CN108288738B - Method for recovering lithium ion battery electrolyte by using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid - Google Patents

Method for recovering lithium ion battery electrolyte by using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid Download PDF

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CN108288738B
CN108288738B CN201810087260.5A CN201810087260A CN108288738B CN 108288738 B CN108288738 B CN 108288738B CN 201810087260 A CN201810087260 A CN 201810087260A CN 108288738 B CN108288738 B CN 108288738B
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electrolyte
carbon dioxide
lithium ion
ion battery
carbonate
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CN108288738A (en
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郑学同
陈艳丽
魏萌
王婧莹
邹兆宁
陈智栋
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Changzhou University
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Changzhou University
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/54Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/84Recycling of batteries or fuel cells

Abstract

The invention provides a method for recovering lithium ion battery electrolyte. Fully discharging the waste lithium ion battery, then disassembling, transferring all the electrolyte, the current collectors with the anode and cathode materials and the diaphragm into a supercritical extraction device, selecting ethyl butyl ketone as an entrainer, adjusting the temperature, the pressure, the extraction time and the flow of the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid, and then extracting the organic solvent, thereby realizing the separation of the organic solvent and the electrolyte salt. The whole process flow of the invention is simple and easy to operate, the extraction and separation speed is high, and complicated post-treatment is not needed.

Description

Method for recovering lithium ion battery electrolyte by using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of recycling of lithium ion battery electrolyte, and particularly relates to a method for recycling lithium ion battery electrolyte by using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid.
Background
Sony corporation released the first commercial lithium ion battery in 1991, and subsequently, lithium ion batteries revolutionized the appearance of consumer electronics and rapidly developed in increasingly diverse forms in human social and economic lives. With the development of electric automobiles, power lithium ion batteries develop very rapidly, and a large number of lithium ion batteries face the problem of scrapping treatment after being used for 2 to 3 years. By the estimated 2020, the accumulated scrappage of the power batteries of electric vehicles in China can reach 12-17 ten thousand tons, and the problems of energy exhaustion and environmental pollution are seriously brought to people. In this case, people are forced to find a suitable recycling route. Although large-scale recycling enterprises in China are gradually appearing, the electrolyte is more complicated to treat, and the added value is low, so the enterprises mainly concentrate on recycling electrode materials and do not pay attention to recycling the electrolyte.
In the process of collecting, stacking and recovering the waste lithium ion battery, part of electrolyte leaks and volatilizes, and the surrounding atmosphere, soil and water can be polluted. If the electrolyte lithium salt enters the environment, chemical reactions such as hydrolysis, decomposition and combustion can occur to generate fluorine-containing, arsenic-containing and phosphorus-containing compounds, so that fluorine pollution, arsenic pollution and phosphorus pollution are caused; and for example, organic solvents undergo chemical reactions such as hydrolysis, combustion and decomposition to generate micromolecular organic matters such as formaldehyde, methanol, acetaldehyde, ethanol, formic acid and the like. If the materials are not treated or are not treated properly, the materials can cause great pollution to the environment and bring great threat to the health of human beings.
The recovery technology of lithium ion batteries can be divided into a pyrogenic process, a wet process, a biological process and the like. Currently, most of the used are still traditional pyrogenic or wet processing techniques. The electrolyte organic solvent is volatilized or burnt to decompose into water vapor and carbon dioxide to be discharged during pyrogenic process, and LiPF6Exposed to air and heated, the PF can be quickly decomposed5And finally forming fluorine-containing flue gas and smoke dust, and discharging the fluorine-containing flue gas and the smoke dust outwards. The wet process is a process capable of dissolving an electrolyte lithium salt in a solution when dissolving a current collector aluminum foil using an alkaline solution or dissolving a positive electrode active material using an acidic solution. With electrolyte lithium salt LiPF6Decomposition into, for example, HF and PF5Soluble fluoride is easily generated in the alkali dissolution process, so that fluorine pollution of water is caused, and the water directly or indirectly harms human bodies. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a recovery technique of the electrolyte, and the vacuum pyrolysis method and the extraction method are effective methods for treating the electrolyte.
Sun et al [ Sun L., Qiu K. vacuum pyrolysis and hydraulic process for the recovery of usable metals from lithium batteries. J Hazard Mater, 2011,194,378-384] adopt vacuum pyrolysis technology to separate organic binders and electrolytes in waste lithium ion batteries, and avoid environmental pollution and resource waste caused by the emission of fluorides. Steven (Steven E S.System and method for removing an electrolyte from an energy storage and/or conversion using a supercritical fluid. US:200300186110A1,2003-10-02.) utilizes the excellent solubility of non-polar materials in liquid carbon dioxide and supercritical carbon dioxide to separate the electrolyte from the spent lithium ion battery. However, this method is not very efficient in recovering the organic solvent in the electrolyte.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems of environmental pollution and low organic solvent recovery rate in the recovery and reuse of lithium ion battery electrolyte, the invention provides a carbon dioxide supercritical extraction method of waste lithium ion battery electrolyte, which realizes the separation of organic solvent and electrolyte lithium salt and improves the recovery efficiency of the electrolyte.
In order to furthest improve the application range of the lithium ion battery, the organic solvent in the lithium ion battery at least comprises two cyclic carbonate esters with larger dielectric constants and smaller chain carbonate esters, the solubility of the cyclic carbonate esters in the carbon dioxide fluid is lower due to the weak polarity of the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid, and in order to improve the solubility of the solvents in the carbon dioxide fluid, the invention finds that the extraction efficiency of the carbon dioxide fluid on the organic solvent in the electrolyte can be effectively improved by taking the ethyl butyl ketone as an entrainer through continuous trial.
The method for recycling the battery electrolyte through the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is realized by the following steps:
(1) fully discharging the waste lithium ion battery, then disassembling, and removing the shell, the positive and negative terminals, the sealing ring and the cover plate;
(2) transferring the disassembled electrolyte, the current collectors with the positive and negative electrode materials and the diaphragm into a carbon dioxide supercritical extraction device with ethyl butyl ketone as an entrainer;
(3) adjusting the temperature, pressure, extraction time and flow of the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid to extract the organic solvent, so that the solvent in the electrolyte is effectively separated from the electrolyte;
(4) rectifying the obtained solvent, removing entrainer, analyzing components, supplementing electrolyte salt, organic solvent and additive according to the analysis result, and adjusting the mixture ratio to prepare the electrolyte.
Wherein, the amount of the entrainer ethyl butyl ketone in the step (2) is 5-10%;
and (3) adjusting the temperature of the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid to be 30-60 ℃, the pressure to be 8-20MPa, and the extraction time and the flow of the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid to be in inverse proportion.
The electrolyte salt supplemented in the electrolyte in the step (4) is LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4Or LiAsF6Any one or a combination of several of them.
And (4) supplementing an organic solvent into the electrolyte in the step (4) into cyclic carbonate and chain carbonate.
The cyclic carbonate is one or two of ethylene carbonate EC or propylene carbonate PC.
The chain carbonate is one or a combination of more of dimethyl carbonate DMC, diethyl carbonate DEC, methyl ethyl carbonate EMC, methyl propyl carbonate MPC or ethyl propyl carbonate EPC.
The additives are mainly used to improve SEI film properties, improve conductivity, overcharge protection, improve low-temperature properties of an electrolyte, thermal stability, safety, cycle stability, and the like. The supplementary additive is one or a combination of more of vinylene carbonate VC, biphenyl BP and dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO.
The invention has the advantages that:
1. avoids the pollution of the recovered components and the environment caused by ethers and acids generated by vacuum high-temperature pyrolysis.
2. The carbon dioxide fluid is gas when being recovered to the normal state, and can be naturally separated from the organic solvent, and other multi-component solvents can be simply separated through rectification, or the solvents are directly prepared into new electrolyte.
3. The method has the advantages of mild operating temperature and pressure conditions, easy control of operation, integration of extraction, separation and recovery, no need of complex post-treatment, higher resource utilization rate and contribution to large-scale application.
4. The dielectric constant of the selected ethyl butyl ketone is 12.9F/m (22 ℃), the boiling point is 146-.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the recovery of electrolyte by the method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following examples further illustrate the method for recycling the electrolyte of the waste lithium ion battery by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.
Examples
Firstly, the waste lithium ion battery is fully discharged and then disassembled, and the shell, the positive and negative terminals, the sealing ring and the cover plate are removed. Then transferring the electrolyte, the current collectors with the positive and negative electrode materials and the diaphragm into a supercritical extraction device using ethyl butyl ketone as an entrainer, adjusting the temperature, the pressure, the extraction time and the flow of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid, then extracting an organic solvent, rectifying the obtained solvent, removing the entrainer, performing component analysis, supplementing electrolyte salt, the organic solvent and an additive according to the analysis result, and adjusting the mixture ratio to prepare the electrolyte.
The method for recycling the waste lithium ion battery electrolyte through supercritical carbon dioxide extraction comprises the steps of adjusting the temperature range of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid to be 30-60 ℃, adjusting the pressure range to be 8-20MPa, and enabling the extraction time and the flow of the supercritical fluid to be in an inverse proportion relation. The electrolyte salt in the electrolyte is LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4Or LiAsF6Any one or a combination of several of them. The organic solvent in the electrolyte is the combination of any two or more of cyclic carbonate (ethylene carbonate EC and propylene carbonate PC) and chain carbonate (dimethyl carbonate DMC, diethyl carbonate DEC, ethyl methyl carbonate EMC, methyl propyl carbonate MPC or ethyl propyl carbonate EPC).
The specific implementation and effects of the present invention will be described in conjunction with the following applications.
The waste lithium ion battery is discharged and then disassembled, and an aluminum shell, a positive electrode terminal, a negative electrode terminal, a sealing ring and a cover plate are removed, if the waste lithium ion battery is a power battery, the polyolefin microporous membrane can be used for absorbing the flowing electrolyte, if the waste lithium ion battery is other batteries, the mode of absorbing the electrolyte can be selected according to actual requirements, and the polyolefin microporous membrane absorbing the electrolyte, the current collectors with the positive electrode material and the negative electrode material and the diaphragm are quickly transferred to the supercritical extraction device. According to the capacity of an extraction kettle and the characteristics of extracted materials, 5-10% of entrainer ethyl butyl ketone is added into a 100mL extraction kettle, carbon dioxide is used as an extraction fluid, the temperature range is set to be 30-60 ℃, the pressure range is set to be 8-20MPa, static extraction is carried out for 5-10min, dynamic extraction is carried out for 5-20min, the flow rate is 0.5-5L/min, the extraction time is related to the flow rate of the supercritical fluid, the relation of inverse proportion is formed, and the optimum combination can be adjusted according to specific conditions and requirements.
Sampling the obtained solvent, rectifying to remove entrainer ethyl butyl ketone, carrying out quantitative analysis on each component of the obtained solvent by adopting gas chromatography, supplementing electrolyte salt, organic solvent and functional additive according to the analysis result, preparing a new electrolyte of the lithium ion battery, and reassembling the lithium ion battery for use.
When the extraction temperature is 35 ℃, the pressure is 8MPa, the static extraction is 10min, the dynamic extraction is 20min, and the flow is 3L/min, when the entrainer, namely ethyl butyl ketone is not used, the extraction rate of the carbon dioxide fluid to the electrolyte organic solvent is 62.3 percent; under the same extraction conditions, when 1mL of entrainer ethyl butyl ketone is added into a 100mL extraction kettle, the extraction rate of the electrolyte organic solvent by the carbon dioxide fluid is 92.8%. It can be seen that the electrolyte recovery rate is very high with the method of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A method for recovering lithium ion battery electrolyte by adopting supercritical carbon dioxide fluid is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) fully discharging the waste lithium ion battery, then disassembling, and removing the shell, the positive and negative terminals, the sealing ring and the cover plate;
(2) transferring the disassembled electrolyte, the current collectors with the positive and negative electrode materials and the diaphragm into a carbon dioxide supercritical extraction device with ethyl butyl ketone as an entrainer; the dosage of the ethyl butyl ketone is 5-10 percent;
(3) adjusting the temperature, pressure, extraction time and flow of the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid to extract the organic solvent, so that the solvent in the electrolyte is effectively separated from the electrolyte; the temperature of the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid is adjusted to be 30-60 ℃, the pressure is adjusted to be 8-20MPa, and the extraction time and the flow of the supercritical carbon dioxide fluid are in inverse proportion;
(4) rectifying the obtained solvent, removing entrainer, analyzing components, supplementing electrolyte salt, organic solvent and additive according to the analysis result, and adjusting the mixture ratio to prepare the electrolyte.
2. The method of claim 1 for recovering lithium ion battery electrolyte using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid, wherein: the electrolyte salt supplemented in the electrolyte in the step (4) is LiPF6、LiBF 4、LiClO 4Or LiAsF6Any one or a combination of several of them.
3. The method of claim 1 for recovering lithium ion battery electrolyte using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid, wherein: and (4) supplementing an organic solvent into the electrolyte in the step (4) into cyclic carbonate and chain carbonate.
4. The method of claim 3 for recovering lithium ion battery electrolyte using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid, wherein: and (4) the cyclic carbonate is one or two of ethylene carbonate EC or propylene carbonate PC.
5. The method of claim 3 for recovering lithium ion battery electrolyte using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid, wherein: and (4) the chain carbonate is any one or a combination of more of dimethyl carbonate DMC, diethyl carbonate DEC, methyl ethyl carbonate EMC, methyl propyl carbonate MPC or ethyl propyl carbonate EPC.
6. The method of claim 1 for recovering lithium ion battery electrolyte using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid, wherein: and (4) adding additives into the electrolyte in the step (4) into one or more of vinylene carbonate VC, biphenyl BP and dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO.
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CN109888423A (en) * 2019-02-25 2019-06-14 上海毅信环保科技有限公司 A kind of recovery method for scrapping ternary lithium battery
CN110620276B (en) * 2019-09-24 2022-06-17 常州大学 Method for recycling waste lithium ion battery electrolyte
CN111416169A (en) * 2020-03-11 2020-07-14 长沙有色冶金设计研究院有限公司 Device for charged crushing and electrolyte recovery of waste power lithium battery
US11777156B2 (en) 2021-01-15 2023-10-03 Uchicago Argonne, Llc Method for recovering and recycling electrolyte salts from lithium batteries
CN113381088B (en) * 2021-05-31 2023-04-11 哈尔滨工业大学 Method for separating positive active material and aluminum current collector in waste lithium ion battery in a transcritical fluid strengthening way
CN113471515A (en) * 2021-06-30 2021-10-01 广州市浩立生物科技有限公司 Method for recycling lithium battery electrolyte by combining supercritical extraction rectification and molecular distillation
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