CN108169165B - Maltose mixture quantitative analysis method based on terahertz spectrum and image information fusion - Google Patents

Maltose mixture quantitative analysis method based on terahertz spectrum and image information fusion Download PDF

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CN108169165B
CN108169165B CN201711377485.6A CN201711377485A CN108169165B CN 108169165 B CN108169165 B CN 108169165B CN 201711377485 A CN201711377485 A CN 201711377485A CN 108169165 B CN108169165 B CN 108169165B
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蒋玉英
葛宏义
张元�
许德刚
王珂
任方涛
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Abstract

The invention discloses a quantitative analysis method for a maltose mixture based on terahertz spectrum and image information fusion, which comprises the following steps: 1) performing characteristic extraction on spectrum and image sample data of the maltose mixture, and fusing the extracted data; 2) the maltose mixture was quantitatively analyzed by using fused data modeling of spectra and images. The invention has the beneficial effects that: 1. the prediction precision of the method is obviously superior to that of the method adopting a single spectrum or a single image; 2. according to the method, the spectral data and the image data are subjected to independent feature extraction by adopting a PCA algorithm, so that noise can be effectively removed, feature vectors related to modeling can be well extracted, and the prediction precision of a multi-source information fusion model is effectively improved; 3. a Boosting iteration termination judgment index is provided according to a structural risk minimization theory, and automatic optimization of the parameters of a basic model of a least square support vector machine is realized.

Description

Maltose mixture quantitative analysis method based on terahertz spectrum and image information fusion
Technical Field
The invention relates to a quantitative analysis method for a maltose mixture based on terahertz spectrum and image information fusion.
Background
If the grains are stored improperly, imagination such as mildew, bud deformation, hardening, worm damage, aging and the like easily occurs, so that the smell, color, component content and the like of the grains are changed, and in recent years, a plurality of grain quality detection methods such as an electronic nose, machine vision, near infrared rays, X rays and the like emerge, but the requirements of accurate and rapid early detection of the bud deformation of the grains cannot be met. In the grain germination process, the most main chemical component change is that starch is converted into sugar for growth, and maltose molecules have an obvious characteristic absorption peak in a THz wave band, so that the degree of germination of a sample can be judged through quantitative analysis of the maltose molecules in grain particles, and further early detection of the grain is realized.
THz waves are a new reliable nondestructive detection technology with huge potential, the spectrum of which contains abundant physical and chemical information, and information which cannot be obtained by other spectral analysis and imaging technologies can be obtained. Due to its unique characteristics, THz-wave and imaging techniques have been widely used in the fields of medical imaging, security inspection, quality detection and quality control. The existing quantitative analysis methods for maltose mixtures all adopt a single method, and the prediction accuracy is low due to insufficient information of the single method.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a quantitative analysis method for a maltose mixture based on fusion of terahertz spectrum and image information, and solves the technical problems of insufficient information amount and low prediction accuracy of a single method.
Aiming at the mentioned problems, the invention provides a quantitative analysis method of a maltose mixture based on terahertz spectrum and image information fusion, which comprises the following steps:
1) performing characteristic extraction on spectrum and image sample data of the maltose mixture, and fusing the extracted data;
2) the maltose mixture was quantitatively analyzed by using fused data modeling of spectra and images.
The preferred scheme is as follows: step 1 is preceded by obtaining sample data of spectra and images of the maltose mixture.
The preferred scheme is as follows: acquiring spectral sample data of a maltose mixture, the steps comprising:
1) measuring the maltose mixture with each concentration by adopting a THz-TDS system to obtain a spectrum;
2) obtaining a frequency domain spectrum of the sample by adopting Fourier transform;
3) the absorption spectrum and refractive index of the maltose mixture at different concentrations were calculated.
The preferred scheme is as follows: sheets of maltose mixtures of different concentrations were placed on a moving platform in the THz-TDS system and reflection imaging measurements were taken to obtain partial THz images of maltose mixtures of different concentrations.
The preferred scheme is as follows: and performing individual feature extraction on the spectral data and the image data by adopting a PCA algorithm.
The preferred scheme is as follows: the specific method for predicting the spectrum and image characteristic data of the maltose mixture by using the Boosting-LS-SVM multi-source information fusion model comprises the following steps:
1) determining Boosting iteration termination judgment conditions according to a risk minimization theory;
2) iterating the Boosting-LS-SVM multi-source information fusion model according to iteration termination judgment conditions;
3) and evaluating the prediction error of the Boosting-LS-SVM multi-source information fusion model by adopting the correlation coefficient and the root mean square error.
The preferred scheme is as follows: supposing that n samples are used for establishing a fusion model, for the kth maltose mixture, performing feature extraction by adopting a PCA algorithm sample spectrum and image data, wherein if THz transmission spectrum sample data and reflection image sample data of one maltose mixture sample are respectively:
xk1＝{xk1，1，xk1，2，…，xk1，n1and xk2＝{xk2，1，xk2，2，…，xk2，n2} (1)
Wherein x isk1And xk2The THz transmission spectrum data reflection image data of the kth maltose mixture respectively represent that a feature vector set after feature extraction is respectively as follows:
zk1＝{zk1，1，zk1，2，…zk1，n1and zk2＝{zk2，1，zk2，2，…zk2，n2} (2)
Wherein z isk1And zk2Respectively fusing the spectral and image feature data to form a kth input vector of the information fusion model, wherein the kth input vector is expressed as:
Figure BDA0001514899100000021
wherein z iskFor the feature after the fusion of the k sample spectrum and the image feature dataAnd (5) characterizing the vector set.
The preferred scheme is as follows: the iteration termination judgment condition formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0001514899100000022
wherein C ismIs the termination index value obtained after the mth iteration, and Cm＞Cm-1(m > 1), and z represents a comprehensive characteristic vector of a maltose mixture spectral image; y represents a concentration value of the mixture; fm(z) represents the basic regression model obtained after the mth Boosting iteration, Fm(z) representing a spectral image fusion model prediction result obtained after m Boosting iterations; beta is amRepresenting the weight of the LS-SVM basic model in the mth iteration process; a ismAnd representing parameters of the LS-SVM basic model in the mth iteration process.
The preferred scheme is as follows: z is a radical ofkThe predicted value of (c) can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0001514899100000031
wherein K (z, z)k) Is a kernel function, t is the number of iterations, βmRepresenting the weight of the LS-SVM basic model in the mth iteration process; a ismRepresents the parameters of the LS-SVM base model in the mth iteration process, zkAnd fusing a feature vector set of the kth sample spectrum and the image feature data.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the prediction precision of the method is obviously superior to that of the method adopting a single spectrum or a single image;
2. according to the method, the spectral data and the image data are subjected to independent feature extraction by adopting a PCA algorithm, so that noise can be effectively removed, feature vectors related to modeling can be well extracted, and the prediction precision of a multi-source information fusion model is effectively improved;
3. a Boosting iteration termination judgment index is provided according to a structural risk minimization theory, and automatic optimization of the parameters of a basic model of a least square support vector machine is realized.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a maltose THz absorption spectrum;
FIG. 2 is a THz absorption spectrum of a maltose wheat flour mixture;
FIG. 3(a) is a THz image of a maltose mixture of different concentrations for maltose and polyethylene mixture;
FIG. 3(b) is a THz image of a maltose mixture of different concentrations of maltose and wheat flour mixture;
FIG. 4 is a scatter plot of the correlation between predicted and actual results for a mixture of maltose and polyethylene, and a mixture of maltose and wheat flour.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further described in detail below to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention with reference to the description of the polyethylene blend.
It will be understood that terms such as "having," "including," and "comprising," as used herein, do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other elements or groups thereof.
The invention provides a quantitative analysis method for a maltose mixture based on terahertz spectrum and image information fusion, which comprises the following steps:
1) performing characteristic extraction on spectrum and image sample data of the maltose mixture, and fusing the extracted data;
2) the maltose mixture was quantitatively analyzed by using fused data modeling of spectra and images.
The preferred scheme is as follows: step 1 is preceded by obtaining sample data of spectra and images of the maltose mixture.
The preferred scheme is as follows: acquiring spectral sample data of a maltose mixture, the steps comprising:
1) measuring the maltose mixture with each concentration by adopting a THz-TDS system to obtain a spectrum;
2) obtaining a frequency domain spectrum of the sample by adopting Fourier transform;
3) the absorption spectrum and refractive index of the maltose mixture at different concentrations were calculated.
The preferred scheme is as follows: sheets of maltose mixtures of different concentrations were placed on a moving platform in the THz-TDS system and reflection imaging measurements were taken to obtain partial THz images of maltose mixtures of different concentrations.
The preferred scheme is as follows: and performing individual feature extraction on the spectral data and the image data by adopting a PCA algorithm.
The preferred scheme is as follows: the specific method for predicting the spectrum and image characteristic data of the maltose mixture by using the Boosting-LS-SVM multi-source information fusion model comprises the following steps:
1) determining Boosting iteration termination judgment conditions according to a risk minimization theory;
2) iterating the Boosting-LS-SVM multi-source information fusion model according to iteration termination judgment conditions;
3) and evaluating the prediction error of the Boosting-LS-SVM multi-source information fusion model by adopting the correlation coefficient and the root mean square error.
The preferred scheme is as follows: supposing that n samples are used for establishing a fusion model, for the kth maltose mixture, performing feature extraction by adopting a PCA algorithm sample spectrum and image data, wherein if THz transmission spectrum sample data and reflection image sample data of one maltose mixture sample are respectively:
xk1＝{xk1，1，xk1，2，…，xk1，n1and xk2＝{xk2，1，xk2，2，…，xk2，n2} (1)
Wherein x isk1And xk2The THz transmission spectrum data reflection image data of the kth maltose mixture respectively represent that a feature vector set after feature extraction is respectively as follows:
zk1＝{zk1，1，zk1，2，…zk1，n1and zk2＝{zk2，1，zk2，2，…zk2，n2} (2)
Wherein z isk1And zk2Respectively fusing the spectral and image feature data for the feature vector set of the kth sample spectral data and the image data after feature extraction,the kth input vector, which constitutes the information fusion model, is represented as:
Figure BDA0001514899100000051
wherein z iskAnd fusing a feature vector set of the kth sample spectrum and the image feature data.
The preferred scheme is as follows: the iteration termination judgment condition formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0001514899100000052
wherein C ismIs the termination index value obtained after the mth iteration, and Cm＞Cm-1(m > 1), and z represents a comprehensive characteristic vector of a maltose mixture spectral image; y represents a concentration value of the mixture; fm(z) represents the basic regression model obtained after the mth Boosting iteration, Fm(z) representing a spectral image fusion model prediction result obtained after m Boosting iterations; beta is amRepresenting the weight of the LS-SVM basic model in the mth iteration process; a ismAnd representing parameters of the LS-SVM basic model in the mth iteration process.
The preferred scheme is as follows: z is a radical ofkThe predicted value of (c) can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0001514899100000053
wherein K (z, z)k) Is a kernel function, t is the number of iterations, βmRepresenting the weight of the LS-SVM basic model in the mth iteration process; a ismRepresents the parameters of the LS-SVM base model in the mth iteration process, zkAnd fusing a feature vector set of the kth sample spectrum and the image feature data.
1. THz spectral characteristics of maltose mixture
The measurement was carried out on each maltose mixture concentration using the THz-TDS system, three measurements were carried out on each mixture sample, the average spectrum was calculated, and between each two concentration sample mixtures a reference was first measured, then the frequency domain spectrum of the sample was obtained using fourier transform, and finally the absorption spectrum and refractive index of the different concentration maltose mixtures were calculated, the absorption spectrum of a portion of the maltose and polyethylene mixture being given in fig. 1, and the absorption spectrum of a portion of the maltose and wheat flour mixture being given in fig. 2.
2. THz image characteristics of maltose mixture
Different concentrations of maltose mixture flakes were placed on the moving platform in the THz-TDS system and reflectance imaging measurements were performed. Partial THz images (at 1.0 THz) obtained for different concentrations of maltose and polyethylene mixtures are shown in fig. 3(a), and partial THz images (at 1.0 THz) obtained for different concentrations of maltose and wheat flour mixtures are shown in fig. 3(b), where 0% represents pure polyethylene or wheat flour. As can be seen, the obvious change occurs between the THz images along with the increase of the maltose content, which shows that the THz imaging technology is feasible to realize the quantitative detection of the maltose component.
3. Wheat maltose quantitative analysis modeling based on terahertz spectrum and image information fusion technology
(1) And performing feature extraction on the spectrum and image sample data of the maltose mixture.
Supposing that n samples are used for establishing a fusion model, for the kth maltose mixture, performing feature extraction by adopting a PCA algorithm sample spectrum and image data, wherein if THz transmission spectrum sample data and reflection image sample data of one maltose mixture sample are respectively:
xk1＝{xk1，1，xk1，2，…，xk1，n1and xk2＝{xk2，1，xk2，2，…，xk2，n2} (1)
Wherein x isk1And xk2The THz transmission spectrum data reflection image data of the kth maltose mixture respectively represent that a feature vector set after feature extraction is respectively as follows:
zk1＝{zk1，1，zk1，2，…zk1，n1and zk2＝{zk2，1，zk2，2，…zk2，n2} (2)
Wherein z isk1And zk2Respectively fusing the spectral and image feature data to form a kth input vector of the information fusion model, wherein the kth input vector is expressed as:
Figure BDA0001514899100000061
wherein z iskAnd fusing a feature vector set of the kth sample spectrum and the image feature data.
(2) And predicting the spectrum and image characteristic data of maltose mixture by using a Boosting-LS-SVM multi-source information fusion model.
According to an iteration termination judgment condition formula:
Figure BDA0001514899100000062
wherein C ismIs the termination index value obtained after the mth iteration, and Cm＞Cm-1(m > 1), and z represents a comprehensive characteristic vector of a maltose mixture spectral image; y represents a concentration value of the mixture; fm(z) represents the basic regression model obtained after the mth Boosting iteration, Fm(z) representing a spectral image fusion model prediction result obtained after m Boosting iterations; beta is amRepresenting the weight of the LS-SVM basic model in the mth iteration process; a ismAnd representing parameters of the LS-SVM basic model in the mth iteration process. The optimal iteration times of the Boosting-LS-SVM fusion model obtained by calculation are t times, and the weights of the LS-SVM basic model in the previous t iterations are respectively as follows: beta is a1，β2，…βnThe parameters of the basic model are respectively: a is1，a2，…atAnd a1，b2，…btThen the obtained combined model pair zkThe predicted value of (c) can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0001514899100000071
wherein K (z, z)k) Is a kernel function.
In order to prevent the influence of unbalanced information amount of spectrum and image data on the prediction accuracy of an information fusion model, firstly, a PCA algorithm is adopted to respectively perform feature extraction on THz spectrum data samples and image data samples, the number of feature signals of each data sample is controlled, the first 4 principal components in the THz spectrum data and the first 5 principal components in the image data are selected as the input of an LS-SVM model, and then the Boosting-LS-SVM algorithm is used for performing information fusion modeling on the feature data. Meanwhile, the LS-SVM algorithm adopts a Radial Basis Function (RBF) and a grid search algorithm to evaluate the generalization performance of the spectral image combination model. In the Boosting-LS-SVM algorithm, two parameters C and gamma of a basic model LS-SVM are firstly set according to an empirical value, then Boosting iteration is carried out on the LS-SVM basic model according to the above-mentioned iteration termination judgment condition, and finally a prediction error of the model is evaluated by adopting a correlation coefficient R and a root mean square error RMSE, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0001514899100000072
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0001514899100000073
a standard measurement representing the maltose content,
Figure BDA0001514899100000074
and expressing the prediction value of the Boosting-LS-SVM fusion model. The smaller the RMSE value, the higher the prediction accuracy of the fusion model.
Judging the index value C after the iteration termination of m Boosting iterations in the Boosting-LS-SVM algorithmmCan be expressed as:
Figure BDA0001514899100000075
wherein Fm(z) represents the m Boosting iterationsThen obtaining a prediction result of the spectral image fusion model; beta is amRepresenting the weight of the LS-SVM basic model in the mth iteration process; a ismAnd representing parameters of the LS-SVM basic model in the mth iteration process.
(3) Establishing a wheat maltose quantitative analysis fusion model based on Boosting integration method
Under the corresponding optimal characteristic data combination, single THz spectral characteristic data, single THz image characteristic data, THz spectral characteristic data and image characteristic data are combined to perform Boosting-LS-SVM modeling, and the optimal prediction results and corresponding parameters of three Boosting-LS-SVM fusion models of a maltose-polyethylene mixture and a maltose-wheat flour mixture are listed in Table 1.
From table 1, it can be seen that the prediction accuracy of the Boosting-LS-SVM model constructed by using THz spectral feature data and image feature data is significantly better than the optimal prediction result of the Boosting-LS-SVM model constructed by using single spectral data and single image data feature extraction. The result proves that the PCA + Boosting-LS-SVM information fusion model provided by the method can effectively remove noise, can better extract the feature vector related to modeling, and further effectively improves the prediction precision of the multi-source information fusion model.
TABLE 1 Boosting-LS-SVM model prediction results and corresponding parameters for maltose mixtures
Figure BDA0001514899100000081
Figure BDA0001514899100000091
As shown in fig. 4, a prediction result and actual result correlation scatter diagram of the Boosting-LS-SVM information fusion model constructed by using the feature data after spectral data and image data are individually feature-extracted by using the PCA method is used for a mixture of maltose and polyethylene and a mixture of maltose and wheat flour. As can be seen from the figure, the prediction value of the maltose mixture by the PCA + Boosting-LS-SVM multi-source information fusion model adopted by the method can better approach the actual measurement value, the linear correlation degree of the two is higher, the prediction accuracy of the maltose content in the maltose mixture can be obviously improved by the method provided by the method, the method is an effective maltose quantitative detection method, an important theoretical and technical basis is laid for early detection of grain bud mutation, and the method has great application and popularization values.
While embodiments of the invention have been disclosed above, it is not limited to the applications listed in the description and the embodiments, which are fully applicable in all kinds of fields of application of the invention, and further modifications may readily be effected by those skilled in the art, so that the invention is not limited to the specific details without departing from the general concept defined by the claims and the scope of equivalents.

Claims (6)

1. The method for quantitatively analyzing the maltose mixture based on the fusion of the terahertz spectrum and the image information is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
1) adopting PCA algorithm to extract individual features of the spectral data and the image data, and fusing the extracted data;
2) the method comprises the following steps of utilizing a Boosting-LS-SVM multi-source information fusion model to model spectrum and image characteristic data of the maltose mixture, and carrying out quantitative analysis on the maltose mixture, wherein the specific steps comprise:
a) determining Boosting iteration termination judgment conditions according to a risk minimization theory;
b) iterating the Boosting-LS-SVM multi-source information fusion model according to iteration termination judgment conditions;
c) evaluating the prediction error of the Boosting-LS-SVM multi-source information fusion model by adopting the correlation coefficient and the root mean square error;
the iteration termination judgment condition formula is as follows:
Figure FDA0002651413250000011
wherein C ismIs the termination index value obtained after the mth iteration, and Cm>Cm-1M > 1, z represents maltoseSynthesizing feature vectors of the mixture spectral image; y represents a concentration value of the mixture; fm(z) representing a spectral image fusion model prediction result obtained after m Boosting iterations; beta is amRepresenting the weight of the LS-SVM basic model in the mth iteration process; a ismRepresenting parameters of the LS-SVM basic model in the mth iteration process; and n is the number of samples for establishing the fusion model.
2. The method for quantitatively analyzing the maltose mixture based on the fusion of the terahertz spectrum and the image information according to claim 1, wherein step 1) is preceded by obtaining sample data of the spectrum and the image of the maltose mixture.
3. The method for quantitatively analyzing the maltose mixture based on the fusion of the terahertz spectrum and the image information according to claim 2, wherein the steps of acquiring the spectrum sample data of the maltose mixture comprise:
1) measuring the maltose mixture with each concentration by adopting a THz-TDS system to obtain a spectrum;
2) obtaining a frequency domain spectrum of the sample by adopting Fourier transform;
3) the absorption spectrum and refractive index of the maltose mixture at different concentrations were calculated.
4. The quantitative analysis method for the maltose mixture based on the terahertz spectrum and image information fusion as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that, different concentrations of maltose mixture slices are placed on a moving platform in the THz-TDS system, and reflection imaging measurement is carried out to obtain partial THz images of the maltose mixtures with different concentrations.
5. The method for quantitatively analyzing the maltose mixture based on the fusion of the terahertz spectrum and the image information as claimed in claim 1, wherein assuming that n samples are used for establishing the fusion model, for the kth maltose mixture, the PCA algorithm is used to perform the feature extraction on the sample spectrum and the image data, if the THz transmission spectrum sample data and the reflection image sample data of one maltose mixture sample are respectively:
xk1＝{xk1,1,xk1,2,…,xk1,n1and xk2＝{xk2,1,xk2,2,…,xk2,n2} (1)
Wherein x isk1And xk2The THz transmission spectrum data and the reflection image data of the kth maltose mixture are respectively represented as follows by a feature vector set after feature extraction:
zk1＝{zk1,1,zk1,2,…zk1,n1and zk2＝{zk2,1,zk2,2,…zk2,n2} (2)
Wherein z isk1And zk2Respectively fusing the spectral and image feature data to form a kth input vector of the information fusion model, wherein the kth input vector is expressed as:
Figure FDA0002651413250000021
wherein z iskA feature vector set obtained after fusion of the kth sample spectrum and the image feature data is obtained; n is1For THz transmission spectrum sample data, n2For THz reflection image sample data, n1+n2Is the total sample data.
6. The method for quantitatively analyzing maltose mixture based on terahertz spectrum and image information fusion as claimed in claim 5, wherein z iskThe predicted value of (c) can be expressed as:
Figure FDA0002651413250000022
wherein K (z, z)k) Is a kernel function, t is the number of iterations, βmRepresenting the weight of the LS-SVM basic model in the mth iteration process; a ismkRepresents the LS-SVM base of the kth sample in the mth iteration processParameters of the model; z is a radical ofkA feature vector set obtained after fusion of the kth sample spectrum and the image feature data is obtained; bmAnd the parameters of the LS-SVM basic model in the mth iteration process.
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