CN108063657B - Logging-while-drilling data NC-OFDM sound wave transmission method based on compressed sensing - Google Patents

Logging-while-drilling data NC-OFDM sound wave transmission method based on compressed sensing Download PDF

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CN108063657B
CN108063657B CN201711332758.5A CN201711332758A CN108063657B CN 108063657 B CN108063657 B CN 108063657B CN 201711332758 A CN201711332758 A CN 201711332758A CN 108063657 B CN108063657 B CN 108063657B
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CN108063657A (en
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张伟
师奕兵
马东
李焱骏
杨福毅
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0048—Allocation of pilot signals, i.e. of signals known to the receiver
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B13/00—Transmission systems characterised by the medium used for transmission, not provided for in groups H04B3/00 - H04B11/00
    • H04B13/02—Transmission systems in which the medium consists of the earth or a large mass of water thereon, e.g. earth telegraphy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
    • H04L25/0224—Channel estimation using sounding signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2626—Arrangements specific to the transmitter only
    • H04L27/2627—Modulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/32—Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
    • H04L27/34—Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems
    • H04L27/345—Modifications of the signal space to allow the transmission of additional information
    • H04L27/3461—Modifications of the signal space to allow the transmission of additional information in order to transmit a subchannel

Abstract

The invention relates to a compression sensing-based NC-OFDM (numerical control-while-drilling) acoustic transmission method for logging data, which comprises the steps of carrying out QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) modulation at a transmitting end, adding a pilot frequency sequence, carrying out NC-OFDM signal modulation, then carrying out serial-parallel conversion, IDFT (inverse discrete Fourier transform), inserting a cyclic prefix, carrying out up-conversion modulation, converting into a frequency band signal, converting into an analog signal through D/A (digital/analog) and loading the analog signal into a drill string channel; receiving sound waves from a drill string channel at a receiving end, converting the sound waves into electric signals, converting the electric signals into frequency domain signals through conditioning, A/D conversion, down-conversion demodulation, cyclic prefix removal and DFT conversion, extracting pilot signals according to pilot frequency distribution information, performing channel estimation based on compressed sensing, and performing equalization, demodulation and other operations to realize sound wave transmission. The invention can effectively overcome the multipath delay of the channel, and improves the transmission rate of the logging data by utilizing a plurality of discontinuous pass bands of the drill column channel. Meanwhile, the receiving end utilizes channel estimation based on compressed sensing, pilot frequency overhead can be reduced, and transmission efficiency is further improved.

Description

Logging-while-drilling data NC-OFDM sound wave transmission method based on compressed sensing
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of real-time transmission of logging-while-drilling data, and particularly relates to a compression sensing-based NC-OFDM (numerical control-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) sound wave transmission method for logging-while-drilling data, which is used for real-time high-speed data transmission of an underground logging instrument and a ground central control system in a drilling process.
Background
The logging-while-drilling technology is a new generation logging technology developed on the basis of the traditional cable logging technology, and is used for measuring geological characteristics in real time in the drilling process, uploading logging data to a ground central control system, and simultaneously, the ground central control system inverts a stratum result in real time through the received logging data and effectively guides a drilling track. In the existing logging-while-drilling operation, a small amount of logging parameters such as temperature, azimuth angle, well pressure value and the like are uploaded to the ground in real time through a mud pulse transmission system, a large amount of logging data are stored in an underground circuit, and the logging data can be read only after the drilling operation is finished, so that the logging-while-drilling operation can not be realized in the true sense.
The acoustic transmission technology of logging-while-drilling data based on the drill string channel utilizes acoustic as a carrier wave and the drill string with the drill stem and the coupling in cascade connection as the channel, so that the transmission rate of the logging-while-drilling data can be greatly improved, and the requirement on the transmission speed of the logging-while-drilling data is met.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of acoustic transmission of logging-while-drilling data.
As the drilling process progresses, the drill string, which is formed by cascading drill pipe and collars, extends through the borehole to the surface, creating a channel for the transmission of sound waves, i.e., a drill string channel, as shown in fig. 1. The underground transmitting end modulates underground collected data, namely logging-while-drilling data, converts the modulated data into sound waves through a vibration exciter of the transmitting module, the sound waves are loaded into a drill string channel, the sound waves reach an acceleration sensor of the receiving module of the underground receiving end after transmission, attenuation and noise interference and are converted into electric signals, and then the electric signals are demodulated to restore the underground received data, namely the logging-while-drilling data sent underground. The sound insulator is directly cascaded with the drill collar at the transmitting end, so that the coupling of strong noise of the drill bit to a drill string channel can be effectively reduced. But the multipath time delay of a drill string channel, strong noise of a drilling working condition and the like put great requirements on an acoustic transmission scheme.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a compression sensing-based NC-OFDM (numerical control-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) acoustic transmission method for logging-while-drilling data, so that data transmission is carried out by utilizing a plurality of discontinuous pass bands of a channel, and meanwhile, the channel real-time estimation based on the compression sensing reduces the pilot frequency overhead of the channel estimation and improves the data transmission rate.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides a logging-while-drilling data NC-OFDM sound wave transmission method based on compressed sensing, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) constellation mapping of logging-while-drilling data to be sent
Representing the acquired logging-while-drilling data into a binary sequence underground, mapping each 2 bits of the binary sequence from a low bit to a high bit into one-bit data through QPSK, and generating a mapped data sequence;
(2) adding pilot sequence and carrying out subcarrier modulation
Adding pilot frequency sequences known at the receiving and transmitting ends into a data sequence after QPSK constellation mapping, then taking every N data as an NC-OFDM symbol, wherein the number of effective subcarriers in the NC-OFDM symbol is NvRemaining N-N in NC-OFDM symbolvSetting all the invalid subcarriers to zero, then carrying out N-point IDFT on the NC-OFDM symbols to obtain a time domain sequence, and carrying out N-point IDFT on the time domain sequencecpAdding point as cyclic prefix to the front end of time domain sequence, and finally adding point to the front end of time domain sequence to obtain N + NcpCarrying out up-conversion modulation on the point baseband NC-OFDM sequence to generate a frequency band signal;
(3) transmission of frequency band signals
The frequency band signal passes through a D/A conversion circuit to generate an analog signal, then passes through a second-order band-pass filter and a power amplifier, and finally the signal passes through a vibration exciter to generate a sound wave signal which is loaded into a drill string channel;
(4) reception of acoustic signals
The acoustic wave signal loaded into a drill string channel reaches a receiving end through channel attenuation and noise interference, the acoustic wave signal is converted into an electric signal through an acceleration sensor, then the signal is conditioned through a band-pass filter and an amplifier, and finally the signal passes through an A/D conversion circuit to generate a frequency band signal to be processed;
(5) demodulation of band signals
A frequency band signal to be processed is converted into a base band NC-OFDM sequence through down-conversion demodulation, then a cyclic prefix is removed, an N-point time domain sequence is obtained, N-point DFT conversion is carried out, an NC-OFDM symbol is obtained, and therefore NC-OFDM demodulation is completed;
(6) recovery of logging while drilling data
Extracting a pilot frequency sequence from the demodulated N-point NC-OFDM symbol, then carrying out channel estimation by adopting compressed sensing according to the pilot frequency sequence, then balancing the residual data in the NC-OFDM symbol according to a channel estimation result, and finally carrying out QPSK demodulation on the balanced data to obtain logging-while-drilling data.
The object of the invention is thus achieved.
The invention relates to a compressed sensing while-drilling logging data NC-OFDM sound wave transmission method, which comprises the steps of carrying out QPSK modulation (constellation mapping) on while-drilling logging data to be transmitted at a transmitting end, then adding a pilot frequency sequence and carrying out NC-OFDM signal modulation, distributing modulated signals and pilot frequency symbols to effective subcarriers, then carrying out serial-parallel conversion, IDFT conversion and insertion of cyclic prefixes, converting processed baseband signals into frequency band signals after up-conversion modulation, converting the frequency band signals into analog signals through a D/A module, driving a vibration exciter to generate sound waves, and loading the frequency band signals into a drill string channel; at a receiving end, sound waves from a drill string channel are received through an acceleration sensor and converted into electric signals, conditioning of analog signals is completed through a front-end filtering amplification circuit, then the signals are converted into frequency band signals to be processed through an A/D conversion module, the frequency band signals are converted into baseband signals through down-conversion demodulation, then the baseband signals are converted into frequency domain signals through removal of cyclic prefixes and DFT conversion, then pilot signals are taken out according to pilot frequency distribution information to conduct channel estimation based on compressed sensing, and finally received data are subjected to operations such as equalization and demodulation through the result of the channel estimation, and the transmission data of the transmitting end are recovered. The invention can effectively overcome the multipath delay of the channel. The transmission rate of the logging data is increased by utilizing a plurality of non-continuous pass bands of the drill string channel. Meanwhile, the receiving end utilizes a channel estimation algorithm based on compressed sensing, so that the pilot frequency overhead can be reduced, and the transmission efficiency is further improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of acoustic transmission of logging-while-drilling data;
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of an NC-OFDM (numerical control-while-drilling) acoustic transmission method for logging-while-drilling data based on compressive sensing;
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided in order to better understand the present invention for those skilled in the art with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is to be expressly noted that in the following description, a detailed description of known functions and designs will be omitted when it may obscure the subject matter of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a specific implementation mode of the NC-OFDM acoustic transmission method for logging-while-drilling data based on compressive sensing.
In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, at the transmitting end, the downhole collected logging data is used as a logging while drilling data sequence to be transmitted to complete constellation mapping of signals through QPSK modulation, then a pilot sequence is added to the data, the modulated signals and pilot symbols are distributed to subcarriers, then the modulated signals and the pilot symbols are converted into time domain signal sequences through IDFT after serial-parallel conversion, and finally after a cyclic prefix is inserted, the processed baseband signals are converted into analog signals through a D/a module, and the analog signals are subjected to up-conversion modulation and then drive a vibration exciter to generate sound waves, which are loaded into a drill string channel. At a receiving end, sound waves from a drill string channel are received through an acceleration sensor and converted into electric signals, the analog signals are conditioned through a front-end filtering and amplifying circuit, then the signals are converted into baseband signals through down-conversion demodulation, and the baseband signals are converted into frequency band signals to be processed through an A/D conversion module. Then, the cyclic prefix is removed and DFT conversion is carried out, the frequency domain signal is converted, then the pilot signal is taken out to carry out channel estimation based on compressed sensing according to the pilot distribution information, and finally equalization, demodulation and other operations are carried out on the received data according to the result of the channel estimation, so that the transmission data of the transmitting end are restored.
The steps of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to fig. 2 and the following embodiments.
1. Constellation mapping of logging-while-drilling data to be sent
In this embodiment, constellation mapping is first performed on original logging-while-drilling data to be sent, effective data of the logging-while-drilling data is 16 bits, and then QPSK modulation is performed on each 2 bits from low bits to high bits, where a mapping process may be shown by the following formula:
Figure BDA0001506956170000041
wherein n is 0,1, …,7,
Figure BDA0001506956170000042
logging data while drilling after QPSK mapping
Figure BDA0001506956170000043
Is the 2n,2n-1 bit of the logging-while-drilling data x before QPSK mapping.
2. NC-OFDM modulation
In the present embodiment, data to which QPSK is mapped
Figure BDA0001506956170000048
Performing effective subcarrier allocation can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0001506956170000044
the NC-OFDM symbol to be modulated is
Figure BDA0001506956170000045
Modulated symbols are
Figure BDA0001506956170000046
IFFT is inverse fast Fourier transform, N is the number of Fourier transform points, NcpIs the number of cyclic prefix points. The sequence after adding the cyclic prefix is
Figure BDA0001506956170000047
Length of N + Ncp。
3. NC-OFDM equalization
After transmission through NC-OFDM, in each passband, the relationship between the transmitted logging while drilling data and the received logging while drilling data is:
Figure BDA0001506956170000051
n of whichkAs a noise component, HkIs a channel frequency domain response expressed as
Figure BDA0001506956170000052
Namely, N-point inverse fast Fourier transform is carried out on H to obtain N channel frequency domain responses Hk1,2, 1, wherein h ═ h (0), h (1), …, h (D-1)]TThe multi-path impulse response of the drill column channel is shown, and D is the maximum multi-path time delay;
4. compressed sensing based NC-OFDM channel estimation
Let pilot data length be NpThe pilot data is
Figure BDA0001506956170000053
The pilot data corresponds to a sub-channel frequency domain response of
Figure BDA0001506956170000054
Corresponding to received pilot data as
Figure BDA0001506956170000055
The relationship between the receive pilot and the transmit pilot is
Figure BDA0001506956170000056
When noise is not considered, the above relation is written in vector form
Figure BDA0001506956170000057
Wherein xp＝diag(xp(0),xp(1),…,xp(Np-1))，
Figure BDA0001506956170000058
Is a Fourier transform matrix FN,NExtracted by pilot positionpLine wherein FN,NThe expression of the matrix is:
Figure BDA0001506956170000059
wherein
Figure BDA00015069561700000510
Because the multi-path impulse response h of the drill string channel is a sparse vector, the recovery of h can be completed by utilizing a compressed sensing theory, and the measurement matrix is
Figure BDA00015069561700000511
Thus, the channel estimation using compressed sensing is:
4.1) according to the formula
Figure BDA00015069561700000512
Calculating a sparse vector h, wherein:
xp＝diag(xp(0),xp(1),…,xp(Np-1))，xp(i) for pilot data, i is 0,1p-1，NpIs the pilot data length;
Figure BDA0001506956170000061
is a Fourier transform matrix FN,NExtracted by pilot positionpLine wherein FN,NThe matrix is:
Figure BDA0001506956170000062
wherein
Figure BDA0001506956170000063
4.2) according to the obtained sparse vector h and the basis
Figure BDA0001506956170000064
Obtaining a channel frequency domain response HkI.e. channel estimation.
In this embodiment, the estimation of the sparse vector h is done using the OMP (orthogonal matching pursuit) algorithm:
inputting: matrix yPMeasuring a matrix A, and defining the sparsity K to be 6; output of: approximation of sparse vector h
Figure BDA0001506956170000065
Initialization: residual d0Y, index set
Figure BDA0001506956170000066
Index matrix B is zeros (N)D,K)，
Figure BDA0001506956170000067
The subscript cnt indicates the number of iterations, and cnt ≦ K, with the current cnt ≦ 0.
Circularly executing the steps 1-5:
step 1: finding the index λ corresponding to the maximum of the residual d and the column a (i) product of the measurement matrix A, i.e.
Figure BDA0001506956170000068
Step 2: update index set Λcnt＝Λcnt-1∪{λcntSimultaneously updating an index matrix B (: cnt) ═ a (i);
and step 3: by least squares
Figure BDA0001506956170000069
And 4, step 4: updating residual errors
Figure BDA00015069561700000610
And 5: increasing the iteration number cnt to cnt +1, if cnt is less than or equal to K, returning to the step 1, otherwise, stopping iteration; output simultaneously
Figure BDA00015069561700000611
Middle K line (line number is Λ)cnt) Is corresponding to a value of
Figure BDA00015069561700000612
The OMP algorithm is prior art.
5. Pilot frequency position
Since F of the row is randomly drawnN,N×DThe matrix has better RIP characteristics, so that N is determinedpThereafter, the location of the pilot may be determined by a random search method, example DpDimension Np24, the sparsity K is 6, and the random search number G is 105According to the pre-simulation result analysis of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the drill string channel, the range of the subcarrier is selected as 584-]Hz, wherein the total number of the pass bands is 4, the stop bands are 4, and the pass band range is distributed to 584-727]Hz、[898-995]Hz、[1182-1253]Hz and [1452-]Hz, corresponding to an effective number of subcarriers N1＝144，N2＝98，N3＝72，N476, the effective subcarrier range is B1＝[1,144]，B2＝[315,412]，B3＝[599,670]And B4＝[869,944]。
After the parameters are determined, the random search step is as follows:
1. setting G sets of pilot positions omegagG-0, 1, …, G-1, which randomly generates NpIs at B1∪B2∪B3∪B4Value within the range
2. Calculating the maximum column correlation coefficients of G corresponding measurement matrixes A, and then finding out a pilot frequency set omega corresponding to the minimum column correlation coefficientg. The maximum column correlation coefficient is calculated as
Figure BDA0001506956170000071
3. Omega at this timegCan be distributed as the optimal pilot position.
Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described above to facilitate the understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, and various changes may be made apparent to those skilled in the art as long as they are within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined and defined by the appended claims, and all matters of the invention which utilize the inventive concepts are protected.

Claims (2)

1. A logging-while-drilling data NC-OFDM sound wave transmission method based on compressed sensing is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) constellation mapping of logging-while-drilling data to be sent
Representing the acquired logging-while-drilling data into a binary sequence underground, mapping each 2 bits of the binary sequence from a low bit to a high bit into one-bit data through QPSK, and generating a mapped data sequence;
(2) adding pilot sequence and carrying out subcarrier modulation
Adding pilot frequency sequences known at the receiving and transmitting ends into a data sequence after QPSK constellation mapping, then taking every N data as an NC-OFDM symbol, wherein the number of effective subcarriers in the NC-OFDM symbol is NvRemaining N-N in NC-OFDM symbolvSetting all the invalid subcarriers to zero, then carrying out N-point IDFT on the NC-OFDM symbols to obtain a time domain sequence, and carrying out N-point IDFT on the time domain sequencecpAdding point as cyclic prefix to the front end of time domain sequence, and finally adding point to the front end of time domain sequence to obtain N + NcpCarrying out up-conversion modulation on the point baseband NC-OFDM sequence to generate a frequency band signal;
(3) transmission of frequency band signals
The frequency band signal passes through a D/A conversion circuit to generate an analog signal, then passes through a second-order band-pass filter and a power amplifier, and finally the signal passes through a vibration exciter to generate a sound wave signal which is loaded into a drill string channel;
(4) reception of acoustic signals
The acoustic wave signal loaded into a drill string channel reaches a receiving end through channel attenuation and noise interference, the acoustic wave signal is converted into an electric signal through an acceleration sensor, then the signal is conditioned through a band-pass filter and an amplifier, and finally the signal passes through an A/D conversion circuit to generate a frequency band signal to be processed;
(5) demodulation of band signals
A frequency band signal to be processed is converted into a base band NC-OFDM sequence through down-conversion demodulation, then a cyclic prefix is removed, an N-point time domain sequence is obtained, N-point DFT conversion is carried out, an NC-OFDM symbol is obtained, and therefore NC-OFDM demodulation is completed;
(6) recovery of logging while drilling data
Extracting a pilot frequency sequence from the demodulated N-point NC-OFDM symbol, then carrying out channel estimation by adopting compressed sensing according to the pilot frequency sequence, then balancing the residual data in the NC-OFDM symbol according to a channel estimation result, and finally carrying out QPSK demodulation on the balanced data to obtain logging while drilling data;
in the step (6), the channel estimation by using compressed sensing is as follows:
4.1) according to the formula
Figure FDA0002732981870000011
Calculating a sparse vector h, wherein:
xp＝diag(xp(0),xp(1),…,xp(Np-1))，xp(i) for pilot data, i is 0,1p-1，NpIs the pilot data length;
Figure FDA0002732981870000021
yp(i) receiving pilot frequency data;
Figure FDA0002732981870000022
is a Fourier transform matrix FN，NExtracted by pilot positionpLine wherein FN，NThe matrix is:
Figure FDA0002732981870000023
wherein
Figure FDA0002732981870000024
4.2) according to the obtained sparse vector h and the basis
Figure FDA0002732981870000025
Obtaining a channel frequency domain response HkI.e. channel estimation.
2. The acoustic transmission method according to claim 1, wherein said calculating a sparse vector h is: defining the sparsity K to 6, and dividing the matrix yPAnd inputting the measurement matrix A into an OMP algorithm to obtain a sparse vector h.
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