CN108021764B - Method for calculating starting flow depth of glacier debris flow - Google Patents
Method for calculating starting flow depth of glacier debris flow Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for calculating the starting flow depth of a glacier debris flow, which is characterized by determining the channel gradient alpha, the channel longitudinal gradient J, the self-weight stress W of a saturated tillite and the saturated volume weight gamma of the tillite through field investigation and field measurement of the characteristics of a glacier debris flow gully, measurement of the source property of the glacier debris flow, measurement of the air temperature and rainfall intensity in the gully and other means of the glacier debris flow gullysatThe stacking thickness h of the tillite, the pore ratio e of the tillite, and the internal friction angle of the tillite
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of natural disaster prevention application, in particular to the field of technology or method for preventing glacier debris flow disasters, and specifically relates to a method for calculating starting flow depth of glacier debris flow.
Background
Glacier debris flow is a disaster landform phenomenon closely related to glacier movement. The glacier debris flow mainly comprises a glacier debris flow induced by instability of the moraine substance and a glacier debris flow induced by collapse of the moraine lake. Classification and statistics of types of debris flows in Tibetan Linzhi areas by Guisheng et al show that glacier rainfall type debris flows account for 36.4% of all debris flow types.
The formation of glacier debris flow is influenced by many factors such as changes in air temperature, in addition to rainfall conditions. Ferassaman considers the formation of glacier debris flow as a complex process. Whereas voronoi ruff considers the initiation of glacier debris flow as erosion-slip. There are also artificial gullies in the glacier slurry to induce glacier slurry flow. The Wanyanglong considers that the great snowfall and precipitation at one time destroy the stability of the accumulated snow on the hillside, and induce the ice collapse and the avalanche, thereby inducing the glacier debris flow.
With the global temperature rise, the glacier melting speed of the glacier debris flow channel tends to increase year by year, and the outbreak probability of the glacier debris flow is increased, wherein the glacier debris flow comprises a 7.15-meter heap channel glacier debris flow in 1988, a 9.4-day Momo channel glacier debris flow in 2007 and the like. The investigation difficulty of the glacier debris flow is large, the early warning accuracy is low, the control of the glacier debris flow is relatively difficult, and the method is one of the difficult problems of debris flow research. The glacier distribution position of the glacier debris flow channel is high, the terrain gradient is large, the work difficulty of field glacier investigation and measurement is large, the work risk is high, the workload is heavy, the rapid identification and prevention cannot be met, the glacier coverage area of the obtained glacier debris flow is smaller than the actual value, and the requirements of early warning and prevention engineering design of the glacier debris flow cannot be met.
The following provides two prior arts related to the description of the present application, and the main contents are summarized as follows:
prior art 1: the Chinese patent application with application number 201610752736.3 and publication number CN106355275A discloses a debris flow disaster risk grading evaluation method in a glacier distribution area, which comprises the following steps: 1) determining indexes for describing conventional factors influencing debris flow development and grading; 2) calculating the weighted sum of the conventional influence factors of the debris flow to obtain the debris flow risk value without glacier influence, and grading and partitioning; 3) analyzing the influence of glacier distribution and activity on debris flow development, determining indexes for describing glacier influence, and grading; 4) determining the relative importance value of the glacier factor relative to the conventional factor; 5) and calculating the weighted sum of the conventional factors and the glacier influence factor multiplied by the sum of the relative importance of the glacier influence factor, and grading to finish the debris flow risk evaluation in the glacier distribution area. The method provided by the invention is to superpose the glacier influence factor on the basis of the traditional general region debris flow risk evaluation method, and is suitable for debris flow risk classification in a glacier distribution region.
Prior art 2: the invention discloses a Chinese patent application with application number 201610058598.9 and publication number CN105513285A, belongs to the field of debris flow prevention and control engineering and hydraulic engineering, and relates to an ice lake burst early warning method. According to the ice lake burst early warning method provided by the invention, the internal mechanism research is carried out on the ice lake burst occurrence degree by researching the temperature factor and the terrain factor, and an ice lake burst early warning and forecasting model is established; and comprehensively considering the temperature factor and the terrain influence factor of the ice lake burst, and forecasting the ice lake burst in a quantitative mode.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for calculating the starting flow depth of a glacier debris flow, which is used for predicting the occurrence probability of the glacier debris flow in advance so as to control the water inrush condition caused by avalanche or strong molten water occurrence of glaciers in advance, predicting time and avoiding uncontrollable loss caused by sudden glacier debris flow. According to the method, conditions influencing the occurrence of the glacier debris flow are obtained through measurement in the prior art, stress analysis is carried out according to the gradient of a channel of the glacier debris flow, and the critical flow depth of the glacier debris flow is obtained through calculation, so that people can directly and visually obtain the relation between the flow depth and the glacier debris flow, and the probability and time of occurrence of the glacier debris flow are obtained through measuring the flow depth. Therefore, the problem that the glacier debris flow is unpredictable suddenly is solved, the runoff depth and the time for reaching the critical value can be predicted by analyzing the climate condition, and the occurrence probability of the glacier debris flow can be judged very accurately.
In order to solve the existing technical problems and achieve the expected technical effects, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a glacier debris flow starting flow depth calculation method includes the following calculation steps:
step S100, obtaining effective positive stress δ' on unit tillite accumulation: measuring channel gradient alpha of glacier debris flow channel body and saturated unit weight gamma of morainesatDetermining an effective normal stress delta 'per unit of a tillite stack, the effective normal stress delta' per unit of the tillite stack being related to the deadweight stress W at saturation of the unit of tilliteThe method comprises the following steps:
δ′＝W cosα；
step S200, obtaining the dead weight stress W when the unit moraine substance is saturated in the step S100: the saturated volume weight gamma of the tillite accumulation body is obtained by measuring and obtaining the tillite accumulation body through natural sampling of the tillitesatSetting h as the thickness of the stacked moraine material, and obtaining the calculation formula of the self-weight stress W when the unit moraine material is saturated as follows:
w＝γsath；
step S300, obtaining the unit shear stress tau of the tillite: obtaining the internal friction angle of the tillite by sampling the tillite
And obtaining the unit shear stress tau of the tillite according to the following calculation formula:
step S400, obtaining runoff shearing force F when surface runoff with deep flow is formed under the rainfall and snow melting action: wherein the calculation formula of F is as follows: f ═ gammawRJ, wherein γwThe water volume weight, R is the hydraulic radius, the value is the surface runoff depth H, the unit is m, J is the runoff energy slope, the value is the tangent value of the channel slope, and the tangent value is a constant;
step S500, obtaining from newton' S first law that when F ═ τ, the glacier debris flow is in a critical state, and obtaining from steps S100-S400 that when F > τ, the glacier debris flow will occur, that is:
wherein, γwThe calculation formula is gamma w ═ rho × g for the water flow volume weight, wherein rho is density, g is the local gravity acceleration value, and the unit is kN/m3The unit of the hydraulic radius R is m, the value of the hydraulic radius R is approximately equal to the surface runoff depth H, the unit of c' is KN/m, and the unit of alpha is degrees.
In order to more conveniently obtain the accumulation characteristics of the glacier debris flow channel to be detected so as to obtain the internal friction angle of the moraine material
Internal angle of friction of said tillite
The calculation method comprises the steps of naturally sampling the tillite, obtaining the friction factor mu by utilizing a tillite mechanics experiment, and according to a formula:
and calculating to obtain the result, wherein,
the internal friction angle of the tillite.
In order to better measure and calculate the saturated volume weight gamma of the tillite accumulation bodysatSaturated bulk weight gamma of said tillite stacksatThe calculation method of (2) is as follows:
γsat＝(w0+vvγw)/v
wherein, w0Denotes the dry weight of the test material, vvRepresenting the porosity, gamma, of the experimental materialwRepresenting the density of the water, V represents the volume of the tilde stack.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
(1) according to the invention, the glacial moraine substance stress is analyzed, and a calculation model of the starting flow depth threshold value of the glacial moraine flow based on the surface runoff depth is constructed. In the aspect of the physical properties of the glacier mudstone moraine material, quantitatively constructing a force mathematical model of the moraine material by using the volume weight of the moraine material; meanwhile, the static balance of the glacial moraine mudstone and the moraine material under the condition of the flow depth is analyzed according to hydromechanics, and a critical flow depth calculation model when the glacial moraine mudstone flow is started is established, so that the occurrence probability of the glacial moraine mudstone flow can be determined according to different environmental factors.
(2) According to the method, factors inducing the glacier debris flow are collected, a critical flow depth model of the glacier debris flow is constructed, and the glacier debris flow channels with different slopes, the moraine substance with different accumulation thicknesses and the probability of the glacier debris flow under different geographic conditions can be predicted; furthermore, the time reaching the critical thickness can be predicted by combining with local meteorological information, so that the time of the occurrence of the glacier debris flow is realized, the preparation and the forecast are conveniently made in advance, and the immeasurable personal and property loss caused by sudden disasters is avoided.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
Example 1:
in order to verify the correctness and the practicability of the glacier debris flow starting flow depth model, the Tibet Tianmagic ditch glacier debris flow is selected as a research object, the Tianmo ditch is positioned in the ancient rural village of Bomi county, and the drainage basin area of the Tianmo ditch glacier debris flow ditch is 17.74km2The main channel length is 4.76km, the relative altitude difference is 3100m, wherein the elevation of the channel mouth is 2460m, the position of the seasonal snow line is 3900m, and the area of the glacier is about 9km2The overall shape of the gully is V-shaped; the average longitudinal gradient of the channels of the Tianmagic gully is about 244 per thousand, and the average slope of the hillside of the channels of the two banks is more than 35 degrees. When the understood thickness of different places is calculated, due to a plurality of influencing factors, the obtained results are different, and the specific calculation method and the specific calculation steps of the starting flow depth of the glacier debris flow are as follows:
according to step S100, obtainObtaining the effective positive stress delta' on the unit tillite accumulation body: measuring channel gradient alpha of glacier debris flow channel body and saturated unit weight gamma of morainesatDetermining an effective positive stress delta 'on a unit tillite stack, wherein the effective positive stress delta' on the unit tillite stack is related to the self weight stress W when the unit tillite is saturated as follows:
δ′＝W cosα；
by sampling in the field on site, measuring and acquiring a plurality of groups of values of the channel gradient alpha at different heights, calculating and acquiring an average value of alpha, and acquiring the relation between delta' and W, wherein alpha is 31.2 degrees.
Step S200, obtaining the dead weight stress W when the unit moraine substance is saturated in the step S100: the saturated volume weight gamma of the tillite accumulation body is obtained by measuring and obtaining the tillite accumulation body through natural sampling of the tillitesatSetting h as the thickness of the stacked moraine material, and obtaining the calculation formula of the self-weight stress W when the unit moraine material is saturated as follows:
w＝γsath；
obtaining the average saturated volume weight gamma of the Tianmagic ditch moraine substance through a field volume weight experimentsat(ii) a Thereby obtaining the relation between the critical tillite stacking thickness h and delta';
step S300, obtaining the unit shear stress tau of the tillite: obtaining the internal friction angle of the tillite by sampling the tillite
And obtaining the unit shear stress tau of the tillite according to the following calculation formula:
obtaining the large, medium and small particle sizes of the tillite through a field sampling indoor screening experiment, and calculating the average effective particle size according to the ratio of the particle sizes in a sampling sample; after passing the critical side slip test, the value of the effective cohesion force c 'of the tillite is obtained as c' ═ tan alpha.
Step S400, acquiring rainfall and snow melting effect shapeRunoff shear force F in surface runoff with deep runoff formation: wherein the calculation formula of F is as follows: f ═ gammawRJ, wherein γwThe water flow volume weight, R is the hydraulic radius, the value is the surface runoff depth h, the unit is m, J is the runoff energy slope, the value is the tangent value of the channel slope, and the tangent value is a constant;
step S500, obtaining from newton' S first law that when F ═ τ, the glacier debris flow is in a critical state, and obtaining from steps S100-S400 that when F > τ, the glacier debris flow will occur, that is:
wherein, γwThe calculation formula is gamma w ═ rho × g for the water flow volume weight, wherein rho is density, g is the local gravity acceleration value, and the unit is kN/m3The unit of the hydraulic radius R is m, the value of the hydraulic radius R is approximately equal to the surface runoff depth, the unit of c' is KN/m, and the unit of alpha is degrees.
It should be noted that R is the hydraulic radius, that is, when the width of the fluid is significantly larger than the flow depth H, the value of R is the flow depth H, which is described in detail in the technical manual.
Through the prior art and related soil mechanics tests/experiments, it is obvious to those skilled in the art that the water flow volume weight gamma thereinwHydraulic radius R, effective cohesion c', runoff energyBroken J, tangent value approximately equal to channel slope, internal friction angle
Can be obtained by the prior art as a known quantity that can be used for calculation, and is substituted into the above formula for calculation when the hydraulic radius R is greater than a critical value
Time is the critical value of theoretical glacier debris flow. Therefore, the stacking thickness of the moraine substance can be directly measured in a timing or non-timing mode so as to judge the probability of the occurrence of the glacier debris flow in the current glacier; and the rainfall or the water burst depth can be further judged by combining the future weather conditions, so that the time that the actual glacier debris flow starting depth reaches the theoretical depth critical value is predicted, the time that the debris flow occurs during the deposition of the tillite is predicted, and the purposes of advanced prevention and scientific prejudgment are achieved.
Indeed, although the present embodiment has been illustrated and described, if the obtaining of conditions for generating the glacial moraine substance accumulation or inducing the occurrence of the glacial moraine debris flow is obtained by a known technique, and the theoretical flow depth when the glacial moraine debris flow occurs is calculated by a specific mathematical calculation formula; however, different glacier debris flow ditches have different factors, so that the technical scheme cannot exhaust all practical data; therefore, for those skilled in the art, the application and derivation of the above formula are sufficient to solve the problem of the existing prediction and achieve the expected prediction effect, so the information collection data of different glaciers is not illustrated in this embodiment.
Example 2:
in order to more conveniently obtain the channel gradient of the glacier debris flow channel to be detected so as to obtain the internal friction angle of the moraine material
In this embodiment, on the basis of embodiment 1, the internal friction angle of the tillite is
The calculation method comprises the steps of naturally sampling the tillite, obtaining the friction factor mu by utilizing a tillite mechanics experiment, and according to a formula:
and calculating to obtain the result, wherein,
is the internal friction angle of the interior of the tillite.
In order to better measure and calculate the saturated volume weight gamma of the tillite accumulation bodysatIn this example, the saturated volume weight γ of the tillite bulksatThe calculation method of (2) is as follows:
γsat＝(w0+vvγw)/v
wherein, w0Denotes the dry weight of the test material, vvRepresenting the porosity, gamma, of the experimental materialwRepresenting the density of the water, V represents the volume of the tilde stack.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, and all simple modifications and equivalent variations of the above embodiments according to the technical spirit of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A glacier debris flow starting flow depth calculation method is characterized in that critical flow depth of a glacier debris flow is calculated and obtained by obtaining measurable induction factors inducing the production of the glacier debris flow, and the method comprises the following steps: the method specifically comprises the following calculation steps:
step S100, obtaining effective positive stress δ' on unit tillite accumulation: measuring channel gradient alpha of glacier debris flow channel body and saturated unit weight gamma of morainesatDetermining an effective positive stress delta 'on a unit tillite stack, wherein the effective positive stress delta' on the unit tillite stack is related to the self weight stress W when the unit tillite is saturated as follows:
δ′＝W cosα；
step S200, obtaining the dead weight stress W when the unit moraine substance is saturated in the step S100: the saturated volume weight gamma of the tillite accumulation body is obtained by measuring and obtaining the tillite accumulation body through natural sampling of the tillitesatSetting h as the thickness of the stacked moraine material, and obtaining the calculation formula of the self-weight stress W when the unit moraine material is saturated as follows:
w＝γsath；
step S300, obtaining the unit shear stress tau of the tillite: obtaining the internal friction angle of the tillite by sampling the tillite
And obtaining the unit shear stress tau of the tillite according to the following calculation formula:
step S400, obtaining runoff shearing force F when surface runoff with deep flow is formed under the rainfall and snow melting action: wherein the calculation formula of F is as follows: f ═ gammawRJ, wherein γwThe water volume weight, R is the hydraulic radius, the value is the surface runoff depth H, the unit is m, J is the runoff energy slope, the value is the tangent value of the channel slope, and the tangent value is a constant;
step S500, obtaining from newton' S first law that when F ═ τ, the glacier debris flow is in a critical state, and obtaining from steps S100-S400 that when F > τ, the glacier debris flow will occur, that is:
wherein, γwIs the water volume weight, the calculation formula is gammawRho is density, g is local gravitational acceleration value, and unit is kN/m3The unit of the hydraulic radius R is m, the value of the hydraulic radius R is approximately equal to the surface runoff depth H, the unit of c' is KN/m, and the unit of alpha is degrees.
2. The method for calculating starting flow depth of glacier debris flow according to claim 1, characterized in that: internal friction angle of the tillite
The calculation method comprises the steps of naturally sampling the tillite, obtaining the friction factor mu by utilizing a tillite mechanics experiment, and according to a formula:
and calculating to obtain the result, wherein,
the inclination angle of the tillite during landslide is shown.
3. The method for calculating starting flow depth of glacier debris flow according to claim 1, characterized in that: saturated bulk density gamma of the tillite accumulationsatThe calculation method of (2) is as follows:
γsat＝(w0+vvγw)/v
wherein, w0Denotes the dry weight of the test material, vvRepresenting the porosity, gamma, of the experimental materialwRepresenting the density of the water, V represents the volume of the tilde stack.
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| CN110210173B (en) * | 2019-06-20 | 2021-09-10 | 中国地质科学院探矿工艺研究所 | Quick estimation method for physical and mechanical parameters of tillite |
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