CN107959294B - Power distribution network sensitivity calculation method based on linearized power flow - Google Patents

Power distribution network sensitivity calculation method based on linearized power flow Download PDF

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CN107959294B
CN107959294B CN201810035325.1A CN201810035325A CN107959294B CN 107959294 B CN107959294 B CN 107959294B CN 201810035325 A CN201810035325 A CN 201810035325A CN 107959294 B CN107959294 B CN 107959294B
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branch
power
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CN107959294A (en
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吴文传
常学飞
张伯明
高长征
杨越
王佳蕊
李德鑫
吕项羽
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STATE GRID JILINSHENG ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY Co ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Tsinghua University
State Grid Corp of China SGCC
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STATE GRID JILINSHENG ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY Co ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Tsinghua University
State Grid Corp of China SGCC
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/04Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for connecting networks of the same frequency but supplied from different sources
    • H02J3/06Controlling transfer of power between connected networks; Controlling sharing of load between connected networks
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/26Arrangements for eliminating or reducing asymmetry in polyphase networks
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2203/00Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J2203/20Simulating, e g planning, reliability check, modelling or computer assisted design [CAD]
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/50Arrangements for eliminating or reducing asymmetry in polyphase networks

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Abstract

The invention relates to a power distribution network sensitivity calculation method based on linearized power flow, and belongs to the technical field of power system operation control. On the basis of a traditional linear equation without considering network loss and interphase mutual impedance, nonlinear network loss terms are linearly expanded and included in the equation, and a linear three-phase branch power flow equation is established. And calculating to obtain the variable quantity of the branch active power, the variable quantity of the reactive power and the variable quantity of the node voltage according to the variable quantities of the active power and the reactive power of all the nodes, so as to obtain the sensitivity of the branch power and the node voltage relative to the node injection. Compared with a power flow equation without considering the network loss, the sensitivity calculation method provided by the invention improves the calculation precision, is quick in calculation, and is suitable for being applied to scenes such as real-time online analysis of the power distribution network.

Description

Power distribution network sensitivity calculation method based on linearized power flow
Technical Field
The invention relates to a power distribution network sensitivity calculation method based on linearized power flow, and belongs to the technical field of power system operation control.
Background
In an electric power system, it is often necessary to analyze how some current variables change and then other variables change, for example, how adjusting the output power of a generator affects the node voltage, etc., and by means of a sensitivity coefficient, a local linear relationship between the variables of interest can be described, so as to simplify the analysis work.
In recent years, a large amount of renewable energy sources are incorporated into a power distribution network in a distributed power supply mode, higher requirements are put on operation management of the power distribution network, analysis and calculation of sensitivity are an important link, and the method is widely applied to static safety analysis, optimal power flow, correction control and the like of the power distribution network.
Compared with a transmission network, the three-phase parameters of the line of the power distribution network are asymmetric, the three-phase load of the nodes is unbalanced, and part of branches operate in a single-phase or double-phase state, so that the operating characteristics of the power distribution network need to be considered, and a sensitivity calculation method conforming to the operating characteristics of the power distribution network is established.
The current main sensitivity method is a sensitivity calculation method based on a rapid decomposition load flow algorithm, and the sensitivity is calculated by using active and reactive decoupling characteristics, but the method has poor precision in a power distribution network and cannot meet the application requirement.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a power distribution network sensitivity calculation method based on linear power flow. The method is characterized in that a known power flow state of a power grid is selected as a reference point according to the network characteristics of radial running and three-phase unbalance of the power distribution network, a nonlinear term in a power flow equation is approximated to obtain a linear three-phase power flow equation, and a corresponding sensitivity coefficient is quickly obtained by solving the linear equation. The method has the advantages of high calculation speed and high result precision, and is suitable for being applied to scenes such as real-time online analysis of the power distribution network and the like.
The invention provides a power distribution network sensitivity calculation method based on linearized power flow, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
1) supposing that a radial distribution network to be subjected to sensitivity calculation has N +1 nodes, wherein the number of a root node is 0, starting from the root node, sequentially numbering the tail nodes of each branch from 1 to N, and then, the number of the branches of the distribution network is N;
2) randomly selecting one node from nodes numbered from 1 to N as k, recording a branch formed by the node and an upstream node i as ik, and calculating a three-phase branch load flow equation of the node k and the branch ik; the method comprises the following specific steps:
2-1) calculate the voltage drop over branch ik:
Figure BDA0001547764600000021
wherein,
Figure BDA0001547764600000022
the expression points are divided, v, I and s are all in a three-dimensional column vector form and respectively represent voltage, current and power of three phases, subscript I represents the number of a head node of a branch ik, subscript k represents the number of a tail node of the branch ik, and x represents the conjugate of a complex number; v. ofkAnd viRespectively representing the voltages of node k and node I, IikCurrent, s, representing branch ikikRepresents the power of branch ik; z is a radical ofikIs a three-phase impedance matrix of branch ik, which is a 3 × 3 symmetric complex matrix:
Figure BDA0001547764600000023
wherein z isikThe diagonal elements of (1) represent self-impedance of a, b and c three phases, and the non-diagonal elements represent interphase mutual impedance;
conjugate two sides of the equal sign of the formula (1) and multiply the conjugate with the formula (1) to obtain:
Figure BDA0001547764600000024
2-2) considering node power balance, obtaining:
Figure BDA0001547764600000025
where the left side of the equation is the incoming power of node k, the right side of the equation is the sum of the outgoing powers of node k,
Figure BDA0001547764600000026
is the load of node k;
substituting formula (1) for formula (4) to obtain:
Figure BDA0001547764600000027
the three-phase branch load flow equation of the node k and the branch ik is formed by the formulas (1) and (5);
3) carrying out linear approximation on the three-phase branch load flow equation obtained in the step 2); the method comprises the following specific steps:
3-1) selecting a reference state, wherein
Figure BDA0001547764600000028
The voltage representing the reference state of node i,
Figure BDA0001547764600000029
and
Figure BDA00015477646000000210
respectively representing the active power of the branch ik reference state and the reactive power of the reference state;
3-2) approximating the formula (1) to obtain:
Figure BDA00015477646000000211
wherein R isikAnd XikAre all a 3 x 3 matrix of,
Figure BDA00015477646000000212
is a 3 × 1 vector, and takes the following value:
Figure BDA0001547764600000031
wherein p isik,qikRespectively representing the active power and the reactive power of the branch ik, and representing that the vector is converted into a diagonal matrix by diag;
impedance parameter in formula (7)
Figure BDA0001547764600000032
For the calculated auxiliary variables, the values are as follows:
Figure BDA0001547764600000033
Figure BDA0001547764600000034
wherein j represents an imaginary symbol;
3-3) approximating equation (5), yielding:
Figure BDA0001547764600000035
wherein the first equation represents the balance of the active power of the node k, the second equation represents the balance of the reactive power of the node k, pikAnd pkmThe active power of the branches ik and km, qikAnd q iskmThe reactive powers of the branches ik and km respectively,
Figure BDA0001547764600000036
is the active load of the node k and,
Figure BDA0001547764600000037
is the reactive load of node k; b isik,Gik,Hik,KikIs a 3 x 3 matrix of the matrix,
Figure BDA0001547764600000038
Figure BDA0001547764600000039
is a 3 × 1 vector, and takes the following value:
Figure BDA00015477646000000310
impedance parameter in the above equation
Figure BDA00015477646000000311
Comprises the following steps:
comprises the following steps:
Figure BDA00015477646000000312
in conclusion, the equations (6) and (10) form a linearized three-phase branch load flow equation of the node k and the branch ik;
4) repeating the step 2) to the step 3) to obtain a linearized three-phase branch flow equation of all nodes of the power distribution network except the root node and corresponding branches taking the nodes as tail end nodes;
5) converting all the linear three-phase branch power flow equations obtained in the step 4) into a matrix form, and solving the sensitivity;
the expression of the linearized three-phase branch load flow equation in the form of a matrix is as follows:
Figure BDA0001547764600000041
Figure BDA0001547764600000042
Figure BDA0001547764600000043
solving a linear equation set composed of the formulas (13) to (15) to obtain the active power p of the branchbReactive power qbBranch voltage difference ubAnd node voltage unThe expression of (1) is as follows, wherein subscript b represents all branch sets, and subscript n represents all node sets;
Figure BDA0001547764600000044
Figure BDA0001547764600000045
wherein M is a three-phase extended node branch incidence matrix, and N ispRepresenting a network incidence matrix, Rb,Xb,Bb,Gb,Hb,KbRespectively representing R corresponding to each branchik,Xik,Bik,Gik,Hik,KikThe extension forms which are arranged along the main diagonal of the matrix according to the serial number sequence of the branch tail end nodes are all 3 Nx3N matrixes;
Figure BDA0001547764600000046
respectively indicating that each branch corresponds to
Figure BDA0001547764600000047
The extension forms arranged according to the serial number sequence of the branch ends are vectors of 3 Nx 1;
the calculation expression for the sensitivity was found as follows:
Figure BDA0001547764600000048
wherein v isnRepresenting all node voltage amplitudes;
according to all nodesActive power variation Δ pLAnd amount of change Δ q of reactive powerLCalculating to obtain the variation delta p of the active power of the branchbAmount of change in reactive power Δ qbAnd the variation amount Deltav of the node voltagen,ΔpbThat is, the sensitivity of the branch active power relative to the node active power and reactive power, Δ qbFor the sensitivity of the branch reactive power with respect to the node active and reactive powers, DeltavnThe sensitivity of the node voltage with respect to the node active and reactive power.
The invention has the characteristics and beneficial effects that: :
the method starts from an accurate branch flow equation, and carries out first-order expansion linearization on a secondary power term in the equation at a reference point power, so that the accuracy of the sensitivity obtained by calculating the flow equation is not influenced by the three-phase imbalance degree. The sensitivity obtained by the method is high in accuracy, a result with high accuracy can be given even if the selected reference state has a certain deviation from the current actual state, and the method is suitable for being applied to scenes such as real-time online analysis of the power distribution network.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the overall flow of the method of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the power flow of the power distribution network related to the method of the invention.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a power distribution network sensitivity calculation method based on linearized power flow, which is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
The invention provides a power distribution network sensitivity calculation method based on linearized power flow, the overall flow is shown in figure 1, and the method comprises the following steps:
1) supposing that a radial distribution network to be subjected to sensitivity calculation has N +1 nodes, wherein the number of a root node is 0, starting from the root node, sequentially numbering the tail nodes of each branch from 1 to N, and then, the number of the branches of the distribution network is N;
2) randomly selecting one node from nodes numbered from 1 to N as k, recording a branch formed by the node and an upstream node i as ik, and calculating a three-phase branch load flow equation of the node k and the branch ik;
taking the power flow at node k and branch ik as an example as shown in fig. 2, node i is an upstream node of node k (i.e. node i is closer to the root node than node k, and there is only one upstream node in each node in the radial grid, if the selected node is numbered 1. then the upstream node is the root node, the same method is adopted for calculation), and node m is a downstream node of node k (there may be more than one downstream node of each node, and any one downstream node m is taken as an illustration here).
The method comprises the following specific steps:
2-1) calculate the voltage drop over branch ik:
Figure BDA0001547764600000051
wherein,
Figure BDA0001547764600000052
the notation dot division, v, I and s are all in the form of three-dimensional column vectors representing the voltage, current and power of the three phases, respectively, with subscript I representing the number of the leading node of branch ik, subscript k representing the number of the trailing node of branch ik, and x representing the conjugate of the complex number. v. ofkAnd viRespectively representing the voltages of node k and node I, IikCurrent, s, representing branch ikikRepresenting the power of branch ik. z is a radical ofikIs a three-phase impedance matrix of branch ik, which is a 3 × 3 symmetric complex matrix:
Figure BDA0001547764600000061
wherein z isikThe diagonal elements of (a) represent the self-impedance of the three phases a, b and c, and the non-diagonal elements represent the interphase mutual impedance.
Conjugate two sides of the equal sign of the formula (1) and multiply the conjugate with the formula (1) to obtain:
Figure BDA0001547764600000062
2-2) considering node power balance, obtaining:
Figure BDA0001547764600000063
where the left side of the equation is the incoming power of node k, the right side of the equation is the sum of the outgoing powers of node k,
Figure BDA0001547764600000064
is the load of node k.
Substituting formula (1) for formula (4) to obtain:
Figure BDA0001547764600000065
the three-phase branch power flow equation of the node k and the branch ik is formed by the formulas (1) and (5). Compared with the single-phase branch load flow equation, the mathematical form of the three-phase branch load flow equation is more complicated due to the interphase coupling.
3) Carrying out linear approximation on the three-phase branch load flow equation obtained in the step 2); the method comprises the following specific steps:
3-1) in order to linearly approximate the three-phase branch flow equation, a reference state is selected, and in actual operation, the current power system state can be used as the reference state, and the value of the reference state is denoted by a superscript 0 in the following derivation, including:
Figure BDA0001547764600000066
the voltage representing the reference state of node i,
Figure BDA0001547764600000067
and
Figure BDA0001547764600000068
respectively representing the active power of the branch ik reference state and the reactive power of the reference state;
3-2) approximating the formula (1) to obtain:
Figure BDA0001547764600000069
wherein R isikAnd XikAre all a 3 x 3 matrix of,
Figure BDA00015477646000000610
is a 3 × 1 vector, and takes the following value:
Figure BDA00015477646000000611
wherein,
Figure BDA00015477646000000612
voltage, p, representing the reference state of node iik,qikRespectively representing the active and reactive power of branch ik,
Figure BDA00015477646000000613
respectively representing the active and reactive power of the branch ik reference state, diag denotes the conversion of the vector into a diagonal matrix.
Impedance parameter in formula (7)
Figure BDA0001547764600000071
All are calculated auxiliary variables, and take the following values:
Figure BDA0001547764600000072
Figure BDA0001547764600000073
wherein j represents an imaginary symbol;
3-3) approximating equation (5), yielding:
Figure BDA0001547764600000074
wherein the first equation represents the balance of the active power of the node k, the second equation represents the balance of the reactive power of the node k, pikAnd pkmThe active power of the branches ik and km, qikAnd q iskmThe reactive powers of the branches ik and km respectively,
Figure BDA0001547764600000075
is the active load of the node k and,
Figure BDA0001547764600000076
is the reactive load of node k. B isik,Gik,Hik,KikIs a 3 x 3 matrix of the matrix,
Figure BDA0001547764600000077
Figure BDA0001547764600000078
is a 3 × 1 vector, and takes the following value:
Figure BDA0001547764600000079
impedance parameter in the above equation
Figure BDA00015477646000000710
Comprises the following steps:
Figure BDA00015477646000000711
in summary, equations (6) and (10) constitute a linearized three-phase branch power flow equation for node k and branch ik.
4) And (4) repeating the steps 2) to 3) to obtain the linearized three-phase branch flow equation of all the nodes of the power distribution network except the root node and the corresponding branches taking the nodes as the tail end nodes.
5) Converting all the linear three-phase branch power flow equations obtained in the step 4) into a matrix form, and solving the sensitivity;
the expression of the linearized three-phase branch load flow equation in the form of a matrix is as follows:
Figure BDA00015477646000000712
Figure BDA00015477646000000713
Figure BDA0001547764600000081
solving the linear equation set composed of the equations (13) to (15) can be realized by linear algebra software such as MATLAB, and the active power p of the branch is solved firstb(subscript b represents the set of all branches), reactive qbBranch voltage difference ubNode voltage squared un(subscript n represents the set of all nodes);
Figure BDA0001547764600000082
Figure BDA0001547764600000083
wherein M is a three-phase extended node branch incidence matrix, and N ispRepresenting the network incidence matrix (these two matrices can be written directly according to the power grid topology), Rb,Xb,Bb,Gb,Hb,KbRespectively representing R corresponding to each branchik,Xik,Bik,Gik,Hik,KikThe expansion forms arranged along the main diagonal of the matrix according to the numbering sequence of the branch end nodes are all 3 Nx3N matrixes.
Figure BDA0001547764600000084
Respectively represent each stripThe branches corresponding to
Figure BDA0001547764600000085
The extension forms arranged according to the numbering sequence of the branch ends are vectors of 3 Nx 1.
The calculation expression for the sensitivity was found as follows:
Figure BDA0001547764600000086
wherein v isnRepresenting all node voltage amplitudes
According to the known variation quantity delta p of the active power of all nodesLAnd amount of change Δ q of reactive powerLCalculating to obtain the variation delta p of the active power of the branchbAmount of change in reactive power Δ qbAnd the variation amount Deltav of the node voltagen,ΔpbThat is, the sensitivity of the branch active power relative to the node active power and reactive power, Δ qbFor the sensitivity of the branch reactive power with respect to the node active and reactive powers, DeltavnThe sensitivity of the node voltage with respect to the node active and reactive power.

Claims (1)

1. A power distribution network sensitivity calculation method based on linearized power flow is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) assuming that a radial distribution network to be subjected to sensitivity calculation has N +1 nodes, wherein the number of a root node is 0, starting from the root node, sequentially numbering the tail nodes of each branch from 1 to N, and then the number of the branches of the radial distribution network is N;
2) randomly selecting one node from nodes numbered from 1 to N as k, recording a branch formed by the node and an upstream node i as ik, and calculating a three-phase branch load flow equation of the node k and the branch ik; the method comprises the following specific steps:
2-1) calculate the voltage drop over branch ik:
Figure FDA0002563163950000011
wherein,
Figure FDA0002563163950000012
the expression points are divided, v, I and s are all in a three-dimensional column vector form and respectively represent voltage, current and power of three phases, subscript I represents the number of a head node of a branch ik, subscript k represents the number of a tail node of the branch ik, and x represents the conjugate of a complex number; v. ofkAnd viRespectively representing the voltages of node k and node I, IikCurrent, s, representing branch ikikRepresents the power of branch ik; z is a radical ofikIs a three-phase impedance matrix of branch ik, which is a 3 × 3 symmetric complex matrix:
Figure FDA0002563163950000013
wherein z isikThe diagonal elements of (1) represent self-impedance of a, b and c three phases, and the non-diagonal elements represent interphase mutual impedance;
conjugate two sides of the equal sign of the formula (1) and multiply the conjugate with the formula (1) to obtain:
Figure FDA0002563163950000014
2-2) considering node power balance, obtaining:
Figure FDA0002563163950000015
where the left side of the equation is the incoming power of node k, the right side of the equation is the sum of the outgoing powers of node k,
Figure FDA0002563163950000016
is the load of node k;
substituting formula (1) for formula (4) to obtain:
Figure FDA0002563163950000017
the three-phase branch load flow equation of the node k and the branch ik is formed by the formulas (1) and (5);
3) carrying out linear approximation on the three-phase branch load flow equation obtained in the step 2); the method comprises the following specific steps:
3-1) selecting a reference state, wherein
Figure FDA0002563163950000021
The voltage representing the reference state of node i,
Figure FDA0002563163950000022
and
Figure FDA0002563163950000023
respectively representing the active power of the branch ik reference state and the reactive power of the reference state;
3-2) approximating the formula (1) to obtain:
Figure FDA0002563163950000024
wherein R isikAnd XikAre all a 3 x 3 matrix of,
Figure FDA0002563163950000025
is a 3 × 1 vector, and takes the following value:
Figure FDA0002563163950000026
wherein p isik,qikRespectively representing the active power and the reactive power of the branch ik, and representing that the vector is converted into a diagonal matrix by diag;
impedance parameter in formula (7)
Figure FDA0002563163950000027
Figure FDA0002563163950000028
For the calculated auxiliary variables, the values are as follows:
Figure FDA0002563163950000029
Figure FDA00025631639500000210
wherein j represents an imaginary symbol;
3-3) approximating equation (5), yielding:
Figure FDA00025631639500000211
wherein the first equation represents the balance of the active power of the node k, the second equation represents the balance of the reactive power of the node k, pikAnd pkmThe active power of the branches ik and km, qikAnd q iskmThe reactive powers of the branches ik and km respectively,
Figure FDA00025631639500000212
is the active load of the node k and,
Figure FDA00025631639500000213
is the reactive load of node k; b isik,Gik,Hik,KikIs a 3 x 3 matrix of the matrix,
Figure FDA0002563163950000031
is a 3 × 1 vector, and takes the following value:
Figure FDA0002563163950000032
impedance parameter in the above equation
Figure FDA0002563163950000033
Comprises the following steps:
Figure FDA0002563163950000034
in conclusion, the equations (6) and (10) form a linearized three-phase branch load flow equation of the node k and the branch ik;
4) repeating the step 2) to the step 3) to obtain a linearized three-phase branch flow equation of all nodes of the power distribution network except the root node and corresponding branches taking the nodes as tail end nodes;
5) converting all the linear three-phase branch power flow equations obtained in the step 4) into a matrix form, and solving the sensitivity;
the expression of the linearized three-phase branch load flow equation in the form of a matrix is as follows:
Figure FDA0002563163950000035
Figure FDA0002563163950000036
Figure FDA0002563163950000037
solving a linear equation set composed of the formulas (13) to (15) to obtain the active power p of the branchbReactive power qbBranch voltage difference ubAnd node voltage unThe expression of (1) is as follows, wherein subscript b represents all branch sets, and subscript n represents all node sets;
Figure FDA0002563163950000038
Figure FDA0002563163950000039
wherein M is a three-phase extended node branch incidence matrix, and N ispRepresenting a network incidence matrix, Rb,Xb,Bb,Gb,Hb,KbRespectively representing R corresponding to each branchik,Xik,Bik,Gik,Hik,KikThe extension forms which are arranged along the main diagonal of the matrix according to the serial number sequence of the branch tail end nodes are all 3 Nx3N matrixes;
Figure FDA0002563163950000041
respectively indicating that each branch corresponds to
Figure FDA0002563163950000042
The extension forms arranged according to the serial number sequence of the branch ends are vectors of 3 Nx 1;
the calculation expression for the sensitivity was found as follows:
Figure FDA0002563163950000043
wherein v isnRepresenting the voltage amplitude of each node;
according to the variation quantity delta p of the active power of all nodesLAnd amount of change Δ q of reactive powerLCalculating to obtain the variation quantity delta p of the active power of the branchbAmount of change of reactive power Δ qbAnd the variation quantity Deltav of the node voltagen,△pbI.e. the sensitivity of the branch active power to the node active power and reactive power, Δ qbFor the branch reactive power with respect to the active power and reactive power of the nodeSensitivity,. DELTA.vnThe sensitivity of the node voltage with respect to the node active and reactive power.
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