括网络节点、计算机程序、计算机程序产品、计算机可读介质、和其上编码有用于实现该方法逻辑的有形介质。
示例实施例
为了适应网络中的网络节点的敏捷联网和灵活配设,可以使用服务链接来确保将有序服务功能集被应用于业务流的分组和/或帧。服务链接提供了一种用于以实现服务功能的动态排序和拓扑独立性的方式而部署服务功能的方法。服务链可以定义要应用于业务流的分组和/或帧的有序服务功能集,其中,该有序服务功能集中的每个服务功能是作为分类的结果被选择的。隐含的顺序可能不是线性增长的,因为架构可允许节点复制到不止一个分支。
服务链接涉及分类器功能,该分类器功能基于由控制平面元件配置的策略来执行分类以选择处理业务的服务链并且在所选择的服务链的实例之间负载均衡业务。一旦分类器功能选择了一个服务链实例(又称为服务功能路径或“SFP”),它就使业务沿着服务功能路径(“SFP”,或简称为服务路径)经由一个或多个服务感知转发元件进行转发。在一个特定实施例中,每个转发元件实现了在题为“Service Function Chaining(SFC)Architecture(SFC架构)”的IETF草案(IETF RFC7665-https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc7665/)(下文简称为“SFC架构RFC”)中描述的服务功能转发器(“SFF”)能力。转发元件将业务转发到逻辑上锚定到转发元件和/或在转发元件上实例化的实际业务功能。在这样的架构中,任何两个组件之间以及因此沿着服务链进行的对业务的转发在覆盖网络上执行。覆盖网络通过传输报头和封装报头来实现。已经采用各种网络封装报头来转发需要通过服务链来接受服务的业务。这样的网络封装报头封装了原始分组或帧,并且它们本身被封装于覆盖传输协议中。封装报头的示例包括专有报头(例如,vPath)或所建议的IETF标准报头(例如,网络服务报头(“NSH”))。用于承载这种封装分组的传输协议可以是基于L3或L4的(例如,IPv4/IPv6或GRE或UDP、VxLAN等)。在vPath的情况下,甚至可以是基于L2的(例如,LLC SNAP)。
图1A示出了启用SFC的域10,其可以包括作为进入服务路径的入口点的起始服务分类功能(或“分类器”)12。起始服务分类功能12规定了服务路径的实例(在图1A中由参考标号14指示),并且将分组或帧与标识服务路径的服务路径信息封装起来。分类功能12可能潜在地将元数据或共享上下文添加到分组或帧的SFC封装部分。服务路径14可以包括多个服务功能,在图1A中由SF1、SF2、...、SFN指示。
服务功能可以负责对所接收的分组的特定加工和/或处理。服务功能可以在网络层或其他OSI层(例如,应用层、表示层、会话层、传输层、数据链路层、和物理链路层)上起作用。服务功能可以是虚拟实例,也可以嵌入在物理网络元件(例如,业务节点)中。当服务节点的服务功能或其他模块由服务节点的至少一个处理器执行时,服务功能或其他模块可以被配置为实现本文所描述的任何一种方法。多个服务功能可以嵌入在同一网络元件中。可以在同一个管理的启用SFC的域中启用多个服务功能实例。服务功能的非穷举列表包括防火墙、广域网(WAN)和应用加速、深度分组检测(“DPI”)、服务器负载均衡器、NAT44、NAT64、HOST_ID注入、HTTP报头富集(HTTP Header Enrichment)功能、TCP优化器等。服务功能可以是SFC封装感知的(也就是说,它可以接收SFC封装中的信息并对其采取动作)或非感知的(在这种情况下转发给该服务的数据不包含SFC封装)。
服务节点可以是托管一个或多个服务功能的物理网络元件(或嵌入在物理网络元件上的虚拟元件)并且可以具有与其相关联的一个或多个网络定位器以用于可达性和服务递送。在许多标准化文档中,“服务功能”可以指本文所描述的在其上托管有一个或多个服务功能的服务节点。SFP或简单的服务路径涉及对网络中的服务链的实例化。分组遵循从分类器起的通过必要的服务功能的服务路径。
图1B-图1C示出可以使用服务功能链接实现的不同服务路径。这些服务路径可以通过将业务流的分组与网络服务报头(“NSH”)或指定通过服务节点16、18、20、和22中的一个或多个的期望的服务路径(例如,通过使用NSH中的服务路径信息来标识特定的服务路径)的某其他合适的分组报头一起封装来实现。在图1B所示的示例中,可以在端点32和端点34之间提供通过服务节点16和服务节点20的服务路径30。在图1C所示的示例中,可以在端点42与端点44之间提供通过服务节点16、服务节点18、和服务节点22的服务路径40(不同的实例化)。
一般而言,NSH包括服务路径信息,并且NSH被添加到分组或帧。例如,NSH可以包括添加到分组或帧的数据平面报头。有效地使NSH创建了服务平面。NSH包括服务链的信息,并且在某些情况下,NSH可以包括由服务节点或服务功能添加和/或使用的元数据。数据分组和NSH被封装在外部报头中以进行传输。为了实现服务路径,诸如服务分类器(“SCL”)之类的网络元件或者一些其他合适的SFC感知网络元件可以处理业务流的分组或帧,并且根据针对业务流而被期望的策略来执行NSH封装。
图2A示出了根据本公开的一些实施例的用于规定业务流的服务路径的SFC感知网络元件50(例如,起始服务分类器)的系统视图。网络元件50包括处理器52和用于存储数据和指令的(计算机可读非暂态)存储器54。此外,网络元件50可以包括服务分类功能55、服务转发功能56、服务报头封装器57、和服务报头解封装器58,所有这些都可以由处理器52在处理器52执行存储在存储器54中的指令时提供。服务转发功能55确定如何在分类器或转发网络元件处转发服务封装的分组。它还决定是删除还是修改接收到的服务封装报头。如果网络元件正在充当服务转发器而非分类器,则执行后者。分类器通常需要服务转发功能随其一起,而服务转发功能则不一定需要分类器。
服务分类功能55可以处理业务流的分组并且确定分组是否需要服务并且相应地确定要遵循哪个服务路径来接受适当的服务。该确定可以基于存储在存储器54中的业务策略和/或规则来执行。一旦确定了业务路径,业务报头封装器57就会生成具有用于业务路径的标识信息的适当的NSH并且将该NSH添加到该分组。服务报头封装器57提供外部封装以将分组转发到服务路径的开始。其他SFC感知网络元件因此能够处理NSH,而其他非SFC感知网络元件仅会简单地按经封装的分组原来的样子对其进行转发。除了插入NSH之外,如果服务分类功能55确定分组不需要服务,则网络元件50也可以移除或不添加NSH。
图2B示出了根据本公开的一些实施例的SFC感知网络元件59(例如,SFF)的系统视图,该SFC感知网络元件用于按照规定将服务流转发到服务功能以及其他SFF。除了网络元件59不包括服务分类功能55之外,网络元件59在其他方面都与网络元件50相同。
NSH可以包括(例如,64位的)基本报头,以及一个或多个上下文报头。一般而言,基本报头提供关于服务报头和服务路径标识(例如,SPI)的信息,并且上下文报头可以承载不透明的元数据(例如,本文所描述的反映分类结果的元数据)。例如,NSH可以包括4字节的基本报头、4字节的服务路径报头和可选的上下文报头。基本报头可以提供关于服务报头和有效负载协议的信息。服务路径报头可以提供路径内的路径标识和位置(即,服务功能)。可变长度上下文报头可以承载不透明的元数据和可变长度编码信息。一个或多个可选的上下文报头组成了NSH中的上下文报头部分。例如,上下文报头部分可以包括其中具有描述分组/帧的多条信息的一个或多个上下文报头字段。基于基本报头中的信息,服务节点的服务功能可以例如从NSH导出策略选择。例如,在NSH中共享的上下文报头可以提供一系列与服务相关的信息,例如,业务分类、端点标识等。服务功能可以使用NSH来选择本地服务策略。
一旦被分类器适当地分类和封装,具有NSH的分组然后可以被转发到一个或多个服务节点,其中,(一个或多个)服务可以应用于分组/帧。图3示出了根据本公开的一些实施例的服务节点的系统视图。通常为网络元件的服务节点60可以包括处理器62和用于存储数据和指令的(计算机可读非暂态)存储器64。此外,服务节点60可以包括(一个或多个)服务功能66(例如,用于向分组/帧应用服务,对分组/帧进行分类)和服务报头处理器68。(一个或多个)服务功能66和服务报头处理器62可以在处理器62执行存储在存储器64中的指令时由处理器62提供。服务报头处理器68可以提取NSH,并且在一些情况下根据需要更新NSH。例如,服务报头处理器68可以递减服务索引。如果得到的服务索引=0,则丢弃分组。在另一情况下,如果新的/经更新的上下文可用,则服务报头处理器68或由服务节点提供的一些其他合适的模块可以更新上下文报头字段。
如前所述,服务链接涉及分类器功能,该分类器功能基于由控制平面配置的策略来执行分类以选择服务链并且在服务链的实例之间执行负载均衡。分类器功能然后使业务沿着SFP经由一个或多个服务感知转发元件进行转发。转发元件实现了在上述SFC架构IETF草案中描述的服务功能转发器(“SFF”)能力。转发元件将业务转发到逻辑上锚定到转发元件的实际的服务链节点。在这样的架构中的任何两个组件之间以及因此通过服务链进行的业务转发是在覆盖网络上执行的。如前所述,覆盖网络通过传输报头和封装报头来实现。已经采用各种网络封装报头来转发需要通过服务链来接受服务的业务。这样的报头封装了原始分组或帧,并且它们本身被封装于覆盖传输协议中。封装报头的示例包括专有报头(例如,vPath)或建议的IETF标准报头(例如,网络服务头文件(“NSH”))。用于承载这种封装的传输协议通常是基于L3或L4(例如,IPv4/IPv6或GRE或UDP、VxLAN等)的。在vPath的情况下,甚至可以使用诸如LLC SNAP之类的L2协议。
作为示例,可以根据服务功能(“SF”)类型来描述服务链SC1
SC1=SFa,SFb,SFc
可以根据服务功能类型的实例来构建相对应的服务链实例,即,服务路径(“SP”):
SP1.1=SFa1,SFb1,SFc1
SP1.2=SFa1,SFb3,SFc2
如图4所示,服务链SC1映射到两个服务路径SP1.1和SP1.2。分类器选择了服务链SC1并在实例SP1.1和SP1.2之间进行负载均衡。一般来说,在组件之间(例如,分类器与转发元件之间或转发元件与服务功能之间)转发的分组具有图5所示的形式,并且包括原始分组/帧70、SFC封装72、和传输协议报头74。SFC封装72可以通过使用NSH来实现。如前所述,NSH包括如标题为“Network Service Header(网络服务报头)”(draft-ietf-sfc-nsh-01.txt)的IETF草案(下文中称为“NSH IETF草案”)中所描述的基本报头、服务报头、和固定/可变数目的元数据TLV。
图6示出了常规NSH 84的基本报头80和服务报头82的格式。如图6所示,基本报头80包括版本字段86a、多个单独的位/标志(共同由参考标号86b来指示)、长度字段86c、元数据类型字段86d、和下一个协议字段86e。服务报头82包括服务路径ID字段88a和服务索引字段88b。这些字段及其内容在前述的NSH IETF草案中被详细描述。在某些情况下,NSH要求服务索引(“SI”)必须由服务功能递减。此外,在某些情况下,NSH要求FE必须在从其他组件接收到的封装有NSH的业务时基于服务路径ID(“SPI”)和服务索引(“SI”)对其进行转发。如上所述,需要被包括在NSH的服务报头中的SPI和SI两者来做出转发决策。控制平面构造SPI并将它们与SI和递减值(即,递减SI的量)一起分发到转发元件中。这意味着所有的服务功能都必须具备SPI和SI的知识,并继而在转发封装有NSH的分组之前对它们进行操作。
如前所述,SFC涉及在向前转发到其目的地之前,引导用户/应用业务通过一列有序服务功能,在该过程中,根据这些服务功能中的策略以及服务链基础结构为业务提供服务。用于经由服务功能转发业务的现有方法存在各种缺陷,包括但不限于由于大量转发触点而导致的部署和操作上的复杂性;由于服务功能参与制定转发决策而导致的缩放难题;以及由于错误或服务功能对转发状态的无意修改而导致违背操作环境策略。
此外,作为上述关于NSH和服务链的断言的推论,NSH使用的是这样的模型:其中的服务功能在保持封装的完整性方面被完全信赖,从而允许转发元件或服务功能转发器按照服务功能做出的决策进行转发。但这在所有的网络环境中都是不能被接受的。运营商环境中严格的基础设施和应用边界基本上不允许这样的分组转发方法。另外,由于转发决策是在服务功能处做出的,所以控制平面必须使用包括SPI和SI信息的转发信息对转发元件进行编程。这种方法对可扩展性有负面影响,因为与典型部署中的转发元件相比,业务功能的数目显著增加。此外,考虑到服务功能必须用转发信息来编程并且服务功能可能来自任何供应商或第三方,对服务功能和基础设施进行编程可能导致非常复杂的控制平面交互,继而对部署以及架构的可扩展性产生负面影响。服务功能可以由运营商自行开发,可以从第三方购买,或可以从开源软件门户免费下载。更进一步,由于转发是仅基于封装有NSH报头中的SPI和SI字段在转发元件处执行的,所以转发元件易受到服务功能所做出的决策的影响。如果服务功能有问题、受损或对SI执行了不正确的操作,则分组可能会被转发到错误的下一跳(例如,越过了防火墙)或连续循环。最后,通过查看NSH中的服务上下文报头,并不能确定分组与哪个服务功能相关联以及该分组位于在所沿路径上的何处,这是由于服务功能递减了SI的事实。因此,需要额外的上下文来做出这样的断言。
原始vPath实现方式依赖于有状态方法来将转发决策包含到转发元件。然而,有状态的方法在硬件中实现并不具有成本效益,并且几乎从未以任何合理的规模被实现。
为了解决这些问题中的一些问题,根据本文所描述的实施例的特征,用于基础设施独有的服务转发的技术可以用于服务链架构和分组转发方法中,从而以直观、有效、硬件友好和架构简洁的方式执行实际分组转发通过网络中的服务路径。具体地,本文所描述的基础设施独有的服务转发方法是无状态的且硬件友好的,并且有利地限制了对转发元件(交换机、路由器、或其他网络元件)的转发状态操纵。该方法将服务覆盖分成服务功能覆盖和基础设施覆盖。此外,它使转发决策和SI操纵包含到转发元件,并使服务功能免于做出转发决策和操纵SI。
该方法将NSH中或任何这样的封装中的转发和服务平面分离。这使得转发能够由服务链基础设施完全占有和控制,而服务递送则完全服务功能的职责。这允许独立于转发平面来对服务平面进行缩放,同时避免了可能出现的转发冲突。转发完全由转发元件和NSH中承载的任何转发状态来控制,无论是NSH服务上下文报头还是元数据上下文报头,对服务功能都是完全不透明的。当前的覆盖网络可以分成基础设施覆盖和服务覆盖。基础设施覆盖在转发元件之间或在分类器和转发元件之间扩展,而服务覆盖在转发元件和服务功能之间扩展。只有转发元件和分类器做出转发决策,因此仅将转发决策限制在基础设施上。在一些实施例中,转发元件处的对SI的递减操作可以通过存在指示分组是在基础设施上还是在服务覆盖/平面上的信号或标志来控制。
图7是针对实现本文所描述的实施例的特征所修改的NSH 94的基本报头90和服务报头92的格式。如图7所示,基本报头90的位/标志中的一者被标识为基础设施覆盖(或“I”)位或标志(在图7中用参考标号96指示)。在操作中,如下面将更详细描述的,当I位被设置为1时,分组/帧被认为在服务基础设施覆盖上;当I位被设置为0时,分组/帧被认为是在服务功能覆盖上。“服务基础设施覆盖”包括分类器与转发元件之间或转发元件之间的通信。“服务功能覆盖”包括转发元件和服务功能之间的通信。图8中示出了这个概念。
SFC组件在更新图7中所示的经修改的NSH 94的“I”标志和SI字段时观察到以下规则:
1.分类器在将封装有NSH的分组/帧发送到下一个转发元件或服务功能转发器时必须将NSH中的基础设施(“I”)标志设置为1;
2.转发元件(或SFF)在向下一个转发元件或服务功能转发器发送封装有NSH的分组时必须将I标志设置为1;
3.分类器和转发元件(SFF)在转发封装有NSH的分组时在所有其他情况下必须将I标志设置为0;
4.服务功能或服务功能代理不得设置I标志;
5.在做出下一个转发决策之前,只有在接收到带有其中的I标志被设置为0的NSH的分组时,转发元件(或SFF)才必须更新NSH中的服务索引;以及
6.服务功能永远不被允许递减或更新服务索引;这由服务功能处的一次性静态配置来控制,并且优选地作为服务功能的默认行为。
应注意的是,在某些实施例中,期望分类器具有嵌入其中的转发元件(或服务转发功能)并且显示转发元件的所有行为。
图9A是示出根据本文所描述的实施例的可以在诸如网络元件50(图2)之类的起始分类器功能处实现的方法的流程图。在步骤100中,接收分组。在步骤102中,对分组进行分类。此外,根据策略标识服务链并选择服务链实例。在步骤104中,分组与NSH一起被封装,其包括设置SPI和SI字段并设置I标志。如前所述,根据本文所描述的实施例的特征,I标志在分组要被转发到转发元件(SFF)时被设置为1,并且在分组要被转发到服务功能时被设置为0。在步骤106中,执行隧道封装。在步骤108中,分组在SPI中标识的服务链上经由锚定在SI中标识的服务功能的转发元件将转发到该服务功能。
图9B是示出根据本文所描述的实施例的可以在诸如网络元件50(图2)之类的转发元件处实现的方法的流程图。在步骤110中,接收分组。在步骤112中,检查分组的NSH的I标志。如果I标志被设置为1,则意味着分组在基础设施覆盖上(例如,从分类器或转发元件)被接收到,则执行进行到步骤114,其中I标志被设置为0,然后进行到步骤116,其中分组经由服务功能覆盖被转发到所标识的服务功能。如果在步骤112中,I标志被确定为被设置为0,则意味着分组在服务功能覆盖上(例如,从服务功能)被接收到,则在步骤118中,SI被递减(或更新)。在步骤120中,基于SI的新值来做出转发决策。转发决策可能导致分组被发送到锚定在同一转发元件处的服务节点(在这种情况下,执行进行到步骤114(如上所述))或者可能导致分组被发送到锚定在不同转发元件的服务节点(在这种情况下,执行进行到步骤121)。在步骤121中,将I标志设置为1,并且在步骤122中,根据步骤120中做出的转发决策经由基础设施覆盖来转发分组。
在某些实施例中,每当从服务功能接收到NSH分组时,转发元件或SFF可以验证服务路径报头的完整性。该验证可以如下实施。
在转发状态方面将服务功能与转发功能职责分离使得服务功能转发器必须执行完整性检查以验证服务路径报头的不可变方面。在某些实施例中,推荐使用适当的方法来验证服务路径报头的完整性。有很多方法可以执行完整性检查;下面简要总结一些示例。
在一个实施例中,对照三元组<SF-Transport-Address(SF-传输-地址),SPI,SI>来检查从SF(即,NSH基本报头中的I=0)接收到的每个NSH分组,该三元组是由控制平面针对该SF在SFF中编程的。当SF在所有服务路径中只出现一次时,此方法很简单并且运行良好。
在另一个实施例中,SFF计算n元组或伪报头的散列,并将该散列作为NSH中的不透明元数据传输通过服务路径上的SF。当SFF接收回不透明的元数据(经服务后的分组)时,它会对同一n元组的散列进行重新计算,并对照接收到NSH中的散列进行检查。该n元组可以包括内部有效负载、外部传输、服务路径报头、和SFF本地数据等。实现方式必须基于SFC部署要求来确定n元组。
在另一个实施例中,当从SF接收回分组时,有状态的SFF使用流状态来记录SPI和SI并且对其进行验证。只要SF在给定的SPI中只出现一次,这个过程就会很好地运作。如果需要同一SPI内的同一SF的多个实例,则必须执行额外的检查来保护SI。
在又一个实施例中,作为一般化的方法,控制平面对要应用于NSH报头的掩码进行编程,以选择对照其执行完整性检查的位。在最简单的情况下,掩码仅表示服务路径报头。
上述服务报头完整性检查技术并不会抵御诸如分组重放或欺骗攻击之类的威胁,因为这不违背服务路径报头的完整性;而是仅防止对NSH服务路径报头的无意修改,或确保其完整性。
图10示出了典型分组流通过具有图10所示的拓扑的示例SPI1=SFa@SFF1,SFb@SFF1,SFc@SFF2的示例。如图10所示,分组经由到达分类器功能126的SFC入口网络125而进入系统124。作为分类的一部分,分类器功能126确定分组的SPI和SI。分类器功能126制定NSH基础设施覆盖分组,设置I标志及更新其他报头,并且向前转发分组到SFF1。SFF1接收NSH基础设施覆盖分组,由于I=1而省略执行SI递减操作,执行转发查找以确定下一跳。SFF1将SFa确定为下一跳,制定NSH服务覆盖分组,清除I标志及更新其他报头,并且将分组转发到服务功能覆盖上的SFa。SFa通过消费和/或产生元数据来服务分组并且将分组转发回SFF1。一旦由SFF1接收到返回的分组,SFF1由于I=0而在执行转发查找之前递减SI。SFF1将下一跳确定为SFb,并且对SFb重复与SFa一样的过程。SFF1接收SFb所服务的分组,递减SI,并确定下一跳为SFc,并将将分组转发到基础设施覆盖(I=1)上的SFF2。类似地,SFF2对SFc重复该过程。SFF2接收SFc所服务的分组,递减SI,并确定SPI1已被完全执行并且继续在SFC出口网络128上进行转发。
转到图11,图11示出了示例机器(或装置)130的简化框图,其在某些实施例中可以是可在本文所描述的实施例中实现的分类器或转发元件。示例机器130对应于可以部署在通信网络中的网络元件和计算设备,例如,分类器或转发元件。具体地,图11示出了机器的示例形式的框图表示,在该机器中软件和硬件使得机器130执行本文所讨论的任何一个或多个活动或操作。如图11所示,机器130可以包括处理器132、主存储器133、辅助存储装置134、无线网络接口135、有线网络接口136、用户接口137、和包括计算机可读介质139的可移动介质驱动器138。诸如系统总线和存储器总线之类的总线131可以提供处理器132与存储器、驱动器、接口、和机器130的其他组件之间的电子通信。
也可以被称为中央处理单元(“CPU”)的处理器132可以包括能够执行机器可读指令并且根据机器可读指令所指示的对数据执行操作的任何通用或专用处理器。主存储器133可以直接被处理器132访问以访问机器指令并且可以是随机存取存储器(“RAM”)或任何类型的动态存储装置(例如,动态随机存取存储器(“DRAM”))的形式。辅助存储装置134可以是能够存储包括可执行软件文件的电子数据的任何非易失性存储器(例如,硬盘)。外部存储的电子数据可以通过一个或多个可移动介质驱动器138而被提供给计算机130,该一个或多个可移动介质驱动器13可以被配置为接收任何类型的外部介质(例如,光盘(“CD”)、数字视频光盘(“DVD”)、闪存驱动器、外部硬盘驱动器等)。
可以提供无线和有线网络接口135和136来实现机器130与其他机器或节点之间的电子通信。在一个示例中,无线网络接口135可以包括具有合适的发送和接收组件(例如,收发器)的无线网络控制器(“WNIC”)以用于在网络内进行无线通信。有线网络接口136可以使得机器130能够通过诸如以太网电缆之类的有线线路物理地连接到网络。无线和有线网络接口135和136都可以被配置为使用适当的通信协议(例如,互联网协议组(“TCP/IP”))来辅助通信。仅出于说明的目的,机器130被示出为具有无线和有线网络接口135和136两者。尽管一个或多个无线和硬接线接口可以在机器130中被提供或者外部连接到机器130,但仅需要一个连接选项来使得机器130连接到网络。
可以在一些机器中提供用户接口137以允许用户与机器130交互。用户接口137可以包括诸如图形显示设备(例如,等离子显示面板(“PDP”)、液晶显示器(“LCD”)、阴极射线管(“CRT”)等))之类的显示设备。另外,还可以包括任何适当的输入机构,例如,键盘、触摸屏、鼠标、轨迹球、语音识别、触摸板等。
可移动介质驱动器138表示被配置为接收任何类型的外部计算机可读介质(例如,计算机可读介质139)的驱动器。体现本文所描述的活动或功能的指令可以存储在一个或多个外部计算机可读介质上。另外,这样的指令还可以或者可替代地在执行期间至少部分地驻留在机器130的存储器元件内(例如,在主存储器133或处理器132的高速缓存存储器中)或者驻留在机器130的非易失性存储器元件(例如,辅助存储装置134)内。因此,机器130的其他存储器元件也构成计算机可读介质。因此,“计算机可读介质”意图包括能够存储供机器130执行的指令的任何介质,其中这些指令使机器执行本文所公开的任何一个或多个活动。
未在图11中示出的是可以适当地耦合到处理器132和形式为存储器管理单元(“MMU”)、附加对称多处理(“SMP”)元件、物理存储器、外围组件互连(“PCI”)总线和相应的桥、小型计算机系统接口(“SCSI”)/集成驱动电子(“IDE”)元件等。机器130可以包括任何附加的合适的硬件、软件、组件、模块、接口或辅助其操作的对象。这可以包括允许对数据的有效保护和传输的适当的算法和通信协议。此外,还可以在机器130中配置任何合适的操作系统以适当地管理其中的硬件组件的操作。
参考机器130示出和/或描述的元件旨在用于说明目的,并不意图暗示对机器的架构限制,诸如根据本公开所使用的那些。另外,在适当的情况下并且基于特定的需求,每个机器可以包括更多或更少的组件。本说明书中所使用的术语“机器”意图包括任何计算设备或网络元件,例如,服务器、路由器、个人计算机、客户端计算机、网络设备、交换机、网桥、网关、处理器、负载均衡器、无线LAN控制器、防火墙、或可操作以影响或处理网络环境中的电子信息的任何其他合适的设备、组件、元件、或对象。
在示例实现方式中,本文所描述的活动的至少一些部分可以用软件来实现。在一些实施例中,该软件可以从web服务器接收或下载,被提供在计算机可读介质上,或者被特定元件的制造商配置为实现本文所描述的实施例。在一些实施例中,这些特征中的一个或多个可以用硬件来实现,被提供在这些元件外部,或者以任何适当的方式被整合以实现预期的功能。
在一个示例实现方式中,分类器和转发元件可以包括辅助其操作的任何合适的硬件、软件、组件、模块或对象以及用于接收、发送和/或以其他方式在网络环境中传送数据或信息的合适接口。这可以包括允许有效交换数据或信息的适当算法和通信协议。
此外,本文所描述和示出的实施例中,与各种网络元件相关联的一些处理器和存储器元件可以被移除或以其他方式整合,使得单个处理器和单个存储器位置负责某些活动。可选地,某些处理功能可以被分开,并且单独的处理器和/或物理机器可以实现各种功能。在一般意义上,附图中描绘的布置的表现可以更符合逻辑,而物理架构可以包括这些元件的各种置换、组合和/或混合。必须指出的是,可以使用无数可能的设计配置来实现此处概述的操作目标。因此,相关的基础设施具有大量的替代布置、设计选择、设备可能性、硬件配置、软件实现方式、装备选项等。
在一些示例实施例中,一个或多个存储器元件(例如,主存储器133、辅助存储装置134、计算机可读介质139)可以存储用于实现本文所描述和示出的实施例的数据。这包括能够存储被执行以执行本说明书中描述的活动的指令(例如,软件、逻辑、代码等)的至少一些存储器元件。处理器可以执行与数据相关联的任何类型的指令以实现本说明书中在此详述的操作。在一个示例中,一个或多个处理器(例如,处理器132)可以将元件或物品(例如,数据)从一种状态或事物转换为另一种状态或事物。在另一个示例中,可以用固定逻辑或可编程逻辑(例如,由处理器执行的软件/计算机指令)来实现本文所概述的活动,并且本文所标识的元件可以是某种类型的可编程处理器、可编程数字逻辑(例如,现场可编程门阵列(“FPGA”)、可擦除可编程只读存储器(“EPROM”)、电可擦除可编程只读存储器(“EEPROM”))、包括数字逻辑、软件、代码、电子指令、闪存、光盘、CD-ROM、DVD ROM、磁卡、或光卡的ASIC、适用于存储电子指令的其他类型的机器可读介质、或它们的任何适当的组合。
本文所描述的通信网络的组件可以将信息保持在任何合适类型的存储器(例如,随机存取存储器(“RAM”)、只读存储器(“ROM”)、可擦除可编程ROM(“EPROM”)、电可擦写可编程ROM(“EEPROM”)等)、软件、硬件、或在适当的情况下并且基于特定的需要的任何其他合适的组件、设备、元件或对象。本文所讨论的任何存储器项目应被解释为被包含在广义术语“存储器元件”内。通过网络环境读取、使用、跟踪、发送、传输、传送、或接收的信息可以在任何数据库、寄存器、队列、表、高速缓存、控制列表、或其他存储结构中提供,所有这些都可以在任何合适的时间线处被引用。任何这样的存储选项可以被包括在本文所使用的广义术语“存储器元件”内。类似地,本说明书中描述的任何潜在的处理元件和模块应被解释为被包含在广义术语“处理器”内。
本文所描述的某些实施例将服务功能链接中的覆盖分成基础设施覆盖和服务功能覆盖,从而在这两者之间强制执行附加的安全策略。本文所描述的某些实施例提供了一种无状态的,硬件友好的方法,用于递减NSH服务索引而不需要转发元件处的任何状态或发送者感知。此外,本文所描述的某些实施例将转发决策(在更新服务索引时)限制到仅转发元件,并且释放服务功能以使其纯粹集中于服务递送并且避免处理与转发决策相关联的复杂性。更进一步,本文所描述的某些实施例通过将对服务索引的操纵限制到转发元件来使得服务链接控制平面能够独立于服务功能的数目而缩放并且防止由于对服务索引的不正确操纵而可能出现的问题。
本文所描述的某些实施例允许窥探工具或任何类型的中间节点不依赖于源和目标定位符便能够清楚地确定NSH封装的分组是正在转发元件之间行进还是在转发元件与服务功能之间行进,这对于跟踪和调试是有用的,尤其在云部署中。本文所描述的某些实施例允许NSH分组上的服务索引总是与服务功能相关联,如服务索引可指示分组是在从转发元件到服务功能的途中还是从服务功能到转发元件的途中。
注意,对于上面提供的示例以及本文提供的许多其他示例,可以用两个、三个、或四个网络元件来描述交互。但是,这仅是出于清楚和示例的目的而进行的。在某些情况下,通过仅引用有限数目的网络元件来描述给定流程集合的一个或多个功能可能更容易。应理解的是,参考附图(及其教导)所示出和描述的拓扑容易扩展并且可以容纳大量的组件以及更复杂/精细的布置和配置。因此,所提供的示例不应限制所示出的拓扑的范围或者禁止所示出的拓扑的广泛教导,因为可能将其应用于无数其他架构。
注意到前面的流程图中的步骤仅示出了可以由图中所示的通信系统执行或者在该通信系统内执行的一些可能的信令场景和模式也是重要的。在适当的情况下,这些步骤中的一些可以被删除或移除,或者在不脱离本公开的范围的情况下这些步骤可以被相当大地修改或改变。另外,这些操作中的许多已被描述为与一个或多个附加操作同时或并行地执行。但是,这些操作的时序可能会被相当大的改变。出于示例和讨论的目的,提供了前面的操作流程。图中所示的通信系统提供了实质的灵活性,因为其可以在不脱离本公开的教导的情况下提供任何合适的布置、时序、配置和计时机制。
尽管已经参考特定布置和配置详细描述了本公开,但是在不脱离本公开的范围的情况下可以显著改变这些示例配置和布置。例如,尽管已经参考特定的通信交换描述了本公开,但是本文所描述的实施例可以适用于其他架构。
本领域技术人员可以确定许多其他改变、替换、变化、更改、和修改,并且本公开意在涵盖落入所附权利要求的范围内的所有这些改变、替换、变化、更改和修改。为了协助美国专利商标局(USPTO)以及另外对本申请上所发布的任何专利的任何读者解释所附权利要求,申请人希望指出,申请人:(a)不意图所附权利要求援引35U.S.C.第142节第六(6)段,因为它在其提交日时就存在,除非在特定的权利要求中特别使用了“用于......的装置”或“用于......的步骤”并且(b)不意图通过说明书中的任何陈述来以任何未在所附权利要求中反映的方式限制本公开。

Claims (23)

1.一种用于通信网络的方法,包括:
在网络元件处接收包括网络服务报头(“NSH”)的分组,其中,所述NSH包括基础设施(“I”)标志以及包括服务索引(“SI”)和服务路径ID(“SPI”)的服务路径报头;
确定所述I标志是否被设置为第一值;
如果所述I标志被设置为所述第一值:
将所述I标志设置为第二值;以及
将所述分组转发到与所述SI相对应的服务功能以用于进行处理;如果所述I标志未被设置为所述第一值:
递减所述SI;以及
基于所述SPI和所述SI的新值来做出转发决策。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括:如果所述转发决策包括将所述分组转发到锚定到所述网络元件的第二服务功能,则:
将所述I标志设置为第二值;以及
将所述分组转发到锚定到所述网络元件的所述第二服务功能。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括:如果所述转发决策包括将所述分组转发到锚定在不同的网络元件处的第二服务功能,则:
将所述I标志设置为所述第一值;以及
将所述分组转发到所述不同的网络元件。
4.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中,所述网络元件包括转发元件和分类器中的至少一者。
5.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,还包括在从所述服务功能接收到所述分组时对所述服务报头执行完整性检查。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中,所述完整性检查包括以下各项中的至少一个:
对照由控制平面针对所述服务功能编程到所述网络元件中的三元组来检查所述分组;
计算n元组或伪报头的散列,并使所述散列作为所述NSH中的不透明元数据在服务路径上传输通过所述服务功能;
在从所述服务功能接收到所述分组时记录所述SPI和所述SI并验证它们;以及
将由所述控制平面编程的掩码应用于所述NSH以选择对照其执行完整性检查的位。
7.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述NSH包括递减值,并且其中,所述递减包括将所述SI的值减少等于所述递减值的量。
8.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述服务功能不改变所述服务路径报头。
9.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,还包括:
在所述网络元件处接收第二分组,其中,所述第二分组不包括NSH;
在所述网络元件处对所述第二分组进行分类以选择用于处理所述第二分组的服务链;
向所述第二分组添加NSH,其中,添加到所述第二分组的所述NSH的服务报头标识了所述服务链;
将添加到所述第二分组的所述NSH报头的I位设置为1;以及
基于添加到所述第二分组的所述NSH报头的所述服务链来做出转发决策。
10.一种计算机可读存储介质,存储有用于执行的指令,这些指令当由处理器执行时实现包括以下各项的操作:
在网络元件处接收包括网络服务报头(“NSH”)的分组,其中所述NSH包括基础设施(“I”)标志以及包括服务索引(“SI”)和服务路径ID(“SPI”)的服务路径报头;
确定所述I标志是否被设置为第一值;
如果所述I标志被设置为所述第一值:
将所述I标志设置为第二值;以及
将所述分组转发到与所述SI相对应的服务功能以用于进行处理;如果所述I标志未被设置为所述第一值:
递减所述SI;以及
基于所述SPI和所述SI的新值来做出转发决策。
11.根据权利要求10所述的计算机可读存储介质,其中,所述操作还包括:如果所述转发决策包括将所述分组转发到锚定到所述网络元件的第二服务功能,则:
将所述I标志设置为所述第二值;以及
将所述分组转发到锚定到所述网络元件的所述第二服务功能。
12.根据权利要求10所述的计算机可读存储介质,其中,所述操作还包括:如果所述转发决策包括将所述分组转发到锚定在不同的网络元件处的第二服务功能,则:
将所述I标志设置为所述第一值;以及
将所述分组转发到所述不同的网络元件。
13.根据权利要求10至12中任一项所述的计算机可读存储介质,其中,所述操作还包括在从所述服务功能接收到所述分组时对所述服务报头执行完整性检查。
14.根据权利要求13所述的计算机可读存储介质,其中,所述完整性检查包括以下各项中的至少一个:
对照由控制平面针对所述服务功能编程到所述网络元件中的三元组来检查所述分组;
计算n元组或伪报头的散列,并将所述散列作为所述NSH中的不透明元数据在服务路径上传输通过所述服务功能;
在从所述服务功能接收到所述分组时记录所述SPI和所述SI并验证它们;以及
将由所述控制平面编程的掩码应用于所述NSH以选择对照其执行完整性检查的位。
15.根据权利要求10至12中任一项所述的计算机可读存储介质,其中,所述服务功能不改变所述服务路径报头。
16.根据权利要求10至12中任一项所述的计算机可读存储介质,其中,所述指令还包括:
在所述网络元件处接收第二分组,其中,所述第二分组不包括NSH;
在所述网络元件处对所述第二分组进行分类以选择用于处理所述第二分组的服务链;
向所述第二分组添加NSH,其中,添加到所述第二分组的所述NSH的服务报头标识了所述服务链;
将添加到所述第二分组的所述NSH报头的I位设置为1;以及
基于添加到所述第二分组的所述NSH报头的所述服务链来做出转发决策。
17.一种用于通信网络的装置,包括:
存储器元件,被配置为存储数据;
处理器,可操作用于执行与所述数据相关联的指令;以及
服务转发功能模块,被配置为进行以下各项操作:
在网络元件处接收包括网络服务报头(“NSH”)的分组,其中,所述NSH包括基础设施(“I”)标志以及包括服务索引(“SI”)和服务路径ID(“SPI”)的服务路径报头;
确定所述I标志是否被设置为第一值;
如果所述I标志被设置为所述第一值:
将所述I标志设置为第二值;以及
将所述分组转发到与所述SI相对应的服务功能以用于进行处理;
如果所述I标志未被设置为所述第一值:
递减所述SI;以及
基于所述SPI和所述SI的新值来做出转发决策。
18.根据权利要求17所述的装置,其中,所述服务转发功能模块还被配置为进行以下各项操作:
如果所述转发决策包括将所述分组转发到锚定到所述网络元件的第二服务功能:
将所述I标志设置为所述第二值;以及
将所述分组转发到锚定到所述网络元件的所述第二服务功能;以及
如果所述转发决策包括将所述分组转发到锚定在不同的网络元件处的第二服务功能:
将所述I标志设置为所述第一值;以及
将所述分组转发到所述不同的网络元件。
19.根据权利要求17或18所述的装置,其中,所述服务转发功能模块还被配置为在从所述服务功能接收到所述分组时对所述服务报头执行完整性检查,其中,所述完整性检查包括以下各项中的至少一个:
对照由控制平面针对所述服务功能编程到所述网络元件中的三元组来检查所述分组;
计算n元组或伪报头的散列,并将所述散列作为所述NSH中的不透明元数据在服务路径上传输通过所述服务功能;
在从所述服务功能接收到所述分组时记录所述SPI和所述SI并验证它们;以及
将由所述控制平面编程的掩码应用于所述NSH以选择对照其执行完整性检查的位。
20.根据权利要求17或18所述的装置,其中,所述服务功能不改变所述服务路径报头。
21.根据权利要求17或18所述的装置,其中,所述服务转发模块还被配置为:
在所述网络元件处接收第二分组,其中所述第二分组不包括NSH;
在所述网络元件处对所述第二分组进行分类以选择用于处理所述第二分组的服务链;
向所述第二分组添加NSH,其中添加到所述第二分组的所述NSH的服务报头标识了所述服务链;
将添加到所述第二分组的所述NSH报头的I位设置为1;以及
基于添加到所述第二分组的所述NSH报头的所述服务链来做出转发决策。
22.一种用于通信网络的装置,包括:
用于在网络元件处接收包括网络服务报头(“NSH”)的分组的部件,其中,所述NSH包括基础设施(“I”)标志以及包括服务索引(“SI”)和服务路径ID(“SPI”)的服务路径报头;
用于确定所述I标志是否被设置为第一值的部件;
用于在所述I标志被设置为所述第一值时将所述I标志设置为第二值并且将所述分组转发到与所述SI相对应的服务功能以用于进行处理的部件;
用于在所述I标志未被设置为所述第一值时递减所述SI并且基于所述SPI和所述SI的新值来做出转发决策的部件。
23.根据权利要求22所述的装置,还包括用于实施根据权利要求2至9中任一权利要求所述的方法的部件。
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