CN108043230A - A kind of ultrafiltration apparatus - Google Patents
A kind of ultrafiltration apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108043230A CN108043230A CN201711266582.8A CN201711266582A CN108043230A CN 108043230 A CN108043230 A CN 108043230A CN 201711266582 A CN201711266582 A CN 201711266582A CN 108043230 A CN108043230 A CN 108043230A
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- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- shell
- supporting plate
- lower supporting
- raw water
- ultrafiltration apparatus
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
- B01D61/147—Microfiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
- B01D61/18—Apparatus therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/444—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by ultrafiltration or microfiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2321/00—Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
- B01D2321/20—By influencing the flow
- B01D2321/2066—Pulsated flow
- B01D2321/2075—Ultrasonic treatment
Abstract
The present invention relates to field of water treatment equipment, more particularly to a kind of ultrafiltration apparatus.Including shell, filter device and apparatus for eliminating sludge;The filter device is set inside the shell, and the apparatus for eliminating sludge is arranged on outside shell;Upper backup pad is provided at the top of the inner surface of outer cover, lower supporting plate is additionally provided on bottom;Passage is provided on the lower supporting plate;The lower supporting plate passage is equipped with refrigeration piping;The filter device is arranged between upper backup pad and lower supporting plate, if including successively by the RO films that axle center is outwards set and dried layer hollow-fibre membrane;Beneficial effects of the present invention are:The refrigeration piping set by disk on lower supporting plate passage makes the waters of lower supporting plate passage proximate freeze, and enclosure is separated into two regions by freezing, without being shut down with regard to that can complete blowdown;By using RO films, the toxic organic compound of small molecule in raw water and heavy metal ion can be carried out second and filtered.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to field of water treatment equipment, more particularly to a kind of ultrafiltration apparatus.
Background technology
At present, well known hollow fiber conduit ultrafiltration apparatus is raw water entrance under elevated pressure conditions, directly logical by inside and outside differential pressure
Fixed hollow fiber conduit is crossed through clean water, is then discharged from water outlet.Using this equipment, be also easy to produce the loss of flood peak,
Concentration polarization, gel resistance, solute block fenestra, reduce flux, the toxic organic compound and a huge sum of money that can not remove some small molecules
The problems such as belonging to ion.It is therefore desirable to frequent water impact cleaning and backwash and necessary chemistry are carried out to equipment clearly
It washes, frequently cleaning can reduce work efficiency, increase operating cost.
The content of the invention
The technical problems to be solved by the invention are:It provides and a kind of is being not required to out of service to remove contamination and can remove
The toxic organic compound of some small molecules and the ultrafiltration apparatus of heavy metal ion.
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:A kind of ultrafiltration apparatus is provided, including outer
Shell, filter device and apparatus for eliminating sludge;The filter device is set inside the shell, and the apparatus for eliminating sludge is arranged on outside shell;
The shell is both provided with the column of opening for a both ends and both sides, and the opening at the top is raw water mouth,
Raw water tubes are connected with, raw water tubes extend into the inside of shell;The opening of bottom is discharge outlet, is connected with drainpipe, and drainpipe connects
It connects on the shell;For the opening of two sides in setting one on the other, side top is fresh water mouth, is connected with fresh water pipe, fresh water
On pipe connected with outer casing;Side lower part is concentrated water spout, is connected with concentrated water pipe, and the concentrated water pipe is extend at the axle center in shell;
Solenoid valve is both provided on the raw water tubes, drainpipe, fresh water pipe and concentrated water pipe, an envelope is formed between shell
The space closed;
Upper backup pad is provided at the top of the inner surface of outer cover, lower supporting plate is additionally provided on bottom;The lower support
Passage is provided on plate, and there are gaps with inner surface bottom;
The lower supporting plate passage is equipped with refrigeration piping;
The filter device is arranged between upper backup pad and lower supporting plate, including the RO films outwards set by axle center successively
If with dried layer hollow-fibre membrane;
The descaling equipment is ultrasound wave descaling instrument.
Further, in above-mentioned ultrafiltration apparatus, force (forcing) pump is additionally provided on the raw water tubes.
Further, in above-mentioned ultrafiltration apparatus, several fixed frames, the fixed frame are provided in the ultrafiltration apparatus
It is arranged in parallel between frame and upper backup pad;The fixed frame is plate-like, offers multiple through holes, and the hollow-fibre membrane is from logical
It is passed through in hole, the through hole of part circulates for raw water.
Further, in above-mentioned ultrafiltration apparatus, UV detector is additionally provided in the filter device.
Further, in above-mentioned ultrafiltration apparatus, the upper backup pad and the inner surface of lower supporting plate and shell fit.
Further, in above-mentioned ultrafiltration apparatus, upper gasket, lower branch are additionally provided between the upper backup pad and cover top portion
Lower gasket is additionally provided between fagging and cover top portion;The outer ring of the upper gasket and the inner surface of shell fit, inner ring table
Face is engaged with raw water tubes;The outer ring of the lower gasket and the inner surface of shell fit, and inner ring aperture is more than lower supporting plate
The aperture of passage, and more than the diameter of discharge outlet.
Further, in above-mentioned ultrafiltration apparatus, solution concentration detection instrument is provided in the concentrated water pipe, and on concentrated water pipe
Solenoid valve is connected.
Further, in above-mentioned ultrafiltration apparatus, the refrigeration piping in the shape of a spiral disk be located at lower supporting plate passage it is interior
On surface.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are:By the gap between bottom to lower supporting plate, dirt can be carried out
It accommodates, facilitates the progress of scale removal;The refrigeration piping set by disk on lower supporting plate passage makes the waters of lower supporting plate passage proximate
Freeze, enclosure be separated into two regions by freezing, more than icing area be still normally carried out filtration, icing area with
Under can carry out blowdown work, without carrying out shutdown work, prolong the service life;It can be by the ultrasonic wave that is arranged on outside shell
Descaler can be conveniently operated use in the case where not occupying the inner space of ultrafiltration apparatus, reduce work difficulty;Pass through
Using RO films, the toxic organic compound of small molecule in raw water and heavy metal ion can be carried out second and filtered, ensure filtering effect
Fruit.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of structure sectional view of ultrafiltration apparatus of the specific embodiment of the invention;
Label declaration:1st, shell;11st, raw water mouth;12nd, raw water tubes;13rd, discharge outlet;14th, drainpipe;15th, fresh water mouth;16、
Fresh water pipe;17th, concentrated water spout;18th, concentrated water pipe;2nd, filter device;21st, RO films;22nd, hollow-fibre membrane;23rd, fixed frame;3rd, on
Support plate;4th, lower supporting plate;41st, passage;42nd, refrigeration piping;5th, upper gasket;6th, lower gasket.
Specific embodiment
For the technology contents that the present invention will be described in detail, the objects and the effects, below in conjunction with embodiment and coordinate attached
Figure is explained.
The design of most critical of the present invention is:The refrigeration piping set by disk on lower supporting plate passage, leads to lower supporting plate
Waters near road freezes, and enclosure is separated into two regions by freezing, without being shut down with regard to that can complete blowdown;It is logical
It crosses using RO films, the toxic organic compound of small molecule in raw water and heavy metal ion can be carried out second and filtered.
It refer to Fig. 1, a kind of ultrafiltration apparatus, including shell 1, filter device 2 and apparatus for eliminating sludge;The filter device 2 is set
It puts in shell 1, the apparatus for eliminating sludge is arranged on outside shell 1;
The shell 1 is both provided with the column of opening for a both ends and both sides, and the opening at the top is raw water mouth
11, raw water tubes 12 are connected with, raw water tubes 12 extend into the inside of shell 1;The opening of bottom is discharge outlet 13, is connected with drainpipe
14, drainpipe 14 is connected on shell 1;The opening of two sides is in setting one on the other, and side top is fresh water mouth 15, even
Fresh water pipe 16 is connected to, on 16 connected with outer casing 1 of fresh water pipe;Side lower part is concentrated water spout 17, is connected with concentrated water pipe 18, the concentrated water
Pipe 18 is extend at the axle center in shell 1;
Solenoid valve is both provided on the raw water tubes 12, drainpipe 14, fresh water pipe 16 and concentrated water pipe 18, between shell 1
Form the space of a closing;
Upper backup pad 3 is provided at the top of 1 inner surface of shell, lower supporting plate 4 is additionally provided on bottom;The lower branch
Passage 41 is provided on fagging 4, and there are gaps with inner surface bottom;
4 passage 41 of lower supporting plate is equipped with refrigeration piping 42;
The filter device 2 is arranged between upper backup pad 3 and lower supporting plate 4, including what is outwards set by axle center successively
If RO films 21 and dried layer hollow-fibre membrane 22;
The descaling equipment is ultrasound wave descaling instrument.
As can be seen from the above description, the course of work of purificating raw water of the invention is:When carrying out water filtration, pass through the row of closing
Solenoid valve on water pipe 14 and concentrated water pipe 18, opens the solenoid valve on raw water tubes 12 and fresh water pipe 16, and raw water enters filtering dress
It puts in 2, by the effect of hydraulic pressure, if raw water carries out first time filtering by dried layer hollow-fibre membrane 22, is filtered by first time
Raw water afterwards, carries out secondary filter, the raw water by second of filtering is due to contaminant filter greatly by RO films 21
Through becoming fresh water, entered by fresh water mouth 15 in fresh water pipe 16.
As can be seen from the above description, the course of work of scale removal of the invention is:When needing to carry out scale removal, ultrafiltration apparatus raw water
The course of work of purification still works, and the ultrasound wave descaling instrument outside shell 1 is started to work at this time, outer to inside from shell 1
Dirt carry out scale removal, shaken the dirt fallen by ultrasonic wave, can be propped up downwards due to the effect of gravity also in the dirt of discrete state
Fagging 4, there are gap bottom deposit, is started to work by the refrigeration piping 42 for making lower supporting plate 4, made with 1 inner surface bottom of shell
Waters near lower supporting plate 4 freezes, and two regions will be separated into inside shell 1 by freezing, more than icing area still normal
It is filtered work, below icing area, by opening the solenoid valve of osculum, the dirt of discrete state is discharged by gravity,
Solenoid valve is closed after exclusion, simultaneously closes off ultrasound wave descaling instrument and refrigeration coil, passes through the heat exchange of raw water and icing area, energy
It is enough to be dissolved, so as to achieve the effect that need not to be stopped with regard to scale removal can be reached.
As can be seen from the above description, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:Between to lower supporting plate 4 between bottom
Gap can accommodate dirt, facilitate the progress of scale removal;The refrigeration piping 42 set by disk on 4 passage 41 of lower supporting plate, makes
Waters near 4 passage 41 of lower supporting plate freezes, and two regions will be separated into inside shell 1 by freezing, it is more than icing area according to
Filtration so is normally carried out, blowdown work can be carried out below icing area, without carrying out shutdown work, prolong the service life;
Can be by the ultrasound wave descaling instrument being arranged on outside shell 1, can be in the case where not occupying the inner space of ultrafiltration apparatus, side
Convenient to operate uses, and reduces work difficulty;It, can be by the toxic organic compound and heavy metal of small molecule in raw water by using RO films 21
Ion carries out second and filters, and ensures filter effect.
Further, it is additionally provided with force (forcing) pump on the raw water tubes 12.
As can be seen from the above description, by setting force (forcing) pump on raw water tubes 12, raw water can be pressurizeed, accelerates raw water
The rate of filtration of filtering.
Further, several fixed frames 23, the fixed frame 23 and upper support are provided in the ultrafiltration apparatus
It is arranged in parallel between plate 3;The fixed frame 23 is plate-like, offers multiple through holes, the hollow-fibre membrane 22 is from through hole
It passes through, the through hole of part circulates for raw water.
As can be seen from the above description, by setting fixed frame 23, RO films 21 and hollow-fibre membrane 22 can be fixed, avoided
Because the hydraulic pressure effect of raw water, causes the gap between RO films 21 and hollow-fibre membrane 22 excessive or too small, influences filterability
Energy;By through hole, it can ensure the mobility of raw water.
Further, it is additionally provided with UV detector in the filter device 2.
As can be seen from the above description, by setting UV detection devices, RO films 21 and hollow-fibre membrane 22 can be examined
It surveys, avoids RO films 21 and 22 breakage of hollow-fibre membrane that filter effect is caused to reduce, influence water quality.
Further, the upper backup pad 3 and lower supporting plate 4 and the inner surface of shell 1 fit.
As can be seen from the above description, fitted, can be promoted by upper backup pad 3 and lower supporting plate 4 and the inner surface of shell 1
While support effect, ensure leakproofness.
Further, upper gasket 5, lower supporting plate 4 and shell 1 are additionally provided between 1 top of the upper backup pad 3 and shell
Lower gasket 6 is additionally provided between top;The outer ring of the upper gasket 5 and the inner surface of shell 1 fit, inner peripheral surface and raw water
Pipe 12 is engaged;The outer ring of the lower gasket 6 and the inner surface of shell 1 fit, and inner ring aperture is more than the passage of lower supporting plate 4
41 aperture, and more than the diameter of discharge outlet 13.
As can be seen from the above description, by using upper gasket 5 and lower gasket 6, when can avoid the raw water from entering ultrafiltration apparatus,
The abrupt pressure change in shell 1 is caused to cause, makes the unbalance stress in ultrafiltration apparatus, ultrafiltration apparatus raw water is absorbed by washer
Impact;By the setting of lower gasket 6, the space of receiving for the dirt of free state can be provided, facilitate the progress of blowdown.
Further, solution concentration detection instrument is provided in the concentrated water pipe 18, be connected with the solenoid valve on concentrated water pipe 18.
It as can be seen from the above description, can be to the raw water in ultrafiltration apparatus due to concentration by using solution concentration detection instrument
The concentrated water that difference forms high concentration to congregate is detected, and when reaching emission request, the unlatching of solenoid valve is controlled, by concentrated water drainage
Go out equipment.
Further, disk is located on the inner surface of passage 41 of lower supporting plate 4 refrigeration piping 42 in the shape of a spiral.
As can be seen from the above description, by refrigeration piping 42, disk is set in the shape of a spiral, refrigerated area can be made more to concentrate, refrigeration
Effect is more preferable, promotes icing area quality, avoids icing area freezing effects difference that the icing area in blowdown is caused to rupture, loses blowdown
It loses.
Embodiment one
A kind of ultrafiltration apparatus, including shell, filter device and apparatus for eliminating sludge;The filter device is set inside the shell, institute
Apparatus for eliminating sludge is stated to be arranged on outside shell;
The shell is both provided with the column of opening for a both ends and both sides, and the opening at the top is raw water mouth,
Raw water tubes are connected with, raw water tubes extend into the inside of shell;The opening of bottom is discharge outlet, is connected with drainpipe, and drainpipe connects
It connects on the shell;For the opening of two sides in setting one on the other, side top is fresh water mouth, is connected with fresh water pipe, fresh water
On pipe connected with outer casing;Side lower part is concentrated water spout, is connected with concentrated water pipe, and the concentrated water pipe is extend at the axle center in shell;
Solenoid valve is both provided on the raw water tubes, drainpipe, fresh water pipe and concentrated water pipe, an envelope is formed between shell
The space closed;
Upper backup pad is provided at the top of the inner surface of outer cover, lower supporting plate is additionally provided on bottom;The lower support
Passage is provided on plate, and there are gaps with inner surface bottom;
The lower supporting plate passage is equipped with refrigeration piping;
The filter device is arranged between upper backup pad and lower supporting plate, including the RO films outwards set by axle center successively
If with dried layer hollow-fibre membrane;
The descaling equipment is ultrasound wave descaling instrument.
Force (forcing) pump is additionally provided on the raw water tubes.
Several fixed frames are provided in the ultrafiltration apparatus, it is parallel between the fixed frame and upper backup pad to set
It puts;The fixed frame is plate-like, offers multiple through holes, and the hollow-fibre membrane is passed through from through hole, and the through hole of part supplies
Raw water circulates.
UV detector is additionally provided in the filter device.The inner surface of the upper backup pad and lower supporting plate and shell
It fits.
Upper gasket is additionally provided between the upper backup pad and cover top portion, is also set up between lower supporting plate and cover top portion
There is lower gasket;The outer ring of the upper gasket and the inner surface of shell fit, and inner peripheral surface is engaged with raw water tubes;The underlay
The outer ring of circle and the inner surface of shell fit, and inner ring aperture is more than the aperture of the passage of lower supporting plate, and more than discharge outlet
Diameter.
Solution concentration detection instrument is provided in the concentrated water pipe, is connected with the solenoid valve on concentrated water pipe.The refrigeration piping
Disk is located on the inner surface of the passage of lower supporting plate in the shape of a spiral.
In conclusion a kind of ultrafiltration apparatus provided by the invention, passes through the gap between bottom to lower supporting plate, energy
It is enough that dirt is accommodated, facilitate the progress of scale removal;The refrigeration piping set by disk on lower supporting plate passage, leads to lower supporting plate
Waters near road freezes, and enclosure is separated into two regions by freezing, more than icing area is still normally carried out filtering
It works, can carry out blowdown work below icing area, without carrying out shutdown work, prolong the service life;It can be by being arranged on
Ultrasound wave descaling instrument outside shell can be conveniently operated use in the case where not occupying the inner space of ultrafiltration apparatus, reduce
Work difficulty;By using RO films, can the toxic organic compound of small molecule in raw water and heavy metal ion be subjected to second of mistake
Filter ensures filter effect.
By setting force (forcing) pump on raw water tubes, raw water can be pressurizeed, accelerate the rate of filtration of raw water filtration.
By setting fixed frame, RO films and hollow-fibre membrane can be fixed, avoid, because the hydraulic pressure of raw water acts on, leading
It causes the gap between RO films and hollow-fibre membrane excessive or too small, influences strainability;By through hole, it can ensure raw water
Mobility.
By setting UV detection devices, RO films and hollow-fibre membrane can be detected, avoid RO films and hollow fibre
Dimension film breakage causes filter effect to reduce, and influences water quality.
It is fitted by the inner surface of upper backup pad and lower supporting plate and shell, while support effect can be promoted, protected
Demonstrate,prove leakproofness.
By using upper gasket and lower gasket, when can avoid the raw water from entering ultrafiltration apparatus, cause the pressure in shell
Cataclysm causes, and makes the unbalance stress in ultrafiltration apparatus, and the impact of ultrafiltration apparatus raw water is absorbed by washer;Pass through lower gasket
It sets, the space of receiving for the dirt of free state can be provided, facilitate the progress of blowdown.
By using solution concentration detection instrument, the raw water in ultrafiltration apparatus can be formed due to concentration difference to congregate
The concentrated water of high concentration is detected, and when reaching emission request, controls the unlatching of solenoid valve, by concentrated water device for transferring.
By refrigeration piping, disk is set in the shape of a spiral, refrigerated area can be made more to concentrate, and refrigeration effect is more preferable, is promoted and frozen
Area's quality avoids icing area freezing effects difference that the icing area in blowdown is caused to rupture, blowdown is made to fail.
The foregoing is merely the embodiment of the present invention, are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, every to utilize this hair
The equivalents that bright specification and accompanying drawing content are made directly or indirectly are used in relevant technical field, similarly include
In the scope of patent protection of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of ultrafiltration apparatus, which is characterized in that including shell, filter device and apparatus for eliminating sludge;The filter device is arranged on
In shell, the apparatus for eliminating sludge is arranged on outside shell;
The shell is both provided with the column of opening for a both ends and both sides, and the opening at the top is raw water mouth, is connected
There are raw water tubes, raw water tubes extend into the inside of shell;The opening of bottom is discharge outlet, is connected with drainpipe, drainpipe is connected to
On shell;The opening of two sides is in setting one on the other, and side top is fresh water mouth, is connected with fresh water pipe, and fresh water pipe connects
It connects on shell;Side lower part is concentrated water spout, is connected with concentrated water pipe, and the concentrated water pipe is extend at the axle center in shell;
Solenoid valve is both provided on the raw water tubes, drainpipe, fresh water pipe and concentrated water pipe, one closing of formation between shell
Space;
Upper backup pad is provided at the top of the inner surface of outer cover, lower supporting plate is additionally provided on bottom;On the lower supporting plate
Passage is provided with, and there are gaps with inner surface bottom;
The lower supporting plate passage is equipped with refrigeration piping;
The filter device is arranged between upper backup pad and lower supporting plate, if the RO films including outwards being set by axle center successively and
Dried layer hollow-fibre membrane;
The apparatus for eliminating sludge is ultrasound wave descaling instrument.
2. ultrafiltration apparatus according to claim 1, which is characterized in that be additionally provided with force (forcing) pump on the raw water tubes.
3. ultrafiltration apparatus according to claim 1, which is characterized in that several fixed frames are provided in the ultrafiltration apparatus
Frame is arranged in parallel between the fixed frame and upper backup pad;The fixed frame is plate-like, offers multiple through holes, described
Hollow-fibre membrane is passed through from through hole, and the through hole of part circulates for raw water.
4. ultrafiltration apparatus according to claim 1, which is characterized in that be additionally provided with ultraviolet detection in the filter device
Device.
5. ultrafiltration apparatus according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the upper backup pad and lower supporting plate and shell it is interior
Surface fits.
6. ultrafiltration apparatus according to claim 1, which is characterized in that also set up between the upper backup pad and cover top portion
There is upper gasket, lower gasket is additionally provided between lower supporting plate and cover top portion;The outer ring of the upper gasket and the inner surface of shell
It fits, inner peripheral surface is engaged with raw water tubes;The outer ring of the lower gasket and the inner surface of shell fit, and inner ring aperture is big
In the aperture of the passage of lower supporting plate, and more than the diameter of discharge outlet.
7. ultrafiltration apparatus according to claim 1, which is characterized in that be provided with solution concentration detection in the concentrated water pipe
Instrument is connected with the solenoid valve on concentrated water pipe.
8. ultrafiltration apparatus according to claim 1, which is characterized in that disk is located at lower support to the refrigeration piping in the shape of a spiral
On the inner surface of the passage of plate.
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Cited By (1)
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CN109260952A (en) * | 2018-10-14 | 2019-01-25 | 苏州五颗星特种超滤膜科技有限公司 | Hollow fiber conduit ultrafiltration apparatus |
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