CN108018414A - Simple stress relieving method and device - Google Patents
Simple stress relieving method and device Download PDFInfo
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- CN108018414A CN108018414A CN201711059244.7A CN201711059244A CN108018414A CN 108018414 A CN108018414 A CN 108018414A CN 201711059244 A CN201711059244 A CN 201711059244A CN 108018414 A CN108018414 A CN 108018414A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 Chemical compound C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005316 response function Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000638935 Senecio crassissimus Species 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010183 spectrum analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000954 Medium-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102200082816 rs34868397 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D10/00—Modifying the physical properties by methods other than heat treatment or deformation
Abstract
A simple stress eliminating method and its device, the simple stress eliminating method uses a vibration exciter which transmits vibration wave to a workpiece with vibration frequency between 1 Hz-100 Hz, a sensor which is used to sense the vibration amplitude and frequency and output a voltage signal, and a spectrum analyzer which is connected with the sensor as the tool. The spectrum analyzer obtains the frequency spectrum of the resonance wave by Fourier transform operation according to the amplitude and the vibration frequency included in the voltage signal, and separates out the resonance wave with the frequency domain between 250Hz and 1750Hz, so as to obtain the vibration frequency corresponding to the maximum amplitude of the resonance wave, and the vibration frequency is used as a rated vibration frequency of the vibration exciter, so that the vibration exciter continuously generates vibration at the rated vibration frequency, and further the residual stress of the workpiece is eliminated. Therefore, the invention improves the elimination ratio of the residual stress, automatically calculates the optimal rated vibration frequency and further improves the speed and the accuracy for determining the rated vibration frequency.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of process of eliminating stress, more particularly to a kind of easy stress that residual stress is eliminated with vibration
Removing method and its device.
Background technology
Via the workpiece of the different machining prgramings such as casting, roll-in, cold working, heat treatment, welding, equal generally existing has residual
Stress, only, this residual stress easily cause workpiece, defect and destruction, are to lift the problem that quality must quite be paid attention to.It is existing to disappear
Except the method for workpiece residual stress is numerous, outline is divided into two kinds of heat treatment and mechanical treatment.
And the method for utilizing mechanical system to eliminate residual stress, it is mainly butt-welding fitting to hammer (Peening) as representative
Welding bead is hammered, and welding bead surface is produced compression, to eliminate the tensile stress remained on welding bead.Only, the reality of the method
Border operating experience is more than the data of science, has control to be not easy, the shortcomings that accuracy can not be controlled.
Separately there is a kind of method that workpiece residual stress is eliminated with vibration, such as No. 281502 cases of TaiWan, China patent I, the
No. 201235486 I287042 cases, No. 314489 cases of I, No. 418636 cases of I, application number case, are occurred in workpiece
During vibration, drive difference row (dislocation) mobile, achieve the purpose that to eliminate residual stress.
Wherein, in vibration, the energy of part can be consumed in the bounce of workpiece, and the energy of another part is then used for workpiece
Internal fluctuation, and fluctuate and stress elimination is also most contributed.Only, residual stress is eliminated since the energy of fluctuation directly affects
Effect, and aforementioned prior art is mainly manually to find out the amplitude and frequency of the vibration wave of demand by oscillograph, therefore, in people
In the case of work interpretation has error, how to coordinate different workpiece, accurately obtain appropriate amplitude and frequency, and it is further
The effect of stress elimination is lifted, becomes the purpose overcome for inventor pole think of.
The content of the invention
The simplicity that residual stress eradicating efficacy in a manner of easy, can be lifted it is an object of the invention to provide one kind should
Power removing method and its device.
Then, the easy process of eliminating stress of Ben Mingfa, using a stress eliminating device as instrument, the stress eliminating device
Comprising to transmit a vibrator of vibration wave between the opposite workpiece of the vibration frequency of 1Hz~100Hz, being connected with the workpiece and
Sense amplitude and a sensor of vibration frequency, and a spectrum analyzer being electrically connected with the sensor, the simplicity stress
Removing method comprises the steps of：
Step a：The spectrum analyzer receives a voltage signal from the sensor, which includes sensing
Amplitude and vibration frequency；
Step b：Amplitude and vibration frequency of the spectrum analyzer in aforesaid voltage signal, are transported with Fourier transform
Calculate, obtain the frequency spectrum of resonance wave；
Step c：The spectrum analyzer isolates resonance wave of the frequency domain between 250Hz~1750Hz；
Step d：The spectrum analyzer obtains vibration frequency when peak swing occurs in the corresponding resonance wave；And
Step e：A nominal vibration frequency of the spectrum analyzer using the vibration frequency of step d as the vibrator, makes this
Vibrator continues to produce vibration with the nominal vibration frequency, and transmits vibration wave to the workpiece.
The easy process of eliminating stress of Ben Mingfa, the spectrum analyzer are also electrically connected with the vibrator, wherein, step e's
Spectrum analyzer also exports an automatically controlled signal, controls the vibrator to produce vibration with the nominal vibration frequency.
The easy process of eliminating stress of Ben Mingfa, the spectrum analyzer of step b is with Fourier transform computing, calculates frequency
After rate receptance function, further in step c, the spectrum analyzer is isolated frequency domain for aforementioned frequencies receptance function and be situated between
In the main vibration wave of 0~100Hz, and frequency domain is between the resonance wave of 250Hz-1750Hz, and the main vibration wave of detection, the amplitude of resonance wave
Crest value.
The easy process of eliminating stress of Ben Mingfa, also the step f before step b after step a：The spectrum analyzer is gone
Except the sensor is from resonance body.
The easy process of eliminating stress of Ben Mingfa, foregoing separated resonance wave, preferable frequency domain are between 450-
The resonance wave of 1050Hz.
A kind of simplicity stress eliminating device, includes a vibrator, a sensor, and a spectrum analyzer.
The vibrator is between the opposite workpiece transmission vibration wave of the vibration frequency of 1Hz~100Hz.
The sensor is connected with the workpiece, and for sensing amplitude and vibration frequency, and exporting includes amplitude and vibration frequency
One voltage signal of rate.
The spectrum analyzer is electrically connected with the sensor, and according to the voltage signal of reception, with Fourier transform computing, is obtained
The frequency spectrum of resonance wave is obtained, and isolates resonance wave of the frequency domain between 250Hz~1750Hz, and obtains the corresponding resonance wave and occurs
Vibration frequency during peak swing, and as a nominal vibration frequency of the vibrator, continue the vibrator specified with this
Vibration frequency produces vibration, and transmits vibration wave to the workpiece.
The easy stress eliminating device of Ben Mingfa, the spectrum analyzer are also electrically connected with the vibrator, and the spectrum analysis
Instrument also exports an automatically controlled signal, controls the vibrator to produce vibration with the nominal vibration frequency.
The easy stress eliminating device of Ben Mingfa, the vibrator, the sensor are set on the workpiece.
The easy stress eliminating device of Ben Mingfa, foregoing separated resonance wave, preferable frequency domain are between 450-
The resonance wave of 1050Hz.
The effect of of the invention, is：With the resonance wave of foregoing special wave band, the elimination ratio of residual stress is lifted, and is utilized
The special analysis of the spectrum analyzer and computing mode, calculate optimal nominal vibration frequency automatically, and further lifting determines
The speed and precision of the nominal vibration frequency.
Brief description of the drawings
The other features and effect of the present invention, will clearly be presented in the embodiment with reference to schema, wherein：
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram, illustrates an embodiment of easy process of eliminating stress and its device of the invention；
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram, illustrates to isolate main vibration wave and resonance wave in the embodiment with fourier computing；
Fig. 3 is a flow chart of the embodiment；
Fig. 4 is a time domain mode chart of the embodiment；And
Fig. 5 is a spectrogram of the embodiment；And
Fig. 6 is the embodiment and a comparison sheet of 4 control groups.
Embodiment
Refering to Fig. 1, one embodiment of present invention simplicity process of eliminating stress and its device 1, simplicity stress elimination dress
1 is put to include：One vibrator, 11, sensors 12, and a spectrum analyzer 13.
The vibrator 11 is between an opposite workpiece 2 transmission vibration wave of the vibration frequency of 1Hz~100Hz.
The sensor 12 is connected with the workpiece 2, and for sensing amplitude and vibration frequency, and exporting includes amplitude and vibration
One voltage signal V of frequency.The sensor 12 is an accelerometer in the present embodiment.
The spectrum analyzer 13 is electrically connected in the present embodiment with the vibrator 11, the sensor 12.
What deserves to be explained is in the present embodiment, the vibrator 11, the sensor 12 are set directly on the workpiece 2,
And contacted with the workpiece 2.And workpiece 2 is S45C medium carbon steel plates used by the present embodiment, the size of the workpiece 2 is 1000mm
× 300mm × 20mm, and surface after removing surface scale, carries out the measurement of residual stress with weak acid pickling.
Refering to Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, simplicity process of eliminating stress step in conjunction with the embodiments is directed to below, is described as follows：
Step 31：The spectrum analyzer 13 receives the voltage signal V from the sensor 12, obtains 2 internal wave of workpiece
Amplitude and vibration frequency when dynamic.
Step 32：The spectrum analyzer 13 remove the sensor 12 from resonance body.
Step 33：The spectrum analyzer 13 is turned according to amplitude and vibration frequency in the voltage signal V of reception with Fourier
(Fast Fourier Transform, FFT) computing is changed, changes voltage signal V as frequency domain signal, and calculate frequency response
Function, and obtain the frequency spectrum of resonance wave.
Step 34：The spectrum analyzer 13 is isolated frequency domain for the frequency spectrum that aforementioned frequencies receptance function is obtained and is less than
The main vibration wave of 100Hz, and frequency domain is between the resonance wave of 250-1750Hz, and the wave crest of the amplitude of the main vibration wave of detection, resonance wave
Value.What deserves to be explained is foregoing separated resonance wave, is preferably resonance wave of the frequency domain between 450-1050Hz.
It is analysis vibration frequency and amplitude, refering to figure what deserves to be explained is when the spectrum analyzer 13 carries out spectrum analysis
4, it is observed that time domain beamformer measured after 13 receiving voltage signal V of the spectrum analyzer, the conversion through step 34
Afterwards, the spectrogram such as Fig. 5 is obtained, by Fig. 5 it can be found that the peak value in the vibration frequency 100Hz of left side inputs for the vibrator 11
Main vibration wave vibration frequency, and the peak value of right side vibration frequency 800Hz or so for the resonance wave inside the workpiece 2 vibration frequently
Rate.
Step 35：The spectrum analyzer 13 obtains the corresponding resonance wave and goes out according to the crest value of the amplitude of aforementioned resonant ripple
Vibration frequency during existing peak swing.
Step 36：The spectrum analyzer 13 is to correspond to volume of the vibration frequency as the vibrator 11 of peak swing in step 35
Determine vibration frequency.
As shown in figure 5, the waveform of the resonance wave by frequency domain between 450-1050Hz, should be apparent that amplitude
Change, the vibration frequency (0~100Hz) of the vibrator 11 (main vibration wave) corresponding to its peak swing, as eliminates residual stress
When the nominal vibration frequency that is applied.
It can be found out by Fig. 4, Fig. 5, peak swing caused by resonance wave of the frequency domain between 450-1050Hz, its institute
Corresponding nominal vibration frequency is 47Hz, and peak swing caused by main vibration wave is resonance point, the vibration frequency corresponding to it
Rate is 50Hz.
Step 37：The spectrum analyzer 13 also exports an automatically controlled signal S, controls the vibrator 11 to continue specified to shake with this
Dynamic frequency produces vibration, vibration wave is persistently transferred to the workpiece 2, and effectively eliminates the 2 most residual stress of workpiece.
Whereby, it is test piece with the workpiece 2 of the same terms, and the vibrator 11 is respectively using the nominal vibration frequency of 47Hz
Experimental group, the vibration frequency using 50Hz are the 1st control group, the use of the vibration frequency of 39Hz are the 2nd control group, using 43Hz's
Vibration frequency is the 3rd control group, and using the vibration mode B of TaiWan, China patent the 201235486th as the 4th control group.
When transmitting vibration wave after twenty minutes to respective workpiece 2 respectively with the vibration frequency of 47Hz, 50Hz, 39Hz, 43Hz, i.e.,
Resonance wave of the frequency domain between 450Hz-1050Hz is may separate out, and carries out the measurement of residual stress.The present embodiment residual should
The measurement of power is measured using cos α methods-residual stress measurement technology (Cr target XRD).
Refering to Fig. 6, it should be apparent that the amplitude of the resonance wave of the 1st control group is 0.112V, residual stress eliminates ratio
Rate is 36.2%；The amplitude of the resonance wave of 2nd control group is 0.128V, and it is 38.5% that residual stress, which eliminates ratio,；3rd control group
The amplitude of resonance wave be 0.36V, it is 42.3% that residual stress, which eliminates ratio,；The amplitude of the resonance wave of 4th control group is 0.62V
(No. 201235468 case be not open), it is 39.3% that residual stress, which eliminates ratio,.
And the experimental group of the present invention, in nominal vibration frequency 47Hz, the Fuda of shaking of resonance wave is to 1.01mV, and remains and answer
It is optimal that power, which eliminates ratio to reach 46.1%,.Obviously, the amplitude of the resonance wave in frequency domain between 450Hz-1050Hz is bigger
Its stress elimination effect is better.
In addition, what deserves to be explained is, spectrum analyzer 13 of the invention can not also be electrically connected with the vibrator 11, and be saved
Slightly step 37, and after nominal vibration frequency is obtained, manually adjust the vibrator 11 and vibration is produced with the nominal vibration frequency.Borrow
This, can equally make vibration wave persistently be transferred to the workpiece 2, and effectively eliminate the 2 most residual stress of workpiece.Due to this
Field technology personnel can deduce expansion details from the description above, therefore not add to illustrate.
The advantages of previous embodiment, can be summarized as follows by the explanation more than：
1st, compared to heat treatment, the waste of the energy can be greatly decreased in the present invention, and is not limited be subject to construction site, and
Program can be simplified, reduce cost.
2nd, since the vibration frequency that the vibrator 1 uses is between 1Hz~100Hz, low frequency is belonged to, and separated resonance wave institute
Corresponding nominal vibration frequency can be less than the vibration frequency of resonance point, so, compared to caused by the vibration frequency of resonance point
Vibration it is smaller, can be greatly reduced workpiece 2 is damaged and fatigue.
3 and the present invention can be handled by signal and fast Fourier analysis, maximum that is accurate and finding out resonance wave in time be shaken
Width, in the case of artificial interpretation is not required, further lifting determines the speed and precision of the nominal vibration frequency, and uses
It is quite simple, and can be lifted and use upper convenience and practicality.
As described above, is only the embodiment of the present invention, when cannot limit the scope implemented of the present invention with this, i.e., all
The simple equivalent changes and modifications made according to claims of the present invention and description, all still belongs to the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. it is a kind of simplicity process of eliminating stress, using a stress eliminating device as instrument, the stress eliminating device include between
With respect to one workpiece of the vibration frequency of 1Hz~100Hz transmits a vibrator of vibration wave, be connected with the workpiece and sense amplitude and
One sensor of vibration frequency, and a spectrum analyzer being electrically connected with the sensor, it is characterised in that the simplicity stress
Removing method comprises the steps of：
Step a：The spectrum analyzer receives a voltage signal from the sensor, which includes the amplitude of sensing
With vibration frequency；
Step b：Amplitude and vibration frequency of the spectrum analyzer in aforesaid voltage signal, with Fourier transform computing, are obtained
Obtain the frequency spectrum of resonance wave；
Step c：The spectrum analyzer isolates resonance wave of the frequency domain between 250Hz-1750Hz；
Step d：The spectrum analyzer obtains vibration frequency when peak swing occurs in the corresponding resonance wave；And
Step e：A nominal vibration frequency of the spectrum analyzer using the vibration frequency of step d as the vibrator, makes the exciting
Device continues to produce vibration with the nominal vibration frequency, and transmits vibration wave to the workpiece.
2. simplicity process of eliminating stress according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The spectrum analyzer also with the vibrator
It is electrically connected, wherein, the spectrum analyzer of step e also exports an automatically controlled signal, controls the vibrator with the nominal vibration frequency
Produce vibration.
3. simplicity process of eliminating stress according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：The spectrum analyzer of step b is with Fu
Vertical leaf translation operation, after calculating frequency response function, further in step c, makes the spectrum analyzer be directed to aforementioned frequencies
Receptance function isolates main vibration wave of the frequency domain between 0~100Hz, and frequency domain between the resonance wave of 250Hz-1750Hz, and
The main vibration wave of detection, resonance wave amplitude crest value.
4. simplicity process of eliminating stress according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The simplicity process of eliminating stress also includes
Step f after step a before step b：The spectrum analyzer remove the sensor from resonance body.
5. simplicity process of eliminating stress according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The frequency domain of foregoing separated resonance wave
Between 450-1050Hz.
A kind of 6. simplicity stress eliminating device, it is characterised in that：Comprising：
One vibrator, to transmit vibration wave between the opposite workpiece of the vibration frequency of 1Hz~100Hz；
One sensor, is connected with the workpiece, and for sensing amplitude and vibration frequency, and exporting includes amplitude and vibration frequency
A voltage signal；And
One spectrum analyzer, is electrically connected with the sensor, and according to the voltage signal of reception, with Fourier transform computing, obtains
The frequency spectrum of resonance wave is obtained, and isolates resonance wave of the frequency domain between 250Hz-1750Hz, and obtains the corresponding resonance wave and occurs
Vibration frequency during peak swing, and as a nominal vibration frequency of the vibrator, continue the vibrator specified with this
Vibration frequency produces vibration, and transmits vibration wave to the workpiece.
7. simplicity stress eliminating device according to claim 6, it is characterised in that：The spectrum analyzer also with the vibrator
It is electrically connected, and the spectrum analyzer also exports an automatically controlled signal, controls the vibrator to produce vibration with the nominal vibration frequency.
8. simplicity stress eliminating device according to claim 6, it is characterised in that：The vibrator, the sensor are arranged on
On the workpiece.
9. simplicity stress eliminating device according to claim 6, it is characterised in that：The frequency domain of foregoing separated resonance wave
Between 450-1050Hz.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| TW105135909 | 2016-11-04 | ||
| TW105135909A TWI660050B (en) | 2016-11-04 | 2016-11-04 | Simple stress relief method and device |
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| CN108018414A true CN108018414A (en) | 2018-05-11 |
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| CN201711059244.7A Pending CN108018414A (en) | 2016-11-04 | 2017-11-01 | Simple stress relieving method and device |
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| TW (1) | TWI660050B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11327054B2 (en) * | 2018-09-10 | 2022-05-10 | Shanghai Maritime University | System for determining excitation frequency of vibratory stress relief and method therefor |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112831650A (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-05-25 | 南京晨光集团有限责任公司 | High-energy sound beam regulating and controlling device for residual stress of annular workpiece |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101967553A (en) * | 2010-10-12 | 2011-02-09 | 北京翔博科技有限责任公司 | Three-dimensional vibration stress relief multitask acquisition and control system and method thereof |
| CN201886082U (en) * | 2010-12-09 | 2011-06-29 | 蒋雪峰 | Power harmonic monitoring system based on novel Fourier transformation |
| TW201235486A (en) * | 2011-02-18 | 2012-09-01 | Univ Nat Chunghsing | Method for residual stress relief by using waveform characteristics |
| CN105424258A (en) * | 2015-11-06 | 2016-03-23 | 上海交通大学 | Method and system for on-line detection of pretightening force of fastening device |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TWI287042B (en) * | 2005-03-04 | 2007-09-21 | Univ Nat Chunghsing | Method of eliminating residual stress in work piece |
| TW200841976A (en) * | 2007-04-19 | 2008-11-01 | Univ Nat Chunghsing | Method for relieving stress by vibration |
| TWI418636B (en) * | 2008-12-05 | 2013-12-11 | Univ Nat Chunghsing | Resonance Elimination Residual Stress System and Its Method |
-
2016
- 2016-11-04 TW TW105135909A patent/TWI660050B/en active
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2017
- 2017-11-01 CN CN201711059244.7A patent/CN108018414A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101967553A (en) * | 2010-10-12 | 2011-02-09 | 北京翔博科技有限责任公司 | Three-dimensional vibration stress relief multitask acquisition and control system and method thereof |
| CN201886082U (en) * | 2010-12-09 | 2011-06-29 | 蒋雪峰 | Power harmonic monitoring system based on novel Fourier transformation |
| TW201235486A (en) * | 2011-02-18 | 2012-09-01 | Univ Nat Chunghsing | Method for residual stress relief by using waveform characteristics |
| CN105424258A (en) * | 2015-11-06 | 2016-03-23 | 上海交通大学 | Method and system for on-line detection of pretightening force of fastening device |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11327054B2 (en) * | 2018-09-10 | 2022-05-10 | Shanghai Maritime University | System for determining excitation frequency of vibratory stress relief and method therefor |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TWI660050B (en) | 2019-05-21 |
| TW201817883A (en) | 2018-05-16 |
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Application publication date: 20180511 |