CN108262434B - A kind of increment die-forging forming method towards aluminium alloy slab - Google Patents
A kind of increment die-forging forming method towards aluminium alloy slab Download PDFInfo
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- CN108262434B CN108262434B CN201711418745.XA CN201711418745A CN108262434B CN 108262434 B CN108262434 B CN 108262434B CN 201711418745 A CN201711418745 A CN 201711418745A CN 108262434 B CN108262434 B CN 108262434B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J1/00—Preparing metal stock or similar ancillary operations prior, during or post forging, e.g. heating or cooling
- B21J1/06—Heating or cooling methods or arrangements specially adapted for performing forging or pressing operations
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
- B21J5/002—Hybrid process, e.g. forging following casting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
- B21J5/008—Incremental forging
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
- B21J5/02—Die forging; Trimming by making use of special dies ; Punching during forging
- B21J5/025—Closed die forging
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Abstract
The invention belongs to metal forging process technical fields, and disclose a kind of increment die-forging forming method towards aluminium alloy slab, this method includes the process procedures such as casting base, slab cleaning and increment die forging, the prefabricated blank close to forging part shape is wherein obtained by casting, then the gradual die-forging forming of electric screw press repeated loading is driven using fast direct, load is spaced in forging surface rapid injection but medium every time, harden surface layer more on the basis of forging hardening, until the aluminium alloy castings needed for obtaining.Through the invention, the plastic deformation that can promote forging center portion improves it and forges permeability, is compacted soldering microdefect, it realizes the precision form of complicated high-performance aluminium alloy forging, while also having many advantages, such as that forming quality is good, process flow is short, stock utilization is high, equipment is simple.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to metal forging process technical fields, more particularly, to a kind of increment towards aluminium alloy slab
Die-forging forming method.
Background technique
It is shaped in technique in material, often applies to all kinds of part blanks.Wherein using slab as aluminium alloy
The blank of part die forging obtains the prefabricated blank close to forging part shape by casting, use bar simultaneously compared to conventional
The mode for undergoing Multi-stage forging manufacture blank, can significantly shorten process flow, improve production efficiency and stock utilization, and
Reduce forging part manufacturing cost.In general, die forging facilitates the defects of being compacted existing loose, shrinkage cavity in slab.
The die-forging forming mode based on slab mainly uses the scheme of a loading and shaping in the prior art.For example,
CN200580012476.6 discloses a kind of cast forging process of aluminum vehicle wheel, wherein the forming step proposed is " low pressure casting or again
Power casts base → heating → die forging ", i.e., a spoke casting is manufactured by casting technique, which is heated to plasticity
Then deformation temperature is placed in forging die and carries out sub-high pressure forging acquisition aluminum vehicle wheel forging.CN200910024715.X is disclosed
Process integration is cast/forged to a kind of aluminum alloy connecting rod, and forming step is " compression casting or metal mold gravity casting base → forging ",
The slab for still having afterheat in casting is wherein directly carried out to die forging and obtains aluminum alloy connecting rod forging, is similarly primary load forging.Again
Such as, disclosed in CN201510121047.8 a kind of continuous casting forging apparatus of aluminum automobile component manufacture and its manufacturer
Method, step are " casting → punching riser → heat preservation → forging ", and riser is directly cut in the case where still there is afterheat in casting, is protected
Then temperature carries out once loading forging and molding acquisition required product again.The major defect of above-mentioned prior art method is, due to
Forging process is that primary load is completed, and will necessarily have deflection and be unevenly distributed, forges the problems such as permeability is bad.
For this purpose, present inventor has submitted a kind of entitled " aluminum alloy forge piece vibration casting forging combined shaping side early stage
Method ", the patent application No. is CN201610903093.8, wherein the blank obtained based on extrusion casint is proposed, using vibration mould
Formula repeated loading die-forging forming required product, can accordingly solve to a certain extent in above scheme due to caused by once loading
The problem of.However, further investigations have shown that, there are still following deficiencies for the above vibration mode repeated loading scheme: on the one hand, more
It is found for deep modeling analysis, the strain energy of distortion applied in die forging internally can gradually decay along casting billet surface, become
Describe and easily concentrate on surface layer, accordingly even with vibration repeated loading, center portion there will still likely be deflection it is smaller, forging permeability
The defects of difference, internal consolidation effect are bad；On the other hand, soldering drawbacks described above, die forging are compacted according to biggish deflection
The strain energy of distortion provided needed for equipment is also bigger, accordingly not only very high to the requirement of forging equipment, but also forging equipment sliding block connects
Continuous high frequency conversion direction simultaneously moves back and forth, and is easily reduced equipment moving stability and service life, this outer surface and center portion
It is uneven that moderate finite deformation amount difference also results in forging performance.Correspondingly, this field needs to make further improvement, so as to more
Meet the higher quality and efficiency requirements in modernization manufacture production to aluminum alloy forge piece well.
Summary of the invention
For the above shortcoming and Improvement requirement of the prior art, the present invention provides a kind of towards aluminium alloy slab
Increment die-forging forming method, wherein more by the way that the vibration mode repeated loading during entire die-forging forming is adjusted to increment type
Minor tick load, and make full use of the pressure surface layer hardening by cooling at repeated loading interval to promote the plastic deformation of slab center portion,
Aluminium alloy blank surface in the prior art and big, the microdefect consolidation effect difference of center portion uneven deformation etc. can accordingly be better solved
Problem；The high request to equipment can also be effectively avoided simultaneously, and, manipulation convenient, widely applicable, material short with process flow
The features such as utilization rate is high.
To achieve the above object, it is proposed, according to the invention, a kind of increment die-forging forming method towards aluminium alloy slab is provided,
It is characterized in that, this method includes the following steps:
(a) base and cleanup step are cast
Aluminium alloy stock is heated and obtains melt, then drops to its liquidus curve or more 60 DEG C~100 to the temperature of melt
DEG C when, cast in the way of permanent mold casting obtain the slab with riser；Then, sawing is carried out to the riser of slab, and clear
Position and surface defect locating for reason finishing riser, obtain aluminium alloy slab；
(b) increment swaging step specifically includes following sub-step:
(b1) aluminium alloy slab obtained is heated to the initial forging temperature of casting blank material first, then puts it into mould
The lower mould type of forging mould is intracavitary, and the stamp forging mould is installed in fast direct and drives on electric screw press；
(b2) the quick hammering slab of upper mold that the stamp forging mould is driven by sliding block, after hammering depleted of energy, institute
It states sliding block and drives the upper mold backhaul；Then water base lubricant is sprayed by hammering surface in slab by cooling device, and made
It obtains this blank surface and obtains further harden on the basis of forging hardening；
(b3) upper mold downlink again is driven by the sliding block, and repeats to hold in mode described in sub-step (b2)
Row is multiple, by this method, so that slab is gradually deformed Zi outer in, and until the upper mold is mutually closed with the lower mold,
Until obtaining required aluminum alloy forge piece.
As it is further preferred that in sub-step (b1), the initial forging temperature preferably using differential scanning calorimetry come
Measurement determine, and further set it is as follows: when sample cooled and solidified on differential thermal curve first exothermic peak extrapolation starting point
It is initial forging temperature that corresponding temperature, which subtracts 30 DEG C,.
As it is further preferred that in sub-step (b1), the upper mold of the stamp forging mould and lower mold are performed pre-
Heat, and its preheating temperature is preferably set to 200 DEG C~250 DEG C
As it is further preferred that the number of the quick hammering is preferably 2 times, and hammering for the first time in step (b)
Energy be preferably set to once load 40% of required energy when being fully formed, the energy of second of hammering is preferably set to one
It is secondary to load 70% of required energy when being fully formed.
As it is further preferred that the number of the quick hammering is preferably 3 times, and hammering for the first time in step (b)
Energy be preferably set to once load 40% of required energy when being fully formed, the energy of second of hammering is preferably set to one
Secondary to load 30% of required energy when being fully formed, the energy of third time hammering, which is preferably set to once load, is fully formed when institute
Need the 40% of energy.
As it is further preferred that the number of the quick hammering is preferably 4 times, and hammering for the first time in step (b)
Energy be preferably set to once load 30% of required energy when being fully formed, the energy of second of hammering is preferably set to one
Secondary load when being fully formed the 20% of the required energy, energy of third time hammering be preferably set to once load and be fully formed when institute
The 30% of energy is needed, the energy of the 4th hammering is preferably set to once load 30% of required energy when being fully formed.
As it is further preferred that the water base lubricant preferably includes colloidal graphite mixed with water or water base synthesis lubrication
Agent, and its technological parameter for operating every time is preferably set are as follows: jet velocity is 10mL/s~30mL/s, injecting time 0.2
Second~0.6 second.
In general, through the invention it is contemplated above technical scheme is compared with the prior art, mainly have below
Technological merit:
1, multiple technical problems that the present invention is faced for existing aluminium alloy slab forming technology scheme, specific aim by its
The mechanism of action is adjusted to increment type and is repeatedly spaced load, while being designed multiple key process parameters, more reality
Test shows that the pressure surface layer that can make full use of repeated loading interval is quickly cooled down hardening to promote the plasticity of slab center portion to become
Shape, accordingly well solves in the prior art that aluminium alloy blank surface and center portion uneven deformation are big, microdefect consolidation effect is poor
The problems such as；
2, the present invention is still around required equipment during entire increment die forging forming process and process conditions carry out
Design, entire technical process process shortens, manipulation is more flexible and convenient, reduces the requirement to facility place；
3, application control of the present invention also to for example quick hammering number of multiple critical crafts and hammering energy, cooling medium
System, initial forging temperature etc. have exclusively carried out research and design, and more actual test shows these preferred key process parameter energy
The enough mechanism of action for substantially more playing increment die-forging forming, advantageously promotes the plastic deformation of slab center portion, and it is saturating to improve forging
Property and deformation uniformity, and further be compacted soldering slab microdefect；
4, process according to the invention is high-efficient, high convenient for manipulation, stock utilization, and required equipment is easy to use,
It is therefore particularly suitable for all kinds of applications that aluminium alloy castings are proposed with higher quality requirement and site facility etc. are limited.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the process flow diagram according to increment die-forging forming method constructed by the present invention；
Fig. 2 is for the influence signal during exemplary illustrated entire increment die-forging forming between some technological parameters
Figure.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, right
The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, and
It is not used in the restriction present invention.As long as in addition, technical characteristic involved in the various embodiments of the present invention described below
Not constituting a conflict with each other can be combined with each other.
Fig. 1 is the process flow diagram according to increment die-forging forming method constructed by the present invention.As shown in Figure 1, should
Process is studied and is designed by having re-started to die-forging forming mechanism, and to its important step and key process parameter etc.
Aspect is made that further Optimal improvements, and the pressure surface layer hardening by cooling at repeated loading interval can accordingly be made full use of to promote
The plastic deformation of slab center portion, better solves aluminium alloy blank surface in the prior art and center portion uneven deformation is big, microcosmic scarce
Fall into the problems such as consolidation effect is poor.Specific explanations explanation will be provided to its specific operation process and mechanism of action etc. below.
It is casting base and cleanup step first.
Specifically, aluminium alloy stock is heated to 100~120 DEG C of for example its liquidus curve or more, thus to obtain melt, with
Afterwards when the temperature of melt drops to 60 DEG C~100 DEG C of its liquidus curve or more, is cast in the way of permanent mold casting and obtain band
The slab of riser；
Then, sawing for example is carried out using riser of the toothless saw to slab, and clears up position and surface locating for finishing riser
Defect obtains aluminium alloy slab.
It is followed by increment swaging step, as one of key improvements of the invention, which can be more specifically divided into
Following sub-step:
Aluminium alloy slab obtained can be heated to the initial forging temperature of casting blank material by resistance furnace first, then by it
Be put into be mounted on fast direct drive electric screw press upper mold forging mould lower mould type it is intracavitary；That is, the stamping Die
Tool includes upper mold opposite to each other up and down and lower mold, and wherein upper mold is directly driven by sliding block in the present invention, and towards
Lower mold executes the quick hammering to slab and operates, and lower mold designed according to the aluminium alloy slab processed it is prefabricated；
Then, the quick hammering slab of upper mold that stamp forging mould is driven by sliding block, after hammering depleted of energy, the cunning
Block drives the upper mold backhaul；Then water base lubricant is sprayed by hammering surface in slab by cooling device, and makes this
Blank surface obtains further hardening on the basis of forging hardening；More specifically, loading interim herein, pass through pressure
The operation that surface layer is quickly cooled down, more can sufficiently promote the plastic deformation of slab center portion, corresponding to solve aluminium in the prior art
The problems such as alloy casting blank surface layer and center portion uneven deformation are big, microdefect consolidation effect is poor；
Then, upper mold downlink again is driven by the sliding block, and repeated in the above manner repeatedly, so that
Slab is gradually deformed Zi outer in, until the upper mold is mutually closed with the lower mold, obtains required aluminum alloy forge piece
Until.
It should be pointed out that other than the above basic role mechanism, test shows such as hammering number and hammering energy, cold
But the critical crafts such as medium injection control equally influence whether the quality of final obtained aluminum alloy forge piece.Correspondingly, originally
Invention determines some critical craft parameters after preferred design is calculated by finite element numerical simulation.
A preferred embodiment according to the invention, the number of the quick hammering are preferably set to 2 times, and first
The energy of secondary hammering is preferably set to once load 40% of required energy when being fully formed, and the energy of second of hammering is preferably set
It is set to 70% of required energy when primary load is fully formed.When the number of quick hammering is set to 3 times, wherein forging for the first time
The energy hit is preferably set to once load 40% of required energy when being fully formed, and the energy of second of hammering is preferably set to
Primary load when being fully formed required energy 30%, the energy of third time hammering is preferably set to once load when being fully formed
The 40% of required energy.In addition, when the number of quick hammering is set to 4 times, wherein the energy of hammering for the first time is preferably set
The 30% of required energy when being fully formed once to load, the energy of second of hammering are preferably set to once load and be fully formed
The 20% of Shi Suoxu energy, the energy of third time hammering is preferably set to once load 30% of required energy when being fully formed,
The energy of 4th hammering is preferably set to once load 30% of required energy when being fully formed.
Another preferred embodiment according to the invention, the water base lubricant preferably include colloidal graphite mixed with water or
Water base syntholube, and its technological parameter operated every time is preferably set are as follows: and jet velocity is 10mL/s~30mL/s, spray
Penetrating the time is 0.2 second~0.6 second.
Below with reference to some specific embodiments, the present invention is described in more detail.
Embodiment 1
6061 aluminium alloy stocks are heated to by 100 DEG C of 650 DEG C of its liquidus temperature or more using aluminum alloy smelting furnace, i.e.,
750 DEG C, fusing, which is smelted, forms aluminium alloy melt；Then when melt temperature is down to 60 DEG C of its liquidus curve or more, i.e., 710 DEG C, pour
It casts onto metal shape casting mould, solidifies cooling slab of the acquisition with riser.Riser is cut off using toothless saw, and clears up finishing and emits oral area
Position and surface defect obtain slab.
By aluminium alloy slab with resistance stove heating to 480 DEG C of initial forging temperature, places into and be mounted on fast direct drive electric screw
The lower mould type of press machine upper mold forging mould is intracavitary, then drives upper mold hammering slab, hammering energy by press ram
The 40% of energy when being fully formed once to load, after hammering depleted of energy, sliding block drives upper mold backhaul, then quickly injection
Colloidal graphite mixed with water 0.6s, jet velocity 10mL/s, hardens blank surface, and subsequent upper mold again cast by downlink hammering
Base, hammering energy are 70% of energy when primary load is fully formed, and upper die and lower die are closed to obtain required aluminum alloy die forgings.
The upper mold of the increment stamp forging mould and lower mold preheating temperature are 200 DEG C.
Embodiment 2
A390 aluminium alloy stock is heated to by 120 DEG C of 650 DEG C of its liquidus temperature or more using aluminum alloy smelting furnace, i.e.,
770 DEG C, fusing, which is smelted, forms aluminium alloy melt；Then when melt temperature is down to 100 DEG C of its liquidus curve or more, i.e., 750 DEG C, pour
It casts onto metal shape casting mould, solidifies cooling slab of the acquisition with riser.Riser is cut off using toothless saw, and clears up finishing and emits oral area
Position and surface defect obtain slab.
By aluminium alloy slab with resistance stove heating to 500 DEG C of initial forging temperature, places into and be mounted on fast direct drive electric screw
The lower mould type of press machine upper mold forging mould is intracavitary, then drives upper mold hammering slab, hammering energy by press ram
The 30% of energy when being fully formed once to load, after hammering depleted of energy, sliding block drives upper mold backhaul, then quickly injection
Colloidal graphite mixed with water 0.2s, jet velocity 20mL/s, hardens blank surface, and then upper mold again cast by downlink hammering
Base, hammering energy are 20% of energy when primary load is fully formed, after hammering depleted of energy, are so carried out again 2 times, hammering
Energy is 30% of energy when primary load is fully formed, enables aluminum alloy to slab and gradually deforms, until upper die and lower die are closed
Obtain required aluminum alloy die forgings.
The upper mold of the increment stamp forging mould and lower mold preheating temperature are 250 DEG C.
Embodiment 3
A390 aluminium alloy stock is heated to by 120 DEG C of 650 DEG C of its liquidus temperature or more using aluminum alloy smelting furnace, i.e.,
770 DEG C, fusing, which is smelted, forms aluminium alloy melt；Then when melt temperature is down to 100 DEG C of its liquidus curve or more, i.e., 750 DEG C, pour
It casts onto metal shape casting mould, solidifies cooling slab of the acquisition with riser.Riser is cut off using toothless saw, and clears up finishing and emits oral area
Position and surface defect obtain slab.
By aluminium alloy slab with resistance stove heating to 500 DEG C of initial forging temperature, places into and be mounted on fast direct drive electric screw
The lower mould type of press machine upper mold forging mould is intracavitary, then drives upper mold hammering slab, hammering energy by press ram
The 40% of energy when being fully formed once to load, after hammering depleted of energy, sliding block drives upper mold backhaul, then quickly injection
Water base syntholube 0.3s, jet velocity 30mL/s harden blank surface, and then upper mold again cast by downlink hammering
Base, hammering energy are 30% of energy when primary load is fully formed, after hammering depleted of energy, are so carried out again 1 time, hammering
Energy is 40% of energy when primary load is fully formed, enables aluminum alloy to slab and gradually deforms, until upper die and lower die are closed
To required aluminum alloy die forgings.
The upper mold of the increment stamp forging mould and lower mold preheating temperature are 250 DEG C.
To sum up, the present invention is compared with existing scheme, by multiple to deformation mechanism and its technical process and key condition etc.
The researching and designing of aspect, the pressure surface layer that can make full use of repeated loading interval are quickly cooled down hardening to promote slab center portion
Plastic deformation, accordingly well solves that aluminium alloy blank surface and center portion uneven deformation in the prior art be big, microdefect is compacted
The problems such as effect is poor；In addition, entire technical process process shortens, manipulation is more flexible and convenient, reduces and facility place is wanted
It asks, is therefore particularly suitable for proposing aluminium alloy castings in all kinds of the application that higher quality requires.
As it will be easily appreciated by one skilled in the art that the foregoing is merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, not to
The limitation present invention, any modifications, equivalent substitutions and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should all include
Within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of increment die-forging forming method towards aluminium alloy slab, which is characterized in that this method includes the following steps:
(a) base and cleanup step are cast
Aluminium alloy stock is heated and obtains melt, then when the temperature of melt drops to 60 DEG C~100 DEG C of its liquidus curve or more,
It is cast in the way of permanent mold casting and obtains the slab with riser；Then, sawing is carried out to the riser of slab, and clears up finishing
Position and surface defect locating for riser obtain aluminium alloy slab；
(b) increment swaging step specifically includes following sub-step:
(b1) aluminium alloy slab obtained is heated to the initial forging temperature of casting blank material first, then puts it into stamping Die
The lower mould type of tool is intracavitary, and the stamp forging mould is installed in fast direct and drives on electric screw press；
(b2) the quick hammering slab of upper mold that the stamp forging mould is driven by sliding block, after hammering depleted of energy, the cunning
Block drives the upper mold backhaul；Then water base lubricant is sprayed by hammering surface in slab by cooling device, and makes this
Blank surface obtains further hardening on the basis of forging hardening, wherein the jet velocity of the water base lubricant is
10mL/s~30mL/s, injecting time are 0.2 second~0.6 second；By this method, interim is loaded herein, by forcing surface layer
The operation of rapid cooling substantially more promotes the plastic deformation of slab center portion, thus solves aluminium alloy blank surface and center portion
Uneven deformation is big, microdefect consolidation effect difference problem；
(b3) upper mold downlink again is driven by the sliding block, and is repeated in mode described in sub-step (b2) more
It is secondary, by this method, so that slab is gradually deformed Zi outer in, until the upper mold is mutually closed with the lower mold, obtain
Until required aluminum alloy forge piece.
2. increment die-forging forming method as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that in sub-step (b1), the beginning forging temperature
Degree measures determination using differential scanning calorimetry, and further setting is as follows: when sample cooled and solidified the on differential thermal curve
It is initial forging temperature that temperature corresponding to the extrapolation starting point of one exothermic peak, which subtracts 30 DEG C,.
3. increment die-forging forming method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that in sub-step (b1), the die forging
The upper mold of mold and lower mold are performed preheating, and its preheating temperature is set to 200 DEG C~250 DEG C.
4. increment die-forging forming method as claimed in claim 3, which is characterized in that in step (b), the quick hammering
Number is 2 times, and the energy of hammering for the first time is set as once loading 40% of required energy when being fully formed, second of hammering
Energy be set as once loading 70% of required energy when being fully formed.
5. increment die-forging forming method as claimed in claim 3, which is characterized in that in step (b), the quick hammering
Number is 3 times, and the energy of hammering for the first time is set as once loading 40% of required energy when being fully formed, second of hammering
Energy be set as once loading 30% of required energy when being fully formed, the energy of third time hammering is set as once having loaded
The 40% of required energy when full forming.
6. increment die-forging forming method as claimed in claim 3, which is characterized in that in step (b), the quick hammering
Number is 4 times, and the energy of hammering for the first time is set as once loading 30% of required energy when being fully formed, second of hammering
Energy be set as once loading the 20% of the required energy, energy of third time hammering when being fully formed and be set as once having loaded
The 30% of required energy when full forming, the energy of the 4th hammering are set as once loading required energy when being fully formed
30%.
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| CN106312016A (en) * | 2016-10-17 | 2017-01-11 | 华中科技大学 | Vibrating casting and forging composite forming method for aluminum alloy forgings |
| CN107262645A (en) * | 2017-06-29 | 2017-10-20 | 霍山汇能汽车零部件制造有限公司 | A kind of new-energy automotive air-conditioning compressor shaft bearing forming technology |
| CN107363202A (en) * | 2017-06-30 | 2017-11-21 | 陕西宏远航空锻造有限责任公司 | A kind of forming method of the small surplus blade of nickel base superalloy |
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| CN108262434A (en) | 2018-07-10 |
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