CN108058655A - A kind of automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108058655A CN108058655A CN201810000521.5A CN201810000521A CN108058655A CN 108058655 A CN108058655 A CN 108058655A CN 201810000521 A CN201810000521 A CN 201810000521A CN 108058655 A CN108058655 A CN 108058655A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- component
- automobile
- outer layer
- acoustical cotton
- layer sack
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R13/00—Elements for body-finishing, identifying, or decorating; Arrangements or adaptations for advertising purposes
- B60R13/08—Insulating elements, e.g. for sound insulation
- B60R13/0815—Acoustic or thermal insulation of passenger compartments
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/30—Low-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/32—Polyhydroxy compounds; Polyamines; Hydroxyamines
- C08G18/3203—Polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G18/3206—Polyhydroxy compounds aliphatic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/42—Polycondensates having carboxylic or carbonic ester groups in the main chain
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/65—Low-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen with high-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/66—Compounds of groups C08G18/42, C08G18/48, or C08G18/52
- C08G18/6633—Compounds of group C08G18/42
- C08G18/6637—Compounds of group C08G18/42 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or polyamines of C08G18/38
- C08G18/664—Compounds of group C08G18/42 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or polyamines of C08G18/38 with compounds of group C08G18/3203
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
- C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
- C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
- C08G18/76—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic
- C08G18/7657—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic containing two or more aromatic rings
- C08G18/7664—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic containing two or more aromatic rings containing alkylene polyphenyl groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2101/00—Manufacture of cellular products
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to auto parts fields, and in particular to a kind of automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton and preparation method thereof is filled with broken foam including the outer layer sack made of elastomer, in outer layer sack and is sealed.Outer layer sack is made of elastomer, fill broken foam in inside, disconnected noise can be obstructed and vibrate the path transferred, simultaneously because internal material porous structure makes it have certain sound absorption qualities, it can arbitrarily install, flexible design, the cavity of various interior of body can be sealed, and need not additionally assemble, it can directly be positioned at the cavity of interior of body.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to auto parts fields, and in particular to a kind of automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
With the improvement of living standards, while having a good transport service property of satisfaction, people constantly pursue high security high-quality
Riding experience, more and more people more pay close attention to the quietness and comfort of automobile, and major automobile factory is also indoor to vehicle to make an uproar
Sound has carried out higher requirement.At present, although installing acoustical cotton additional at gusset plaque back on orthodox car, can not have always
Effect barrier is from external tire is made an uproar, road is made an uproar, wind is made an uproar.There are the bypass cavity knots that closed box reinforcing beam is formed for body side wall
Structure；Automobile can generate the airflow field of high speed, so as to generate and transfer noise and vibration when running at high speed in gusset cavity.
The content of the invention
The present invention is in view of the above-mentioned problems, provide a kind of automobile using gusset cavity sound-absorbing cotton machine and preparation method thereof.
The technical solution used in the present invention is as follows：A kind of automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton, including being made of elastomer
Outer layer sack, filled with broken foam and sealed in outer layer sack.
The outer layer sack is tightly sealed by spiral shell twist buckle.
The outer layer sack is made of thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer.
The outer layer sack is made of the EPDM and the PP of 30% ~ 45% weight of 55% ~ 70% weight.Not plasticizer-containing, it is resistance to old
Change and ozone resistance is strong, good-extensibility, ultra-violet resistance wall, surface aesthetic.
The thickness of the outer layer sack is less than or equal to 1mm.
The broken foam is polyurethane foam class material.
The broken foam is made of two kinds of components of A, B, and the weight ratio of two kinds of components is 100:45~50；
The component A is polyester polyol, and weight item is：
85 ~ 90 parts of polyester；
1 ~ 1.5 part of water；
0.5 ~ 0.6 part of compound stabilizer；
Rise 0.4 ~ 0.6 part of catalyst；
0.3 ~ 0.7 part of gel catalyst；
1 ~ 2 part of levelling agent；
0.2 ~ 0.6 part of crosslinking agent；
0.6 ~ 0.9 part of composite catalyst；
2.2 ~ 3.5 parts of pore-creating agent；
The B component is isocyanates.Wherein, compound stabilizer uses organic silicone oil；It rises catalyst and uses dichloromethane,
It act as reducing scarce material；Gel catalyst is by 25% triethylene diamine, and 75% Isosorbide-5-Nitrae mixture of butanediols composition, main function is to change
Become demoulding time；Levelling agent can use modified polyorganosiloxane, can effectively reduce the contraction in foam foaming process；Crosslinking agent is main
Using 2,5- dimethyl -2,5 di-t-butyl hexane peroxides, the resilience of product can be improved；Composite catalyst can use double
（Dimethylaminoethyl）Ether, good fluidity can improve scarce material situation, be a kind of efficient kicker；Pore-creating agent mainly makes
With polybutadiene and aerosil, the perforate of foam can be promoted, improve sound-absorbing effect.More methylenes can be used in isocyanates
Quito polyphenyl polyisocyanate or other isocyanate ester compounds, poly methylene poly phenyl poly isocyanate have post curing
The advantages that block, reaction speed are fast, ageing-resistant.
The grain size of the broken foam is 1mm ~ 10mm.
The preparation method of above-mentioned automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton, comprises the following steps：
（1）The flow of component A and B component is set in foaming machine,
The component A is polyester polyol, and the B component is isocyanates, and the weight ratio of two kinds of components of A, B is
100:45~50；
（2）Start to dismiss foam material after setting relevant parameter, the dnockout time is 10 ~ 20s, and 5 ~ 10min is placed after dnockout up to PUR
Foamed cotton；
（3）It will be above-mentioned（2）The PUR foamed cottons of preparation are moved on in beating crusher, and the particle size range after smashing is 1mm ~ 10mm；
（4）Elastomer is formed into outer layer sack by the method for blowing, by step（3）PUR foamed cottons after smashing are filled to outer
In layer sack, then seal.
Step（2）In, the relevant parameter of setting is specific as follows：Adjusting blow pressure, component A material pressure is arranged to 145 ±
15Pa, B component material are arranged to 110 ± 15Pa, control A/B batch can temperature, A/B batch can temperature：26±2℃.
Beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows：Outer layer sack is made of elastomer, and broken foam is filled in inside, can obstruct disconnected noise
The path transferred with vibration, simultaneously because internal material porous structure makes it have certain sound absorption qualities, can arbitrarily install, if
Meter is flexible, can seal the cavity of various interior of body, and need not additionally assemble, and can directly be positioned over the cavity of interior of body
Place.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structure diagram of acoustical cotton, and A is right view, and B is front view, and in figure, 1 is outer layer sack, and 2 be spiral shell button.
Fig. 2 is result of the automobile with progress noise test compared with the automobile for being not loaded into acoustical cotton for being packed into acoustical cotton.
Fig. 3 is the result of acoustical cotton sound-absorbing test.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiment, the present invention can be better described.
Embodiment 1
First, broken foam is prepared
Broken foam is polyurethane foam class material, is made of two kinds of components of A, B, the weight ratio of two kinds of components is：100：45.
As shown in Table 1, B component is isocyanate ester compound to the content of each raw material wherein in component A, specifically more using polymethylene
Polyphenyl polyisocyanate.Wherein, gel catalyst is made of 25% triethylene diamine and the mixing of 75% Isosorbide-5-Nitrae butanediol.Pore-creating agent makes
With polybutadiene and aerosil.
Specific preparation process is as follows：
（1）Each raw material in component A is mixed and B component is separately added into foaming machine, the flow of component A and B component is set：
When flow is set, high pressure is played, rotometer is inserted actual high-low pressure flow in flow set, component A and B component stream
Amount is arranged to component A material：240 ± 10g/s B component material：120±10g/s.Component A and B component are controlled by flow set
Weight ratio；
（2）, adjust blow pressure, component A material pressure is arranged to 145 ± 15Pa, and B component material is arranged to 110 ± 15Pa, so passes through
Cooling-water machine controls A/B batch can temperature, A/B batch can temperature：26±2℃.It sets and starts to dismiss foam material after relevant parameter, during dnockout
Between 5 ~ 10min is placed for 10 ~ 20s, after dnockout up to PUR foamed cottons；
（3）, will be above-mentioned（2）The PUR foamed cottons of preparation are moved on in beating crusher, and the particle size range after smashing is 1mm ~ 10mm.
2nd, outer layer sack is prepared
Outer layer sack is made of TPO, that is, thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer, and ingredient is the EPDM of 55% weight and the PP groups of 45% weight
Into bag-shape being blow molded into, after blowing within thickness requirement 1mm.
3rd, combination forms acoustical cotton
PUR foamed cottons after smashing are filled into outer layer sack, and then sealing forms acoustical cotton.
After acoustical cotton is packed into vehicle side cavity, the automobile with being not loaded into acoustical cotton carries out noise test jointly, test
The results are shown in Figure 2, and interior noise less increases acoustical cotton, after increasing gusset cavity acoustical cotton, front-seat internal car noise acoustic pressure
Grade has the effect optimization of about 1dB；Heel row internal car noise sound pressure level has the effect optimization of about 2dB.
Acoustical cotton is subjected to sound-absorbing test, test data such as Fig. 3 is preferable in the sound-absorption coefficient of intermediate frequency and high frequency.
Embodiment 2
First, broken foam is prepared
Broken foam is polyurethane foam class material, is made of two kinds of components of A, B, the weight ratio of two kinds of components is：100：50.
As shown in Table 1, B component is isocyanate ester compound to the content of each raw material wherein in component A, specifically more using polymethylene
Polyphenyl polyisocyanate.Wherein, gel catalyst is made of 25% triethylene diamine and the mixing of 75% Isosorbide-5-Nitrae butanediol.Pore-creating agent makes
With polybutadiene and aerosil.
Specific preparation process is as follows：
（1）Each raw material in component A is mixed and B component is separately added into foaming machine, the flow of component A and B component is set：
When flow is set, high pressure is played, rotometer is inserted actual high-low pressure flow in flow set, component A and B component stream
Amount is arranged to component A material：240 ± 10g/s B component material：120±10g/s.Component A and B component are controlled by flow set
Weight ratio；
（2）, adjust blow pressure, component A material pressure is arranged to 145 ± 15Pa, and B component material is arranged to 110 ± 15Pa, so passes through
Cooling-water machine controls A/B batch can temperature, A/B batch can temperature：26±2℃.It sets and starts to dismiss foam material after relevant parameter, during dnockout
Between 5 ~ 10min is placed for 10 ~ 20s, after dnockout up to PUR foamed cottons；
（3）, will be above-mentioned（2）The PUR foamed cottons of preparation are moved on in beating crusher, and the particle size range after smashing is 1mm ~ 10mm.
2nd, outer layer sack is prepared
Outer layer sack is made of TPO, that is, thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer, and ingredient is the EPDM of 70% weight and the PP groups of 30% weight
Into bag-shape being blow molded into, after blowing within thickness requirement 1mm.
3rd, combination forms acoustical cotton
PUR foamed cottons after smashing are filled into outer layer sack, and then sealing forms acoustical cotton.
By test, the effect of noise isolating sound-absorbing is close with embodiment 1, can apparent noise reduction.
Embodiment 3
First, broken foam is prepared
Broken foam is polyurethane foam class material, is made of two kinds of components of A, B, the weight ratio of two kinds of components is：100：50.
As shown in Table 1, B component is isocyanate ester compound to the content of each raw material wherein in component A, specifically more using polymethylene
Polyphenyl polyisocyanate.Wherein, gel catalyst is made of 25% triethylene diamine and the mixing of 75% Isosorbide-5-Nitrae butanediol.Pore-creating agent makes
With polybutadiene and aerosil.
Specific preparation process is as follows：
（1）Each raw material in component A is mixed and B component is separately added into foaming machine, the flow of component A and B component is set：
When flow is set, high pressure is played, rotometer is inserted actual high-low pressure flow in flow set, component A and B component stream
Amount is arranged to component A material：240 ± 10g/s B component material：120±10g/s.Component A and B component are controlled by flow set
Weight ratio；
（2）, adjust blow pressure, component A material pressure is arranged to 145 ± 15Pa, and B component material is arranged to 110 ± 15Pa, so passes through
Cooling-water machine controls A/B batch can temperature, A/B batch can temperature：26±2℃.It sets and starts to dismiss foam material after relevant parameter, during dnockout
Between 5 ~ 10min is placed for 10 ~ 20s, after dnockout up to PUR foamed cottons；
（3）, will be above-mentioned（2）The PUR foamed cottons of preparation are moved on in beating crusher, and the particle size range after smashing is 1mm ~ 10mm.
2nd, outer layer sack is prepared
Outer layer sack is made of TPO, that is, thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer, and ingredient is the EPDM of 65% weight and the PP groups of 35% weight
Into bag-shape being blow molded into, after blowing within thickness requirement 1mm.
3rd, combination forms acoustical cotton
PUR foamed cottons after smashing are filled into outer layer sack, and then sealing forms acoustical cotton.
By test, the effect of noise isolating sound-absorbing is close with embodiment 1, can apparent noise reduction.
The foregoing is merely the embodiment of the present invention, are not used for limiting the scope of the invention；The protection of the present invention
Scope is limited by the claim in claims, and every according to made equivalence changes and modification is invented, all in this hair
Within the protection domain of bright patent.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton, it is characterised in that：Including the outer layer sack made of elastomer（1）, outer layer
Sack（1）It is interior to be filled with broken foam and sealed.
2. automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The outer layer sack（1）Pass through
Spiral shell button（2）Tighten sealing.
3. automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The outer layer sack（1）By heat
Plasticity polyolefin elastomer is made.
4. automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton according to claim 3, it is characterised in that：The outer layer sack（1）By 55%
The EPDM of ~ the 70% weight and PP of 30% ~ 45% weight is formed.
5. automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton according to claim 3, it is characterised in that：The outer layer sack（1）Thickness
Degree is less than or equal to 1mm.
6. automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The broken foam is sent out for polyurethane
Steep class material.
7. automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton according to claim 6, it is characterised in that：The broken foam is by two kinds of A, B
Component forms, and the weight ratio of two kinds of components is 100:45~50；
The component A is polyester polyol, and weight item is：
85 ~ 90 parts of polyester；
1 ~ 1.5 part of water；
0.5 ~ 0.6 part of compound stabilizer；
Rise 0.4 ~ 0.6 part of catalyst；
0.3 ~ 0.7 part of gel catalyst；
1 ~ 2 part of levelling agent；
0.2 ~ 0.6 part of crosslinking agent；
0.6 ~ 0.9 part of composite catalyst；
2.2 ~ 3.5 parts of pore-creating agent；
The B component is isocyanates.
8. automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The grain size of the broken foam is
1mm~10mm。
9. the preparation method of claim 1-8 any one of them automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cottons, which is characterized in that including with
Lower step：
（1）The flow of component A and B component is set in foaming machine,
The component A is polyester polyol, and the B component is isocyanates, and the weight ratio of two kinds of components of A, B is
100:45~50；
（2）Start to dismiss foam material after setting relevant parameter, the dnockout time is 10 ~ 20s, and 5 ~ 10min is placed after dnockout up to PUR
Foamed cotton；
（3）It will be above-mentioned（2）The PUR foamed cottons of preparation are moved on in beating crusher, and the particle size range after smashing is 1mm ~ 10mm；
（4）Elastomer is formed into outer layer sack by the method for blowing（1）, by step（3）PUR foamed cottons after smashing fill to
Outer layer sack（1）In, then seal.
10. the preparation method of automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton according to claim 9, it is characterised in that：Step（2）
In, the relevant parameter of setting is specific as follows：Blow pressure is adjusted, component A material pressure is arranged to 145 ± 15Pa, and B component material is set
For 110 ± 15Pa, A/B batch can temperature, A/B batch can temperature are controlled：26±2℃.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810000521.5A CN108058655A (en) | 2018-01-02 | 2018-01-02 | A kind of automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton and preparation method thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810000521.5A CN108058655A (en) | 2018-01-02 | 2018-01-02 | A kind of automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton and preparation method thereof |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108058655A true CN108058655A (en) | 2018-05-22 |
Family
ID=62140758
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810000521.5A Pending CN108058655A (en) | 2018-01-02 | 2018-01-02 | A kind of automobile using gusset cavity acoustical cotton and preparation method thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN108058655A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113290878A (en) * | 2021-04-20 | 2021-08-24 | 温州市环球汽车衬垫有限公司 | Polyester foaming process based on preparation of sound-absorbing cotton for side wall cavity of automobile |
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| CN107428899A (en) * | 2015-03-20 | 2017-12-01 | 井上株式会社 | Polyurethane foam |
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2018
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101654507A (en) * | 2009-09-30 | 2010-02-24 | 大庆油田有限责任公司 | Low temperature high strength fluorine-free polyurethane foam heat insulation material |
| CN102822255A (en) * | 2010-02-01 | 2012-12-12 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | Derivatives of diphosphines as flame retardants for polyurethanes |
| CN104321360A (en) * | 2012-02-02 | 2015-01-28 | 拜尔材料科学有限公司 | Polyurethane foams with decreased aldehyde emissions, a process for preparing these foams and a method for decreasing aldehyde emissions in polyurethane foams |
| CN103724982A (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2014-04-16 | 上海华峰新材料研发科技有限公司 | Preparation method of environment-friendly PU (polyurethane) ceiling with flame retardant and sound absorption functions |
| CN103756129A (en) * | 2013-12-21 | 2014-04-30 | 辽宁瑞德橡塑科技有限公司 | EPDM/polypropylene thermoplastic elastomer and preparation process thereof |
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| CN107428899A (en) * | 2015-03-20 | 2017-12-01 | 井上株式会社 | Polyurethane foam |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113290878A (en) * | 2021-04-20 | 2021-08-24 | 温州市环球汽车衬垫有限公司 | Polyester foaming process based on preparation of sound-absorbing cotton for side wall cavity of automobile |
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