CN108226007B - Characterization method for porosity of carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composite material based on ultrasonic double parameters - Google Patents
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- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
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- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000001028 reflection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000004918 carbon fiber reinforced polymer Substances 0.000 claims abstract 20
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
A method for characterizing porosity of carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composite based on ultrasonic double parameters includes using a porosity detection system containing ultrasonic flaw detector, direct contact flat probe and computer to obtain material parameters from CFRP brand to be detected, establishing true morphology pore model with complex pore morphology characteristics and material attributes based on random medium theory and digital image processing technique, and establishing porosity P and ultrasonic attenuation coefficient α by means of time domain finite difference software simulation calculationsimthe P-alpha is obtained by linear fittingsimselecting the area to be detected according to the ultrasonic C-scan result, performing multi-point acquisition on the selected area by using a contact pulse reflection method, and calculating alpha through experimentsexpand the slope K of the attenuation spectrum related to the morphology features of the pores, from P-alphasimThe relation and the K value realize the characterization of the CFRP porosity; the method realizes the CFRP porosity characterization on the basis of considering the pore morphology characteristics.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a Carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix Composite (CFRP) porosity characterization method based on ultrasonic double parameters, belonging to the technical field of nondestructive testing.
Background
The carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix Composite (CFRP) has the advantages of high specific strength, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and the like, and is widely applied in the fields of aerospace and the like; as the CFRP inevitably generates pores in the production process, the existence of the pores directly causes the reduction of mechanical properties of the material, such as interlaminar shear strength, bending strength, longitudinal/transverse tensile strength and the like, and seriously damages the service life of the material; the aerospace field usually requires the porosity of composite material members to be below 2%, and some main bearing members even require the porosity to be below 1%; therefore, an accurate and reliable CFRP porosity nondestructive testing method is needed in engineering application.
The ultrasonic detection method has the advantages of wide application range, good directivity, high detection sensitivity, no harm to human bodies and the like, and along with the development of computer technology and automation technology, the precision and efficiency of ultrasonic detection are greatly improved, so that the ultrasonic detection method becomes the most common composite material nondestructive detection method at present; common CFRP porosity ultrasonic detection methods comprise a sound velocity method, an acoustic impedance method, an attenuation method and the like according to different applied ultrasonic parameters; the sound velocity method needs a detection system with higher resolution to distinguish the sound velocity change; the acoustic impedance method has higher requirements on the accuracy of sound velocity and density measurement, so that the method has lower applicability; the ultrasonic attenuation method has clear detection principle, simple test technology and less influence by fiber content, and is the most concerned nondestructive detection method for the porosity at present; according to the method, from the time domain angle, the porosity evaluation is carried out by utilizing the echo amplitude of ultrasonic waves after the ultrasonic waves pass through a CFRP sample; however, under the influence of experimental samples and pore morphology (pore size, shape, distribution, etc.), for samples with the same porosity, the obtained ultrasonic attenuation coefficient values have certain difference; for samples with different porosities, the same ultrasonic attenuation coefficient value can be obtained, so that a non-unique corresponding relation exists between the porosity and the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient; therefore, there is a limitation to using only the time domain signal amplitude for CFRP porosity evaluation.
The sensitivity of different pore morphologies in the CFRP to the modulation effect and the frequency of the ultrasonic waves is different, so that the frequency components of the incident sound waves and the reflected return waves are different; based on Fourier transform, converting the ultrasonic time domain signal into a frequency domain, reflecting the characteristic that the time domain signal is insensitive by utilizing frequency domain information, and further characterizing the CFRP porosity; the invention starts from the angles of time domain and frequency domain, introduces the slope K of the attenuation spectrum on the basis of the existing ultrasonic attenuation coefficient characterization CFRP porosity, and provides a new idea for the characterization of the CFRP porosity.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composite material based on ultrasonic double parametersthe method comprises the steps of adopting a porosity detection system comprising an ultrasonic flaw detector, a direct contact type flat probe and a computer, obtaining material parameters from a CFRP mark to be detected, establishing a Real Morphology pore Model (RMVM) with complex pore Morphology characteristics and material attributes based on a random medium theory and a digital image processing technology, and establishing porosity P and an ultrasonic attenuation coefficient α by means of time domain finite difference software simulation calculationsimthe P-alpha is obtained by linear fittingsimselecting the area to be detected according to the ultrasonic C-scan result, performing multi-point acquisition on the selected area by using a contact pulse reflection method, and calculating alpha through experimentsexpand the slope K of the attenuation spectrum related to the morphology features of the pores, from P-alphasimThe relation and the K value realize the characterization of the CFRP porosity; the method considers the influence of the pore morphology characteristics on the porosity characterization, and provides a new idea for the CFRP porosity characterization.
the technical scheme for solving the technical problems is that a method for characterizing the porosity of a carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composite material based on ultrasonic double parameters adopts a set of porosity detection system comprising an ultrasonic flaw detector, a direct contact type flat probe and a computer, establishes a real morphology pore model (RMVM) with complex pore morphology characteristics and material attributes based on a random medium theory and a digital image processing technology, and establishes the porosity P and an ultrasonic attenuation coefficient α by using time domain finite difference software simulation calculationsimquantitative relationship between the two, and alpha is calculated by experimentexpand the slope K of the attenuation spectrum related to the morphology features of the pores according to P- αsimThe porosity characterization is realized through the relation and the K value; the specific calculation steps are as follows:
(1) acquisition of basic parameters of CFRP to be tested
According to the grade of the CFRP to be measured, material attributes such as fiber content, elastic modulus, density and the like are obtained; based on the elastic modulus, the longitudinal and transverse wave sound velocities of the CFRP to be measured can be calculated;
(2) establishment of true morphology pore model
Obtaining a photomicrograph of the CFRP sample based on a metallographic method, and carrying out median filtering on the photomicrographSmoothing the photo to eliminate a 'pseudo-pore' region with abrupt change of gray level in the image, and further performing binarization processing on the photo, namely extracting pore morphology features; respectively endowing different material attributes to the pores and the matrix according to the pixel gray level, thereby obtaining a real morphology pore model; fast Fourier transform is carried out on the ultrasonic signals by utilizing data processing software to obtain an amplitude spectrum | F of the primary bottom echo1(f) Amplitude spectrum of | and quadratic bottom surface echo | F2(f) an attenuation spectrum α (f) obtained by the formula (1),
the method comprises the steps of establishing a plurality of real-morphology pore models, calculating the thickness of the CFRP required by the attenuation spectrum, wherein d is the thickness of the CFRP required by the calculation of the attenuation spectrum and comprises a real-morphology pore model and a sample to be measured, the slope of a linear region in an effective frequency band in the attenuation spectrum, namely the slope K of the attenuation spectrum, is defined as K, and the defined formula is d alpha/df, α is an ultrasonic attenuation coefficient in the attenuation spectrum;
(3) emulation computing model setup
setting a viscosity coefficient η according to needs when the material attribute of a CFRP matrix in the geometric model is set according to basic parameters obtained in the step (1) and considering that the CFRP matrix has absorption attenuation, setting a pore to be dried air at 20 ℃ and setting a water layer to be pure water at 20 ℃, setting the upper boundary of the geometric model to be an infinite absorption boundary and the lower boundary to be a free boundary, and setting the left boundary and the right boundary to be longitudinal/transverse fixed boundaries;
(4) simulated computational data processing
based on the simulation result, calculating the simulation ultrasonic attenuation coefficient α of the primary bottom echo and the secondary bottom echosimThe calculation formula is shown as formula (2),
in the formula (d)simThickness of a true topographic pore model, ADisposable sole、ASecondary bottomrespectively the amplitudes of the primary bottom echo and the secondary bottom echo, R is the reflection coefficient between the water layer and the upper surface of the CFRP, when the porosity P of the model is known during the establishment of the real morphology pore model of the CFRP to be measured, P and α are establishedsimthe intercept of the fitted line represents the matrix attenuation coefficient α of the measured material0value, so the fit line expression is αsim＝aP+α0A is a fitting coefficient;
(5) CFRP ultrasonic signal acquisition to be measured
Pre-scanning the CFRP to be detected by using an ultrasonic C scanning system, and selecting an area with uniform color distribution in a C-scan image of the CFRP to be detected as a region to be detected; measuring the thickness of the area to be detected, and acquiring data of the selected area by adopting a contact pulse reflection method; in consideration of the difference of pore morphology in the regions to be detected, acquiring ultrasonic signals of 5 sampling points at different positions in each region to be detected;
(6) characterization of CFRP porosity to be measured
based on data acquired by CFRP experiment to be measured, the experimental ultrasonic attenuation coefficient α of the primary bottom echo and the secondary bottom echo is calculated by using the formula (3)expAnd calculating the slope K of the attenuation spectrum,
in the formula (d)expTo determine the CFRP thickness, ADisposable sole、ASecondary bottomamplitude of the primary bottom echo and the secondary bottom echo, respectively, according to αsim＝aP+α0from αexpThe P value can be calculated; for each area to be detected, due to the randomness and complexity of pore morphology, the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient values of different sampling points in the area are different, in order to guarantee the validity of a porosity detection result, sampling points with similar ultrasonic attenuation coefficients in the area are selected, the pore size and the position distribution at the sampling point with the maximum K value are considered to be most uniform, and the P value of the sampling point is used as the porosity value of the area.
the method has the advantages that the porosity P and the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient α are obtained through RMVM simulation calculation based on the real morphology pore characteristicssimthe relation between alpha measured by calculation experimentexpAnd attenuation spectrum slope K, so as to realize the characterization of the CFRP porosity; compared with the existing CFRP porosity ultrasonic detection method, the method takes the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient as the main evaluation parameter of the CFRP porosity, simultaneously takes the influence of the pore morphology on the porosity characterization into consideration by combining the K value, adopts the ultrasonic double-parameter method to detect the CFRP porosity, and provides a new idea for the CFRP porosity characterization.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the connection of a porosity detection system.
Fig. 2 simulates a computational geometry model and its boundary condition settings.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a method for sampling a region to be detected.
Fig. 4 shows the primary and secondary bottom echoes (a), their corresponding amplitude spectra (b) and attenuation spectra (c) of the ultrasound signal.
FIG. 5 shows the result of the porosity detection of CFRP to be detected.
Detailed Description
The connection schematic diagram of the ultrasonic signal acquisition system adopted by the invention is shown in figure 1; in the embodiment, a T800/X850 CFRP composite material is used as a CFRP to be detected; the specific calculation steps are as follows:
(1) acquisition of basic parameters of CFRP to be tested
According to the grade of the CFRP to be measured, the fiber content of the CFRP is 57.6%, and the material properties such as the elastic modulus, the density and the like, and the longitudinal and transverse wave sound velocities are shown in Table 1:
TABLE 1 Material Properties of CFRP to be tested
(2) True topography pore model (RMVM) creation
Aiming at the randomness and the complexity characteristics of the pore morphology of the CFRP composite material, extracting pore morphology information in a microscopic picture of the CFRP composite material based on a random medium theory and a digital image processing technology, and establishing an RMVM with the complex pore morphology characteristics and material attributes; FFT conversion is carried out on the ultrasonic signals by utilizing data processing software to obtain the amplitude spectrum | F of the primary bottom echo1(f) Amplitude spectrum of | and quadratic bottom surface echo | F2(f) the method comprises the following steps of (1) obtaining an attenuation spectrum α (f), wherein the slope of a linear region in an effective frequency band in the attenuation spectrum is attenuation spectrum slope K, the definition formula of the slope is K-d α/df, the K value definition formula is known, the slope is related to the shift and peak value change of the main frequency of a bottom echo spectrum, and is obviously influenced by the appearance of pores, research shows that the larger the K is, the more uniform the pore size and position distribution in a model under the same ultrasonic attenuation coefficient α is, and according to the rule, 18 models with the more uniform pore size and position distribution are selected from a set of established RMVMs with the porosity range of 0.71% -2.97% to serve as simulation calculation models of CFRPs to be measured.
(3) Emulation computing model setup
As shown in FIG. 2, a geometric model used in simulation calculation in finite difference time domain software Wave2000 is composed of RMVM with two widened sides and an upper water layer thereof, material attribute of a CFRP matrix in the geometric model is set according to basic parameters obtained in step (1), and the viscosity coefficient η is set to 12.2Pa & s as required in consideration of absorption attenuation of the CFRP matrix, pores are set to be 20 ℃ dry air, the water layer is set to be 20 ℃ pure water, the upper boundary of the geometric model is set to be an infinite absorption boundary, the lower boundary is set to be a free boundary, and the left boundary and the right boundary are set to be longitudinal/transverse fixed boundaries, a probe is arranged at the upper part of the geometric model, a self-receiving mode is adopted, the main frequency of an input signal used in simulation calculation is calculated to be 3.86MHz according to a primary bottom echo of steel, the duration of the input signal is 1.4 mu s and the bandwidth parameter is 0.24 mu s based on an incident Wave parameter Gaussian inversion method, the time step size is set to be 0.4 according to requirements, the analysis wavelength is 0.02mm, and.
(4) Simulated computational data processing
calculating the ultrasonic attenuation coefficients α of the primary bottom echo and the secondary bottom echo based on the simulation resultsimthe calculation formula is shown as the formula (2), and if the porosity P of the model is known during the establishment of the RMVM of the CFRP to be measured, P and α can be establishedsimthe matrix attenuation coefficient α of the measured material in the embodiment is0is 0.94dB/mm, and the expression of the fitting line is alphasim＝1.04P+0.94。
(5) CFRP ultrasonic signal acquisition to be measured
Pre-scanning the CFRP to be detected by using an ultrasonic C scanning system, selecting an area with uniform color distribution in a C-scan image of the CFRP to be detected as a region to be detected, measuring the average thickness of the region to be detected to be 5.4mm, and performing data acquisition on the selected area by using a contact pulse reflection method, wherein each region to be detected acquires ultrasonic signals of 5 sampling points at different positions, and the schematic diagram of the sampling method is shown in FIG. 3; and 4 areas to be detected are selected from the CFRP to be detected, and 20 ultrasonic signals are acquired.
(6) Characterization of CFRP porosity to be measured
as shown in fig. 4(a), the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient α of the primary bottom echo and the secondary bottom echo is calculated by the following equations (3) and (1), respectively, based on the data collected by the CFRP test to be measuredexpAnd K value, wherein the amplitude spectrum | F of the primary and secondary bottom echoes1(f)|、|F2(f) I and the attenuation spectrum α (f) are respectively shown in FIGS. 4(b) and 4(c), according to αsim1.04P +0.94, prepared from alphaexpThe P value can be calculated; for each area to be detected, due to the randomness and complexity of pore morphology, the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient values of different sampling points in the area are different, in order to guarantee the validity of a porosity detection result, sampling points with similar ultrasonic attenuation coefficients in the area are selected, the pore size and the position distribution at the sampling point with the maximum K value are considered to be most uniform, and the P value of the sampling point is used as the porosity value of the area; the detection result of the CFRP to be detected is shown in fig. 5.
Claims (1)
1. A method for characterizing the porosity of carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composite based on ultrasonic dual parameters is characterized in that a porosity detection system comprising an ultrasonic flaw detector, a direct contact type flat probe and a computer is adopted, a real morphology pore model with complex pore morphology characteristics and material attributes is established based on a random medium theory and a digital image processing technology, and time domain finite difference software is used for simulation calculation to establish the porosity P and an ultrasonic attenuation coefficient αsimquantitative relationship between the two, and alpha is calculated by experimentexpand the slope K of the attenuation spectrum related to the morphology features of the pores according to P- αsimThe porosity characterization is realized through the relation and the K value; the specific calculation steps are as follows:
(1) acquisition of basic parameters of CFRP to be tested
Acquiring the fiber content, the elastic modulus and the density of the CFRP to be detected according to the grade of the CFRP to be detected, and calculating the longitudinal and transverse wave sound velocity of the CFRP to be detected based on the elastic modulus;
(2) establishment of true morphology pore model
Obtaining a photomicrograph of a CFRP sample based on a metallographic method, smoothing the photomicrograph by using a median filtering method, eliminating a pseudo-pore region with a mutated gray level in an image, and further performing binarization processing on the photomicrograph, namely extracting pore morphology features; respectively endowing different material attributes to the pores and the matrix according to the pixel gray level, thereby obtaining a real morphology pore model; fast Fourier transform is carried out on the ultrasonic signals by utilizing data processing software to obtain an amplitude spectrum | F of the primary bottom echo1(f) Amplitude spectrum of | and quadratic bottom surface echo | F2(f) I, composed ofthe attenuation spectrum α (f) is obtained by the formula (1),
the method comprises the steps of establishing a plurality of real-morphology pore models, calculating the thickness of the CFRP required by the attenuation spectrum, wherein d is the thickness of the CFRP required by the calculation of the attenuation spectrum and comprises a real-morphology pore model and a sample to be measured, the slope of a linear region in an effective frequency band in the attenuation spectrum, namely the slope K of the attenuation spectrum, is defined as K, and the defined formula is d alpha/df, α is an ultrasonic attenuation coefficient in the attenuation spectrum;
(3) emulation computing model setup
setting a viscosity coefficient η according to needs when the material attribute of a CFRP matrix in the geometric model is set according to basic parameters obtained in the step (1) and considering that the CFRP matrix has absorption attenuation, setting a pore to be dried air at 20 ℃ and setting a water layer to be pure water at 20 ℃, setting the upper boundary of the geometric model to be an infinite absorption boundary and the lower boundary to be a free boundary, and setting the left boundary and the right boundary to be longitudinal/transverse fixed boundaries;
(4) simulated computational data processing
based on the simulation result, calculating the simulation ultrasonic attenuation coefficient α of the primary bottom echo and the secondary bottom echosimThe calculation formula is shown as formula (2)，
In the formula (d)simThickness of a true topographic pore model, ADisposable sole、ASecondary bottomrespectively the amplitudes of the primary bottom echo and the secondary bottom echo, R is the reflection coefficient between the water layer and the upper surface of the CFRP, when the porosity P of the model is known during the establishment of the real morphology pore model of the CFRP to be measured, P and α are establishedsimthe intercept of the fitted line represents the matrix attenuation coefficient α of the measured material0value, so the fit line expression is αsim＝aP+α0A is a fitting coefficient;
(5) CFRP ultrasonic signal acquisition to be measured
Pre-scanning the CFRP to be detected by using an ultrasonic C scanning system, and selecting an area with uniform color distribution in a C-scan image of the CFRP to be detected as a region to be detected; measuring the thickness of the area to be detected, and acquiring data of the selected area by adopting a contact pulse reflection method; in consideration of the difference of pore morphology in the regions to be detected, acquiring ultrasonic signals of 5 sampling points at different positions in each region to be detected;
(6) characterization of CFRP porosity to be measured
based on data acquired by CFRP experiment to be measured, the experimental ultrasonic attenuation coefficient α of the primary bottom echo and the secondary bottom echo is calculated by using the formula (3)expAnd calculating the slope K of the attenuation spectrum,
in the formula (d)expTo determine the CFRP thickness, ADisposable sole、ASecondary bottomamplitude of the primary bottom echo and the secondary bottom echo, respectively, according to αsim＝aP+α0from αexpCalculating a P value; for each region to be detected, due to the randomness and complexity of the pore morphology, the ultrasonic attenuation system among different sampling points in the regionAnd the numerical values are different, sampling points with similar ultrasonic attenuation coefficients in the area are selected in order to ensure the validity of the porosity detection result, the pore size and the position distribution at the sampling point with the maximum K value are considered to be most uniform, and the P value of the sampling point is taken as the porosity value of the area.
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| Porosity Maps - Interactive Exploration and Visual Analysis of Porosity in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers;A. Reh等;《Eurographics Conference on Visualization（Euro Vis）2012》;20121231;第31卷(第3期);第1185-1194页 * |
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