CN108134096B - Modification method of carbon felt electrode for all-vanadium redox flow battery - Google Patents
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- CN108134096B CN108134096B CN201711301735.8A CN201711301735A CN108134096B CN 108134096 B CN108134096 B CN 108134096B CN 201711301735 A CN201711301735 A CN 201711301735A CN 108134096 B CN108134096 B CN 108134096B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
- H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
- H01M8/188—Regeneration by electrochemical means by recharging of redox couples containing fluids; Redox flow type batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
The invention discloses a modification method of a carbon felt electrode for an all-vanadium redox flow battery, which comprises the following steps: immersing the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt into the treatment liquid A completely to obtain a mixed system B; uniformly mixing polyacrylamide hydrochloride, vanadium trioxide and the treatment liquid C to obtain a mixed system D; adding the mixed system D into the mixed system B, and uniformly mixing to obtain a mixed system E; dropwise adding the treatment liquid F into the mixed system E, taking out the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt after full reaction, washing with water, and drying; HNO in treating fluid A3、H2SO4150-170 and 230-260 mg/g; HNO in treating fluid C3150-170 mg/g; the peroxyacetic acid in the treatment liquid F is 180-200 mg/g; the mass ratio of the polyacrylamide hydrochloride to the vanadium trioxide to the peroxyacetic acid is 0.2-0.5: 1:15 to 18, and has an advantage of improving electrochemical reversibility.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a modification method of a carbon felt electrode for an all-vanadium redox flow battery.
Background
An all vanadium redox flow battery (the all-vanadium redox flow battery, hereinafter referred to as vanadium battery) is proposed by MKazacos et al, university of Newsouthwales, Australia. The charging and discharging process of the vanadium battery is completed by utilizing the interconversion between different valence states of vanadium ions. Compared with the traditional storage battery, the vanadium battery has the obvious advantages that: the vanadium battery can be added with electrolyte according to needs, so that the storage capacity is large and the operability is strong; infinite charge and discharge can be realized theoretically, in practice, the charge and discharge can reach more than 10000 times, and the service life is long; instantaneous recharging can be achieved; the power supply is not damaged by overcharging and overdischarging; green and pollution-free, etc. The positive electrode of the vanadium cell is V4+/V5+As an electric pair, the negative electrode is V2+/V3+As an electrical pair. The electrochemical reaction principle can be represented by the following reaction:
and (3) charging process:
and (3) positive electrode: VO (vacuum vapor volume)2++H2O→VO2 ++2H++e，E0＝1.00V；
Negative electrode: v3++e→V2+，E0＝-0.26V；
And (3) discharging:
and (3) positive electrode: VO (vacuum vapor volume)2 ++2H++e→VO2++H2O，E0＝1.00V；
Negative electrode: v2+→V3++e，E0＝-0.26V；
The electrode standard potential difference is about 1.26V.
The carbon electrode has the characteristics of low cost, large surface area, good conductivity and high stability, and is widely applied to electrode materials of vanadium batteries. Although carbon-based electrodes have advantages that other electrode-types do not have, it is necessary to have good electrochemical reversibility as an electrode material.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for modifying a carbon felt electrode for an all-vanadium redox flow battery, which has the advantage of improving electrochemical reversibility.
The technical purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a modification method of a carbon felt electrode for an all-vanadium flow battery comprises the following steps:
immersing the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt into the treatment liquid A completely to obtain a mixed system B;
uniformly mixing polyacrylamide hydrochloride, vanadium trioxide and the treatment liquid C to obtain a mixed system D;
adding the mixed system D into the mixed system B, and uniformly mixing to obtain a mixed system E;
dropwise adding the treatment liquid F into the mixed system E, taking out the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt after full reaction, washing with water, and drying;
wherein the treating fluid A comprises HNO3、H2SO4And water, and HNO3、H2SO4The concentration in the treatment liquid A is 150-170 mg/g and 230-260 mg/g respectively;
the treating fluid C comprises HNO3And water, and HNO3In the treating liquid CThe concentration is 150-170 mg/g;
the treatment liquid F comprises peroxyacetic acid and water, and the concentration of the peroxyacetic acid in the treatment liquid F is 180-200 mg/g;
the mass ratio of the polyacrylamide hydrochloride to the vanadium trioxide to the peroxyacetic acid is 0.2-0.5: 1:15 to 18.
More preferably: the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt is prepared at 2000 ℃.
More preferably: the modification method is carried out at the temperature of 20-32 ℃.
More preferably: in the treating fluid A, HNO3、H2SO4At concentrations of 162 and 246mg/g, respectively;
in the treating fluid C, HNO3The concentration of (A) is 157 mg/g;
in the treatment liquid F, the concentration of the peroxyacetic acid is 185 mg/g;
the mass ratio of the polyacrylamide hydrochloride to the vanadium trioxide to the peroxyacetic acid is 0.4:1: 16.
more preferably: the drying is carried out under the protection of nitrogen, and the drying temperature is 40-60 ℃.
More preferably: polyallylamine hydrochloride is also added into the treatment fluid F, and the concentration of the polyacrylamide hydrochloride in the treatment fluid F is 3 mg/g. Polyallylamine hydrochloride alone has a stabilizing effect on peracetic acid, but polyallylamine hydrochloride, vanadium trioxide and peracetic acid when mixed promote decomposition of peracetic acid.
More preferably: the method also comprises a pretreatment added before the steps, wherein the pretreatment is firstly cleaned by adopting a treatment liquid G and then washed by water, and the treatment liquid G comprises SDS and H2SO4And water, and SDS, H2SO4The concentration in the treating liquid G is 15-18 mg/G and 10-12 mg/G respectively.
More preferably: the pretreatment is carried out under ultrasound, and the ultrasound temperature is 20-32 ℃.
In conclusion, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
active groups are introduced to the surface of the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt for modification, so that the electrochemical activity and the electrochemical reversibility are greatly improved;
the modification process is realized under the synergistic action of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, polyallylamine hydrochloride, vanadium trioxide and peroxyacetic acid. Under the acidic condition, the peroxyacetic acid has certain oxidability, and can oxidize carbon-nitrogen bonds which are not completely graphitized, heterocyclic rings containing carbon-nitrogen bonds and carbon-nitrogen bonds which are not completely formed into six-membered rings on the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt; in addition, under the condition of the existence of polyallylamine hydrochloride, vanadium trioxide reacts with peracetic acid to generate a substance with stronger oxidizing property (high-valence vanadium such as V5+) The polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt is further oxidized, and meanwhile, the decomposition of the peroxyacetic acid can be promoted (the decomposition of the peroxyacetic acid is a reversible reaction, and vanadium trioxide is added to be used as a catalyst to reduce the capability of forward and reverse reaction, so that the forward and reverse reaction of the reaction to the decomposition of the peroxyacetic acid is promoted), the reaction rate is greatly accelerated, and the oxidation degree of the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt is maximized;
the concentration of each treatment liquid is strictly controlled in the modification process, the possibility of over treatment caused by over concentration and incomplete treatment caused by over low concentration is reduced, the concentration can be used for solving the problems, and the method is suitable for large-scale production.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a plot of cyclic voltammetry of a commercially available polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt (control) prepared at 2000 deg.C, modified as in examples 1-2; wherein ● is the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt obtained by modification in example 1, ■ is the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt obtained by modification in example 2, and a-solidup is a reference substance;
FIG. 2 is a cyclic voltammogram of the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt obtained by modification of examples 3-5; wherein, a is the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt obtained by modification in example 3, ■ is the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt obtained by modification in example 4, and ● is the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt obtained by modification in example 5;
FIG. 3 is a cyclic voltammogram of the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt obtained by modification of examples 6-8; wherein, the tangle-solidup is the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt obtained by modification in example 6, ■ is the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt obtained by modification in example 7, and ● is the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt obtained by modification in example 8.
Detailed Description
The present embodiment is only for explaining the present invention, and it is not limited to the present invention, and those skilled in the art can make modifications of the present embodiment without inventive contribution as needed after reading the present specification, but all of them are protected by patent law within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1: a modification method of a carbon felt electrode for an all-vanadium flow battery comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment:
cutting a commercially available polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt prepared at 2000 ℃ into a specification of 8cm multiplied by 8cm, ultrasonically cleaning by using a treatment liquid G, ultrasonically cleaning by using water, and carrying out forced air drying at 30 ℃;
g includes SDS, H2SO4And water, and SDS, H2SO4The concentrations in the treatment liquid G were 15 and 10mg/G, respectively;
(2) immersing the pretreated polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt into 50ml of treatment liquid A for 28 hours until the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt is completely immersed to obtain a mixed system B;
the treating fluid A comprises HNO3、H2SO4And water, and HNO3、H2SO4The concentrations in the treatment liquid A were 162 and 246mg/g, respectively;
(3) uniformly mixing 703mg of polyallylamine hydrochloride, 5g of vanadium trioxide and 20ml of treatment fluid C to obtain a mixed system D;
the treating fluid C comprises HNO3And water, and HNO3The concentration in the treatment liquid C was 157 mg/g;
(4) adding the mixed system D into the mixed system B, and uniformly mixing to obtain a mixed system E;
(5) dropwise adding 432g of the treating fluid F into the mixed system E, reacting for 2 hours until the reaction is complete, taking out the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt, washing with water, and drying at 40 ℃ under the protection of nitrogen;
the treatment liquid F comprises polyacrylamide hydrochloride, peroxyacetic acid and water, and the concentrations of the polyacrylamide hydrochloride and the peroxyacetic acid in the treatment liquid F are respectively 3mg/g and 185 mg/g;
controlling the temperature of other processes to be 20-32 ℃ except the drying process;
the dosage of vanadium trioxide is 5g, the dosage of polyacrylamide hydrochloride is (432 × 3/1000) + (703/1000) ═ 1.296+0.703 ═ 1.999g, and the dosage of peroxyacetic acid is 432 × 185/1000 ═ 79.92 g; the mass ratio of the polyacrylamide hydrochloride to the vanadium trioxide to the peroxyacetic acid is 0.4:1: 16.
Example 2: the difference between the method for modifying the carbon felt electrode for the all-vanadium flow battery and the embodiment 1 is that SDS and H are contained in the treatment liquid G2SO4The concentrations in the treatment liquid G were 18 and 12mg/G, respectively.
Example 3: a modification method of a carbon felt electrode for an all-vanadium flow battery comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment:
cutting a commercially available polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt prepared at 2000 ℃ into a specification of 8cm multiplied by 8cm, ultrasonically cleaning by using a treatment liquid G, ultrasonically cleaning by using water, and carrying out forced air drying at 30 ℃;
g includes SDS, H2SO4And water, and SDS, H2SO4The concentrations in the treatment liquid G were 15 and 10mg/G, respectively;
(2) immersing the pretreated polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt into 50ml of treatment liquid A for 28 hours until the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt is completely immersed to obtain a mixed system B;
the treating fluid A comprises HNO3、H2SO4And water, and HNO3、H2SO4The concentrations in the treatment liquid A were 162 and 246mg/g, respectively;
(3) uniformly mixing 2g of polyallylamine hydrochloride, 5g of vanadium trioxide and 20ml of treatment fluid C to obtain a mixed system D;
the treating fluid C comprises HNO3And water, and HNO3The concentration in the treatment liquid C was 157 mg/g;
(4) adding the mixed system D into the mixed system B, and uniformly mixing to obtain a mixed system E;
(5) dropwise adding 432g of the treating fluid F into the mixed system E, reacting for 2 hours until the reaction is complete, taking out the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt, washing with water, and drying at 40 ℃ under the protection of nitrogen;
the treatment liquid F comprises peroxyacetic acid and water, and the concentration of the peroxyacetic acid in the treatment liquid F is 185 mg/g;
controlling the temperature of other processes to be 20-32 ℃ except the drying process;
the dosage of vanadium trioxide is 5g, the dosage of polyacrylamide hydrochloride is 2g, and the dosage of peroxyacetic acid is 432 multiplied by 185/1000 which is 79.92 g; the mass ratio of the polyacrylamide hydrochloride to the vanadium trioxide to the peroxyacetic acid is 0.4:1: 16.
Example 4: a modification method of a carbon felt electrode for an all-vanadium flow battery comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment:
cutting a commercially available polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt prepared at 2000 ℃ into a specification of 8cm multiplied by 8cm, ultrasonically cleaning by using a treatment liquid G, ultrasonically cleaning by using water, and carrying out forced air drying at 30 ℃;
g includes SDS, H2SO4And water, and SDS, H2SO4The concentrations in the treatment liquid G were 15 and 10mg/G, respectively;
(2) immersing the pretreated polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt into 50ml of treatment liquid A for 28 hours until the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt is completely immersed to obtain a mixed system B;
the treating fluid A comprises HNO3、H2SO4And water, and HNO3、H2SO4The concentrations in the treatment liquid A were 150 and 230mg/g, respectively;
(3) uniformly mixing 1g of polyallylamine hydrochloride, 5g of vanadium trioxide and 20ml of treatment fluid C to obtain a mixed system D;
the treating fluid C comprises HNO3And water, and HNO3The concentration in the treatment liquid C was 170 mg/g;
(4) adding the mixed system D into the mixed system B, and uniformly mixing to obtain a mixed system E;
(5) dropping 417g of the treating fluid F into the mixed system E, reacting for 2 hours until the reaction is complete, taking out the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt, washing with water, and drying at 40 ℃ under the protection of nitrogen;
the treatment liquid F comprises peroxyacetic acid and water, and the concentration of the peroxyacetic acid in the treatment liquid F is 180 mg/g;
controlling the temperature of other processes to be 20-32 ℃ except the drying process;
the dosage of vanadium trioxide is 5g, the dosage of polyacrylamide hydrochloride is 1g, and the dosage of peroxyacetic acid is 417 multiplied by 180/1000-75.06 g; the mass ratio of the polyacrylamide hydrochloride to the vanadium trioxide to the peroxyacetic acid is 0.2:1: 15.
Example 5: a modification method of a carbon felt electrode for an all-vanadium flow battery comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment:
cutting a commercially available polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt prepared at 2000 ℃ into a specification of 8cm multiplied by 8cm, ultrasonically cleaning by using a treatment liquid G, ultrasonically cleaning by using water, and carrying out forced air drying at 30 ℃;
g includes SDS, H2SO4And water, and SDS, H2SO4The concentrations in the treatment liquid G were 15 and 10mg/G, respectively;
(2) immersing the pretreated polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt into 50ml of treatment liquid A for 28 hours until the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt is completely immersed to obtain a mixed system B;
the treating fluid A comprises HNO3、H2SO4And water, and HNO3、H2SO4The concentrations in the treatment liquid A were 170 and 260mg/g, respectively;
(3) uniformly mixing 2.5g of polyallylamine hydrochloride, 5g of vanadium trioxide and 20ml of treatment fluid C to obtain a mixed system D;
the treating fluid C comprises HNO3And water, and HNO3The concentration in the treatment liquid C was 150 mg/g;
(4) adding the mixed system D into the mixed system B, and uniformly mixing to obtain a mixed system E;
(5) dropwise adding 451g of the treatment liquid F into the mixed system E, reacting for 2 hours until the reaction is complete, taking out the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt, washing with water, and drying at 40 ℃ under the protection of nitrogen;
the treatment liquid F comprises peracetic acid and water, wherein the concentration of the peracetic acid in the treatment liquid F is 200 mg/g;
controlling the temperature of other processes to be 20-32 ℃ except the drying process;
the dosage of vanadium trioxide is 5g, the dosage of polyacrylamide hydrochloride is 2.5g, and the dosage of peroxyacetic acid is 451 multiplied by 200/1000 which is 90.2 g; the mass ratio of the polyacrylamide hydrochloride, the vanadium trioxide and the peroxyacetic acid is 0.5:1: 18.
Example 6: a method for modifying a carbon felt electrode for an all-vanadium flow battery, which is different from the method in example 3 in that pretreatment is not performed.
Example 7: the difference between the modification method of the carbon felt electrode for the all-vanadium flow battery and the embodiment 3 is that a commercially available polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt prepared at 1400 ℃ is selected as the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt.
Example 8: a method for modifying a carbon felt electrode for an all-vanadium flow battery, which is different from that of example 3 in that the modification method is carried out at 50 ℃.
Cyclic voltammetry test
Respectively taking a commercially available polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt prepared at 2000 ℃ and the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt obtained by modification in examples 1-8 as test objects, taking the test objects as working electrodes, the working area of which is 1.5cm2, taking platinum electrodes as auxiliary electrodes and saturated calomel electrodes as reference electrodes, forming a three-electrode system, and carrying out cyclic voltammetry testing. The scanning speed is 20mV s-1。
The test results are shown in FIGS. 1-3. The peak values of the control samples are shown to be-0.8V/-0.8 mA · cm, respectively2and-0.3V/0.7 mA · cm2The peak values of example 1 were-0.6V/-1.5 mA · cm, respectively2and-0.5V/1.5 mA · cm2The peak values of example 2 were-0.6V/-1.4 mA · cm, respectively2and-0.5V/1.5 mA · cm2The peak values of example 3 were-0.7V/-1.2 mA · cm, respectively2and-0.5V/1.2 mA · cm2The peak values of example 4 were-0.7V/-1.1 mA · cm, respectively2and-0.4V/1.1 mA · cm2The peak values of example 5 were-0.7V/-1.1 mA · cm, respectively2and-0.4V/1.0 mA · cm2The peak values of example 6 were-0.6V/-0.7 mA · cm, respectively2and-0.4V/0.7 mA · cm2The peak values of example 7 were-0.7V/-0.8 mA · cm, respectively2and-0.4V/0.8 mA · cm2"ShiThe peak values of example 8 were-0.7V/-0.9 mA · cm, respectively2and-0.5V/0.8 mA · cm2。
The electrodes respectively show a pair of obvious oxidation reduction peaks in the range of-1.0V to 0V, corresponding to V2+/V3+The electrochemical activity of the electrode treated by the modification method is obviously improved, and the peak value is greatly improved; the peak potential difference is greatly reduced, and the reversibility is obviously improved.
The above description should not be taken as limiting the invention to the specific embodiments, but rather, as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains, numerous simplifications or substitutions may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, which should be construed to fall within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims appended hereto.
Claims (7)
1. A modification method of a carbon felt electrode for an all-vanadium flow battery is characterized by comprising the following steps:
immersing the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt into the treatment liquid A completely to obtain a mixed system B;
uniformly mixing polyacrylamide hydrochloride, vanadium trioxide and the treatment liquid C to obtain a mixed system D;
adding the mixed system D into the mixed system B, and uniformly mixing to obtain a mixed system E;
dropwise adding the treatment liquid F into the mixed system E, taking out the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt after full reaction, washing with water, and drying;
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
in the treating fluid A, HNO3、H2SO4At concentrations of 162 and 246mg/g, respectively;
in the treating fluid C, HNO3The concentration of (A) is 157 mg/g;
in the treatment liquid F, the concentration of the peroxyacetic acid is 185 mg/g;
the mass ratio of the polyacrylamide hydrochloride to the vanadium trioxide to the peroxyacetic acid is 0.4:1: 16.
2. the method for modifying the carbon felt electrode for the all-vanadium flow battery according to claim 1, wherein the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon felt is prepared at 2000 ℃.
3. The method for modifying the carbon felt electrode for the all-vanadium redox flow battery according to claim 2, wherein the modification is carried out at 20-32 ℃.
4. The method for modifying the carbon felt electrode for the all-vanadium redox flow battery according to claim 1, wherein the drying is performed under the protection of nitrogen, and the drying temperature is 40-60 ℃.
5. The method for modifying the carbon felt electrode for the all-vanadium redox flow battery according to claim 4, wherein polyacrylamide hydrochloride is further added into the treatment fluid F, and the concentration of the polyacrylamide hydrochloride in the treatment fluid F is 3 mg/g.
6. The method for modifying the carbon felt electrode for the all-vanadium redox flow battery according to claim 5, further comprising a pretreatment added before the step, wherein the pretreatment is washed by a treatment solution G and then by water, and the treatment solution G comprises SDS and H2SO4And water, and SDS, H2SO4The concentration in the treating liquid G is 15-18 mg/G and 10-12 mg/G respectively.
7. The method for modifying the carbon felt electrode for the all-vanadium redox flow battery according to claim 6, wherein the pretreatment is performed under ultrasound, and the ultrasound temperature is 20-32 ℃.
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| CN106299436A (en) * | 2016-11-11 | 2017-01-04 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | Full vanadium cell carbon fiber felt and method of modifying thereof and full vanadium battery electrode |
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| CN101257121A (en) * | 2007-03-02 | 2008-09-03 | V—燃料有限公司 | Improved perfluorinated membranes and improved electrolytes for redox cells and batteries |
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| KR101609913B1 (en) * | 2014-02-14 | 2016-04-07 | 오씨아이 주식회사 | Carbon felt electrode for redox flow battery and method for preparing the same |
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