CN108074762A - A kind of conductive contact constructional device based on sealed adjusting conduction - Google Patents

A kind of conductive contact constructional device based on sealed adjusting conduction Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN108074762A
CN108074762A CN201810046254.5A CN201810046254A CN108074762A CN 108074762 A CN108074762 A CN 108074762A CN 201810046254 A CN201810046254 A CN 201810046254A CN 108074762 A CN108074762 A CN 108074762A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
conducting rod
plate
fixed
crust
inner casing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201810046254.5A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
王兴生
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Anhui Zhong Jiao Intelligent Technology Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Anhui Zhong Jiao Intelligent Technology Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Anhui Zhong Jiao Intelligent Technology Co Ltd filed Critical Anhui Zhong Jiao Intelligent Technology Co Ltd
Priority to CN201810046254.5A priority Critical patent/CN108074762A/en
Publication of CN108074762A publication Critical patent/CN108074762A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/02Bases, casings, or covers
    • H01H9/04Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof casings
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00Contacts
    • H01H1/58Electric connections to or between contacts; Terminals

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Installation Of Indoor Wiring (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of based on the sealed conductive contact constructional device for adjusting conduction, it is related to electrical conduction device field.In the present invention:One end of first conducting rod is fixed on the side plate of device inner casing, and the other end of the first conducting rod is fixed on the side plate of crust of the device;One end of 3rd conducting rod is fixed on another side plate of device inner casing, and the other end of the 3rd conducting rod is fixed on another side plate of crust of the device;The adjustable side of regulating device is fixed on device inner casing;One end of conductive leads is connected with one end of the first conducting rod, and the other end of conductive leads is connected with one end of the second conducting rod.The present invention is formed double-deck sealing space, is effectively detached air by the 3rd gas connecting leg, form inert gas space by the cooperation of crust of the device and device inner casing;And pass through the first gas connecting leg, the filtering sieve plate on the second gas connecting leg, existing impurity is reduced further in outer layer annular seal space to the electric impact of device inner housing inner.

Description

A kind of conductive contact constructional device based on sealed adjusting conduction
Technical field
The present invention relates to electrical conduction device field more particularly to a kind of conductive contact structures based on sealed adjusting conduction Device.
Background technology
The contact resistance of electrical contact is a basic and important technical parameter for weighing electrical contact performance, directly affects electricity The reliability of contact system.The contact resistance of electrical contact is big, and electric contact-system fever can be made more, generate higher Wen Sheng and bigger Power consumption, early stage melting welding or bonding are likely to occur when system works, will cause when serious electrical contact fail;Therefore, people Using the research of contact resistance as the key problem of electrical contact reliability.
It is many to influence the factor of electrical contact contact resistance, except contact, contact form and the electrical contact electricity of itself Resistance, shape outside hardness, also have surface roughness, Superficial Foreign Body, flatness and skin covering of the surface of electrical contact etc..
Electrical contact in the long-term use, due in air there are more impurity and mixed gas, can be to electrical contact Contact surface produce bigger effect, cause the conductivity of electrical contact to reduce, energy consumption increase, add electrical conduction it is unstable because Element.
For the above-mentioned electrical contact problem, influence of the various impurity and gas in air to electrical contact is reduced, into For problem to be solved.
The content of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is to provide it is a kind of based on it is sealed adjust conduction conductive contact constructional device, By the cooperation of crust of the device and device inner casing, double-deck sealing space is formed, and passes through the first gas connecting leg, on the second gas connecting leg Filtering sieve plate, reduce further in outer layer annular seal space existing impurity to the electric impact of device inner housing inner.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
The present invention provides a kind of conductive contact constructional device based on sealed adjusting conduction, including crust of the device, device Inner casing and the first conducting rod, the 3rd conducting rod;One end of first conducting rod is fixed on the side plate of device inner casing, and first is conductive The other end of bar is fixed on the side plate of crust of the device;One end of 3rd conducting rod is fixed on another side plate of device inner casing On, the other end of the 3rd conducting rod is fixed on another side plate of crust of the device.
Including regulating device and the second conducting rod;The base end of regulating device is fixed on crust of the device, regulating device Adjustable side is fixed on device inner casing.
Including conductive leads, one end of conductive leads is connected with one end of the first conducting rod, the other end of conductive leads with One end of second conducting rod is connected;The other end of second conducting rod is fixedly connected with the first electric touch pad, one end of the 3rd conducting rod It is fixedly connected with the second electric touch pad;Regulating device is connected by adjusting bracket with the second conducting rod.
Wherein, the first sealing ring flat-plate, the first conducting rod and dress are equipped at the position that the first conducting rod connects with crust of the device It puts and the second sealing ring flat-plate is equipped at the position that inner casing connects;It is close that the 3rd is equipped at the position that 3rd conducting rod connects with device inner casing Seal ring plate is equipped with the 4th sealing ring flat-plate at the position that the 3rd conducting rod connects with crust of the device.
First sealing ring flat-plate, the second sealing ring flat-plate, the 3rd sealing ring flat-plate and the 4th sealing ring flat-plate are all polymer insulation material Flitch.
First sealing ring flat-plate is fixed on by melting welding mode between the first conducting rod and crust of the device, and the second sealing ring flat-plate leads to Melting welding mode is crossed to be fixed between the first conducting rod and device inner casing;3rd sealing ring flat-plate is fixed on the 3rd by melting welding mode and leads Between electric pole and device inner casing, the 4th sealing ring flat-plate is fixed on by melting welding mode between the 3rd conducting rod and crust of the device.
Wherein, the first melting welding block is equipped at the position that conductive leads connect with the first conducting rod, conductive leads are led with second The second melting welding block is equipped at the position that electric pole connects;The end of first conducting rod is equipped with the first fixing chuck plate, the first fixing chuck plate The first cutting ferrule circle is equipped with, the first cutting ferrule circle is fixed to be located in conductive leads;The end of second conducting rod is equipped with the second fixing card Plate, the second fixing chuck plate are equipped with the second cutting ferrule circle, and the second cutting ferrule circle is fixed to be located in conductive leads.
Wherein, adjusting bracket is insulating polymeric material plate;First electric touch pad is engaged with the position of the second electric touch pad; First electric touch pad, the second electric touch pad are with respect to being covered with uniform silver conductive layer on panel.
Wherein, the first seal washer, the second seal washer are equipped at the position that regulating device connects with crust of the device;It adjusts The 3rd seal washer, the 4th seal washer are equipped at the position that device connects with device inner casing;The pedestal of regulating device passes through side Side fixed plate is fixedly connected with the outer side panel of crust of the device.
Wherein, device inner casing is equipped with the first gas connecting leg and the second gas connecting leg, on the first gas connecting leg and the second gas connecting leg all Equipped with filtering sieve plate;Crust of the device is equipped with the 3rd gas connecting leg, and the 3rd gas connecting leg is equipped with sealing cover structure.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1st, the present invention is formed double-deck sealing space, is connected by the 3rd gas by the cooperation of crust of the device and device inner casing Pipe effectively detaches air, forms inert gas space;And pass through the first gas connecting leg, the filtering sieve plate on the second gas connecting leg, into One step reduces in outer layer annular seal space existing impurity to the electric impact of device inner housing inner;
2nd, the mutual cooperation of the invention by the first conducting rod, the second conducting rod, the 3rd conducting rod, and pass through regulating device The second conducting rod is driven to act, so as to fulfill the conductive operation under electrical contact in the device shell inner sealing environment.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the present invention based on the sealed conductive contact constructional device structure diagram for adjusting conduction;
Fig. 2 is the structure diagram of partial enlargement at A in Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is the structure diagram of partial enlargement at B in Fig. 1;
Fig. 4 is the structure diagram of partial enlargement at C in Fig. 1;
Fig. 5 is the structure diagram of partial enlargement at D in Fig. 1;
Wherein:1- crusts of the device;2- device inner casings;3- regulating devices;The first conducting rods of 4-;5- conductive leads;6- second Conducting rod;The first electric touch pads of 7-;The second electric touch pads of 8-;The 3rd conducting rods of 9-;10- annular seal spaces;11- the first gas connecting legs;12- second Gas connecting leg;The 3rd gas connecting legs of 13-;14- first seals ring flat-plate;15- second seals ring flat-plate;16- the 3rd seals ring flat-plate;17- the 4th Seal ring flat-plate;18- the first melting welding blocks;The first fixing chuck plates of 19-;20- the first cutting ferrule circles;21- adjusting brackets;The second melting welding of 22- Block;The second fixing chuck plates of 23-;24- the second cutting ferrule circles;The first seal washers of 25-;The second seal washers of 26-;27- the 3rd is sealed Washer;The 4th seal washers of 28-;29- avris fixed plates;30- filters sieve plate;31- sealing covers.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, it is right The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, and It is not used in the restriction present invention.
Specific embodiment one:
The present invention adjusts the conductive contact constructional device conducted to be a kind of based on sealed, including in crust of the device 1, device 2 and first conducting rod 4 of shell, the 3rd conducting rod 9;One end of first conducting rod 4 is fixed on the side plate of device inner casing 2, and first The other end of conducting rod 4 is fixed on the side plate of crust of the device 1;One end of 3rd conducting rod 9 is fixed on the another of device inner casing 2 On side plate, the other end of the 3rd conducting rod 9 is fixed on another side plate of crust of the device 1.
Including 3 and second conducting rod 6 of regulating device;The base end of regulating device 3 is fixed on crust of the device 1, adjusts dress 3 adjustable side is put to be fixed on device inner casing 2.
Including conductive leads 5, one end of conductive leads 5 is connected with one end of the first conducting rod 4, conductive leads 5 it is another End is connected with one end of the second conducting rod 6;The other end of second conducting rod 6 is fixedly connected with the first electric touch pad 7, the 3rd conducting rod 9 one end is fixedly connected with the second electric touch pad 8;Regulating device 3 is connected by adjusting bracket 21 with the second conducting rod 6.
Further, the first sealing ring flat-plate 14 is equipped at the position that the first conducting rod 4 connects with crust of the device 1, first leads The second sealing ring flat-plate 15 is equipped at the position that electric pole 4 connects with device inner casing 2;The position that 3rd conducting rod 9 connects with device inner casing 2 It puts place and is equipped with the 3rd sealing ring flat-plate 16, the 4th sealing ring flat-plate 17 is equipped at the position that the 3rd conducting rod 9 connects with crust of the device 1.
It is all high score that first sealing ring flat-plate 14, second, which seals ring flat-plate the 15, the 3rd and seals ring flat-plate 16 and the 4th to seal ring flat-plate 17, Insulating sublayer plate of material.
First sealing ring flat-plate 14 is fixed on by melting welding mode between the first conducting rod 4 and crust of the device 1, the second sealing ring Plate 15 is fixed on by melting welding mode between the first conducting rod 4 and device inner casing 2;3rd sealing ring flat-plate 16 is consolidated by melting welding mode Be scheduled between the 3rd conducting rod 9 and device inner casing 2, the 4th sealing ring flat-plate 17 by melting welding mode be fixed on the 3rd conducting rod 9 with Between crust of the device 1.
Further, the first melting welding block 18, conductive leads 5 are equipped at the position that conductive leads 5 connect with the first conducting rod 4 The second melting welding block 22 is equipped at the position to connect with the second conducting rod 6;The end of first conducting rod 4 is equipped with the first fixing chuck plate 19, the first fixing chuck plate 19 is equipped with the first cutting ferrule circle 20, and the first cutting ferrule circle 20 is fixed to be located in conductive leads 5;Second is conductive The end of bar 6 is equipped with the second fixing chuck plate 23, and the second fixing chuck plate 23 is equipped with the second cutting ferrule circle 24, and the second cutting ferrule circle 24 is fixed It is located in conductive leads 5.
Further, adjusting bracket 21 is insulating polymeric material plate;The position of first electric touch pad 7 and the second electric touch pad 8 It puts and is engaged;Uniform silver conductive layer is covered on first electric touch pad 7,8 opposite panel of the second electric touch pad.
Further, the first seal washer 25, second is equipped at the position that regulating device 3 connects with crust of the device 1 to seal Washer 26;The 3rd seal washer 27, the 4th seal washer 28 are equipped at the position that regulating device 3 connects with device inner casing 2;It adjusts The pedestal of device 3 is fixedly connected by avris fixed plate 29 with the outer side panel of crust of the device 1.
Further, device inner casing 2 is equipped with the first gas connecting leg 11 and the second gas connecting leg 12, the first gas connecting leg 11 and second Filtering sieve plate 30 is designed on gas connecting leg 12;Crust of the device 1 is equipped with the 3rd gas connecting leg 13, and the 3rd gas connecting leg 13 is equipped with sealing 31 structure of lid.
Specific embodiment two:
As shown in Fig. 1 to 5, apparatus of the present invention are a kind of sealed conductive contact device.
By crust of the device 1 and the structure sealing cavity configuration of device inner casing 2, by the 3rd gas connecting leg 13 by the air in device It is withdrawn and fed into corresponding inert gas, the filtering sieve plate 30 on the first gas connecting leg 11 and the second gas connecting leg 12 can prevent device Dust, impurity between shell 1 and device inner casing 2 enter inside device inner casing 2.
Regulating device 3 drives adjusting bracket 21 that the second conducting rod 6 is driven to act, and realizes that the first electric touch pad 7 and the second electricity touch Clutch operation between plate 8.
The first cutting ferrule circle 20 on first fixing chuck plate 19 can be prevented with the second cutting ferrule circle 24 on the second fixing chuck plate 23 Only conductive leads 5 are rocked, so as to the connection being effectively protected between 5 and first conducting rod 4 of conductive leads, the second conducting rod 6.
The foregoing is merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not intended to limit the invention, all essences in the present invention All any modification, equivalent and improvement made within refreshing and principle etc., should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

  1. It is 1. a kind of based on the sealed conductive contact constructional device for adjusting conduction, it is characterised in that:
    Including crust of the device (1), device inner casing (2) and the first conducting rod (4), the 3rd conducting rod (9);
    One end of first conducting rod (4) is fixed on the side plate of device inner casing (2), first conducting rod (4) it is another One end is fixed on the side plate of crust of the device (1);
    One end of 3rd conducting rod (9) is fixed on another side plate of device inner casing (2), the 3rd conducting rod (9) The other end is fixed on another side plate of crust of the device (1);
    Including regulating device (3) and the second conducting rod (6);
    The base end of the regulating device (3) is fixed on crust of the device (1), and the adjustable side of the regulating device (3) is fixed on On device inner casing (2);
    Including conductive leads (5), one end of the conductive leads (5) is connected with one end of the first conducting rod (4), described to lead The other end of line (5) is connected with one end of the second conducting rod (6);
    The other end of second conducting rod (6) is fixedly connected with the first electric touch pad (7), one end of the 3rd conducting rod (9) It is fixedly connected with the second electric touch pad (8);
    The regulating device (3) is connected by adjusting bracket (21) with the second conducting rod (6).
  2. It is 2. according to claim 1 a kind of based on the sealed conductive contact constructional device for adjusting conduction, it is characterised in that:
    The first sealing ring flat-plate (14) is equipped at the position that first conducting rod (4) connects with crust of the device (1), described first leads The second sealing ring flat-plate (15) is equipped at the position that electric pole (4) connects with device inner casing (2);
    The 3rd sealing ring flat-plate (16) is equipped at the position that 3rd conducting rod (9) connects with device inner casing (2), the described 3rd leads The 4th sealing ring flat-plate (17) is equipped at the position that electric pole (9) connects with crust of the device (1);
    The first sealing ring flat-plate (14), the second sealing ring flat-plate (15), the 3rd sealing ring flat-plate (16) and the 4th sealing ring flat-plate (17) All it is insulating polymeric material plate;
    The first sealing ring flat-plate (14) is fixed on by melting welding mode between the first conducting rod (4) and crust of the device (1), described Second sealing ring flat-plate (15) is fixed on by melting welding mode between the first conducting rod (4) and device inner casing (2);
    The 3rd sealing ring flat-plate (16) is fixed on by melting welding mode between the 3rd conducting rod (9) and device inner casing (2), described 4th sealing ring flat-plate (17) is fixed on by melting welding mode between the 3rd conducting rod (9) and crust of the device (1).
  3. It is 3. according to claim 1 a kind of based on the sealed conductive contact constructional device for adjusting conduction, it is characterised in that:
    The first melting welding block (18), the conductive leads are equipped at the position that the conductive leads (5) connect with the first conducting rod (4) (5) the second melting welding block (22) is equipped at the position to connect with the second conducting rod (6);
    The end of first conducting rod (4) is equipped with the first fixing chuck plate (19), and first fixing chuck plate (19) is equipped with the One cutting ferrule circle (20), the first cutting ferrule circle (20) is fixed to be located in conductive leads (5);
    The end of second conducting rod (6) is equipped with the second fixing chuck plate (23), and second fixing chuck plate (23) is equipped with the Two cutting ferrule circles (24), the second cutting ferrule circle (24) is fixed to be located in conductive leads (5).
  4. It is 4. according to claim 1 a kind of based on the sealed conductive contact constructional device for adjusting conduction, it is characterised in that:
    The adjusting bracket (21) is insulating polymeric material plate;
    First electric touch pad (7) is engaged with the position of the second electric touch pad (8);
    Uniform silver conductive layer is covered on first electric touch pad (7), the opposite panel of the second electric touch pad (8).
  5. It is 5. according to claim 1 a kind of based on the sealed conductive contact constructional device for adjusting conduction, it is characterised in that:
    The first seal washer (25), the second seal washer are equipped at the position that the regulating device (3) connects with crust of the device (1) (26);
    The 3rd seal washer (27), the 4th seal washer are equipped at the position that the regulating device (3) connects with device inner casing (2) (28);
    The pedestal of the regulating device (3) is fixedly connected by avris fixed plate (29) with the outer side panel of crust of the device (1).
  6. It is 6. according to claim 1 a kind of based on the sealed conductive contact constructional device for adjusting conduction, it is characterised in that:
    Described device inner casing (2) be equipped with the first gas connecting leg (11) and the second gas connecting leg (12), the first gas connecting leg (11) and Filtering sieve plate (30) is designed on second gas connecting leg (12);
    Described device shell (1) is equipped with the 3rd gas connecting leg (13), and the 3rd gas connecting leg (13) is tied equipped with sealing cover (31) Structure.
CN201810046254.5A 2018-01-17 2018-01-17 A kind of conductive contact constructional device based on sealed adjusting conduction Pending CN108074762A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201810046254.5A CN108074762A (en) 2018-01-17 2018-01-17 A kind of conductive contact constructional device based on sealed adjusting conduction

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201810046254.5A CN108074762A (en) 2018-01-17 2018-01-17 A kind of conductive contact constructional device based on sealed adjusting conduction

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN108074762A true CN108074762A (en) 2018-05-25

Family

ID=62156702

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201810046254.5A Pending CN108074762A (en) 2018-01-17 2018-01-17 A kind of conductive contact constructional device based on sealed adjusting conduction

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN108074762A (en)

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN204332799U (en) * 2015-01-05 2015-05-13 中国南方电网有限责任公司超高压输电公司昆明局 A kind of direct-current isolating switch
KR101527477B1 (en) * 2008-04-02 2015-06-09 가부시끼가이샤 메이덴샤 Mass vacuum circuit breaker
CN205487920U (en) * 2016-01-22 2016-08-17 贵州长征电器自动化有限公司 Insulation system for vacuum circuit breaker
CN205487840U (en) * 2016-02-19 2016-08-17 天津平高智能电气有限公司 Vacuum interrupter smelts device always and outer insulation protection frock thereof
CN106128852A (en) * 2016-07-04 2016-11-16 天津平高智能电气有限公司 A kind of arc-chutes and use the chopper of these arc-chutes

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101527477B1 (en) * 2008-04-02 2015-06-09 가부시끼가이샤 메이덴샤 Mass vacuum circuit breaker
CN204332799U (en) * 2015-01-05 2015-05-13 中国南方电网有限责任公司超高压输电公司昆明局 A kind of direct-current isolating switch
CN205487920U (en) * 2016-01-22 2016-08-17 贵州长征电器自动化有限公司 Insulation system for vacuum circuit breaker
CN205487840U (en) * 2016-02-19 2016-08-17 天津平高智能电气有限公司 Vacuum interrupter smelts device always and outer insulation protection frock thereof
CN106128852A (en) * 2016-07-04 2016-11-16 天津平高智能电气有限公司 A kind of arc-chutes and use the chopper of these arc-chutes

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN103531555B (en) Exempt from the power model of solder terminal
CN207040087U (en) A kind of electric vehicle controller
CN108074756A (en) A kind of Encapsulated electric structure of contact terminal device based on pusher slidable adjustment
CN108074762A (en) A kind of conductive contact constructional device based on sealed adjusting conduction
CN206674364U (en) Waterproof type electronic controller at a kind of wiring
CN206194484U (en) Water -cooling high frequency transformer
CN206741389U (en) A kind of connector is from open-close type cabinet
CN206849553U (en) A kind of high-strength fire-retardant cable
CN209719490U (en) A kind of new-energy automobile protection circuit plate
CN207766724U (en) A kind of outer casing of power supply
CN207587540U (en) Safety ceramic capacitor
CN207134614U (en) A kind of metallic armoured switch cabinet contact box
CN206531580U (en) Miniature attachment pyroelectric infrared sensor
CN208284365U (en) A kind of anti-bulge self-healing locomotive capacitor of buffer-type
CN207148228U (en) A kind of MEMS electric-field sensors of insulation and sealing structure
CN205692792U (en) A kind of outdoor windproof type fuse switch
CN207149343U (en) A kind of laminated type piezoresistor
CN204303820U (en) Silicon radiation detector encapsulating structure
CN213586578U (en) Novel explosion-proof operation post
CN203631532U (en) Semiconductor rectifier bridge
CN202888146U (en) Intelligent power module
CN209119094U (en) A kind of electrostatic protection structure of I/O PAD ESD
CN213549727U (en) Novel garment adopting heat dissipation fan for heat dissipation
CN211128676U (en) Packaging assembly of flexible circuit board
CN205810783U (en) One is exempted to fill power semiconductor modular electrode

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication

Application publication date: 20180525

RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication