CN107942075A - One kind detection Troponin I immunofluorescence quantitative test paper bar - Google Patents
One kind detection Troponin I immunofluorescence quantitative test paper bar Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses one kind to detect Troponin I immunofluorescence quantitative test paper bar.Inventive samples pad pretreatment fluid is arranged in pairs or groups, and Troponin I immunofluorescence quantitative test paper bar precision prepared by coating buffer of the present invention is good, and after 37 DEG C accelerate seven days, detection result only declines within 5%;Detected value and the small (R of theoretical value deviation2=0.9998), the accuracy rate of detection is high;The appearance effect of testing result is preferable, goes out peak-to-peak signal height, and baseline is smooth, and leading portion does not influence calculating of the software to peak area almost without lifting, and readings accuracy is high;Fluorescent microsphere releasing effect is more preferable, and software reference area is more accurate related.It is adapted to clinically detect, there is good Clinical significance of MG, there is easy to operate, rapid reaction, high sensitivity, high specificity, suitable Site Detection and economical and practical.
Description
Technical field
Field of immunological detection of the present invention, relates more specifically to a kind of detection Troponin I immunofluorescence quantitative test paper bar.
Background technology
Troponin (troponin, Tn) is the regulatory protein related with myocardial contraction, adjusts the contraction and diastole of cardiac muscle.
Known troponin is to include 3 kinds of albumen:Troponin I (tropomyosin inhibitory component, TnI), flesh
Calcium protein T (tropomyosin-binding component, TnT), troponin C (calinmbinding component,
TnC fribrillin complex), by the interaction of myosin and actin, contributes to caused by calcium ion
Contraction of muscle be adjusted.TnI molecular weight is 21kD, is the inhibition subunit of muscle fibril ATP enzyme, it can inhibit flesh ball
The coupling of albumen and actin, relaxation skeletal muscle or cardiac muscle.TnT molecular weight is 37kD, is the Asia combined with tropomyosin
Unit, troponin C and Troponin I are connected on actin and former myogen by it, so as in muscle fibers contract and relax
Intermediation is played in exhibition engineering.3 subunits combine forms Tm-Tn complexs together with tropomyosin, adjusts muscle and receives
Contracting and the strength and speed of diastole.
At present, application of the detection of troponin in the clinical diagnosis and Index for diagnosis for the treatment of myocardial ischemia damage is very wide
It is general.As acute coronary syndrome (including recessive angina pectoris and unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction AMI etc.), myocarditis,
Left heart failure etc. caused by myocardium wound, periprocedural cardiac complication, septicopyemia.Additionally thromboembolism treatment can be used for imitate
Fruit is observed, the estimation of myocardial damage area, rejection observation, some drugs observation of curative effect etc. after heart transplant.Therefore develop
Sensitivity higher, fast and easily cardiac troponin measurement product, are still clinical diagnosis product research field urgent need to resolve
Major issue.
Fluorescence immune chromatography quantitative measurement technology is the combination of immunochromatography technique and fluorescent labelling techniques, it has detection
The advantages that instrument exquisiteness is light, easy to operate rapid, result is accurate, is widely used in the detection of more quasi-antigen substances.Wherein,
Antibody-fluorescent microballoon conjugate implements one of key molecule that fluorescence immune chromatography quantitatively detects, and it is glimmering that its stability concerns antigen
The storage life of the accuracy that light quantitatively detects and products thereof.Therefore, to the NC membrane properties of binding antibody-fluorescent microsphere conjugate
It is it is required that very high.In addition it is also vital to carry detection of the sample pad of sample to sample, because a little one kind of finding help stability energy
More preferably, can improve accuracy in detection sample pad pretreatment fluid and for NC films coating buffer to detection Troponin I it is non-often with
There is realistic meaning.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide one kind to detect Troponin I immunofluorescence quantitative test paper bar.
The technical solution used in the present invention is:
One kind detection Troponin I immunofluorescence quantitative test paper bar, the sample pad consumptive material in the test strips is glass fibre
Plain film, soaks by sample pad pretreatment fluid, drying gained;Being drawn on nitrocellulose filter in the test strips has detection line and matter
Line is controlled, respectively the diluted Troponin I monoclonal antibody of coating buffer and sheep anti-mouse igg polyclonal antibody.
Further, the sample pad pretreatment fluid formula is:The mass concentration of PBS is 10~200mM, Triton
The percentage concentration of X-100 is that the percentage concentration of 0.01%~10%, BSA is that the percentage concentration of 0.1%~8%, PVA is 0.01%
~4%, the percentage concentration of NaCl is that the percentage concentration of 0.01%~5%, glucan is 0.01%~5%, heterophile antibody
The percentage concentration of 0~20mg/ml of mass concentration, Proclin300 or Sodium azide is 0.01%~1.5%, and surplus is water, pH6.0
~10.0.
Further, the coating formula of liquid is:The mass concentration of PB is 5~100mM, the percentage concentration of isopropanol is
0%~3.8%, the percentage concentration that the percentage concentration of glucan 20,000 is 0.05%~5%, BSA be 0.1%~10%,
The percentage concentration of Proclin300 or Sodium azide is 0.01%~1.5%, and surplus is water, pH6.0~9.0.
Further, sample pad pretreatment fluid formula is:The mass concentration of PBS is 25~150mM, Triton X-100
Percentage concentration be the percentage concentration of 0.01%~3%, BSA be 0.1%~3%, PVA percentage concentration be 0.01%~2%,
The percentage concentration of NaCl be the percentage concentration of 0.01%~2%, glucan be 0.01%~2%, heterophile antibody quality it is dense
Spend 0~6mg/ml, the percentage concentration of Proclin300 or Sodium azide is 0.01%~1.5%, surplus is water, pH7.0~9.0.
Further, coating formula of liquid is:The mass concentration of PB is 5~50mM, the percentage concentration of isopropanol be 0%~
1.9%th, the percentage concentration that the percentage concentration of glucan 20,000 is 0.05%~2%, BSA be 0.1%~3%, Proclin300 or
The percentage concentration of Sodium azide is 0.01%~0.5%, and surplus is water, pH7.0~9.0.
Further, bonding pad and absorbent filter are also contained in the test strips.
Further, which is pasted with overlapping successively by sample pad, bonding pad, nitrocellulose filter, absorbent filter
It is made on PVC bottom plates.
Further, the material of the bonding pad is glass fibre membrane.
The detection method of test strips described in any of the above-described, after test strips sample-adding chromatography, detects nature controlling line and inspection
The fluorescence signal intensity of survey line, and with the fluorescence signal intensity of nature controlling line fluorescence signal intensity correction detection line, realize flesh calcium egg
The quantitative detection of white I.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
Troponin I immunofluorescence quantitative test paper bar prepared by inventive samples pad pretreatment fluid collocation coating buffer of the present invention
Precision is good, and after 37 DEG C accelerate seven days, detection result only declines within 5%;Detected value and the small (R of theoretical value deviation2=
0.9998), the accuracy rate of detection is high;The appearance effect of testing result is preferable, go out peak-to-peak signal height, baseline is smooth, leading portion almost without
Lift, do not influence calculating of the software to peak area, readings accuracy is high;Fluorescent microsphere releasing effect is more preferable, software reference area
It is more accurate related.It is adapted to clinically detect, there is good Clinical significance of MG, with easy to operate, rapid reaction, sensitive
Spend height, high specificity, suitable Site Detection and it is economical and practical the advantages that.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 forms structure diagram for fluorescence immune chromatography test paper bar of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is that Troponin I immunofluorescence prepared by inventive samples pad pretreatment fluid collocation coating buffer of the present invention quantifies
The Troponin I standard curve of ELISA test strip Abbott Laboratories I2000;
Fig. 3 is that Troponin I immunofluorescence prepared by inventive samples pad pretreatment fluid collocation coating buffer of the present invention quantifies
The detected value of ELISA test strip Troponin I recombinant antigen and theoretical value scatter diagram;
Fig. 4 is that Troponin I immunofluorescence prepared by inventive samples pad pretreatment fluid collocation coating buffer of the present invention quantifies
The fluoroscopic examination line chart of the Troponin I calibration object of ELISA test strip incorporation chaff interferent;
Fig. 5 is that ELISA test strip prepared by inventive samples pad pretreatment fluid collocation coating buffer of the present invention contains Troponin I
Patients serum's pattern detection value it is related to the CTnI detected values of Abbott Laboratories I2000 figure.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
Inventive samples pad the optimization formula of pretreatment fluid:The mass concentration of PBS is 100mM, the hundred of Triton X-100
Point concentration is that the percentage concentration of 0.75%, BSA is that the percentage concentration of 2.0%, PVA is that the percentage concentration of 1.0%, NaCl is
0.5%th, the percentage concentration of glucan is that mass concentration 5mg/mL, the Proclin300 percentage concentration of 1.2%, heterophile antibody is
0.05%th, PH7.5
Sample pad pretreatment fluid preparation method:The PVA addition 250mL PBS mother liquors and 230mL pure water for weighing 5g soaked
At night, weigh 6g glucans and be added thereto, and places 70 DEG C of heating for dissolving.The Triton X-100 of 3.75mL are added with sample loading gun, it is different
Preferendum antibody adds respective volume according to original content and is diluted to 5mg/ml, beats repeatedly;10gBSA is weighed, 2.5gNaCl is put into magnetic
Power blender dissolves;The Proclin300 of 150 μ L is added, adjusts pH value to 7.5 with the HCl of 6M, vibration mixes.Last room temperature is determined
Hold to 500mL, filtration sterilization, sample pad pretreatment fluid is made.
0.2M PBS preparation methods are:Weigh the Na of 71.6g2HPO4·12H2The NaH of O and 31.2g2PO4·2H2O distinguishes
The dissolving of 1L pure water is added, be made into needs the PBS mother liquors to be used close to pH value in proportion.
Embodiment 2
The optimization formula of coating buffer of the present invention:The mass concentration of PB is 5~50mM, the percentage concentration of isopropanol be 0%~
1.9%th, the percentage concentration that the percentage concentration of glucan 20,000 is 0.05%~2%, BSA be 0.1%~3%, Proclin300 or
The percentage concentration of Sodium azide is 0.01%~0.5%, PH7.0~9.0.
It is coated with liquid and preparation method thereof:The glucan 20,000 for weighing 0.025~1g adds 45ml pure water soaked overnights, places 60 DEG C
Dissolve by heating.PB mother liquors are added with sample loading gun and are diluted to working concentration, and the isopropanol of 0~0.95mL, beats repeatedly;Weigh 0.05
~1.5g BSA, are put into magnetic stirring apparatus dissolving;The Proclin300 of 5~250 μ L is added, PH is adjusted with the HCl or NaOH of 1M
To 7.0~9.0, vibration mixes value.Last room temperature is settled to 50mL, and filtration sterilization, is made storing liquid.
PB preparation methods are:Weigh the Na of 29g2HPO4·12H2The K of O and 2g2HPO4, adding 1L pure water and dissolving to match somebody with somebody becomes
The PB mother liquors of 100mM.
Embodiment 3
The preparation process of Troponin I immunofluorescence quantitative test paper bar is as follows:
(1) preparation of storing liquid:The mass concentration of PB be the percentage concentration of 20mM, BSA be 1.8%, the hundred of Tween-80
Point concentration is 0.5%, and the percentage concentration of glucose is 0.5%, the percentage concentration of glycine is 2%, the percentage concentration of PEG4000
Percentage concentration for 1%, PEG20000 is 1.5%, Proclin300 percentage concentrations are 0.03%, PH7.8~8.0, by above-mentioned
Formula prepares filtration sterilization after mixing, and storing liquid is made;
(2) preparation of sample pad:Glass fibre membrane 10min is soaked with sample pad treatment fluid, is placed in 37 DEG C of humidity of drying room
30%, 5h is dried, sample pad is made, it is spare;
(3) preparation of bonding pad:Glass fibre element film 10min is soaked with bonding pad treatment fluid, after immersion treatment, is placed in dry
Dry 37 DEG C of humidity 30%, dry 5h, are switched to paper knife using width (1cm*30cm), and bonding pad semi-finished product are made, spare;
(4) the 200nm polystyrene fluorescent microsphere of 1mg is successively added to the EDC and 0.5mg/mL of the 0.5mg/mL of 20 μ L
NHS, in 37 DEG C of activation buffer activation 1h;
(5) 0.1mg mouse source Troponin I monoclonal antibody is added, it is even with fluorescent microsphere in 200 μ L coupling buffers
Connection, after add 20 μ L of confining liquid, mouse source Troponin I monoclonal antibody-fluorescent microsphere conjugate is made, 19000rpm is cold
After freezing centrifugation 15min, 200 μ L storing liquids are added, mouse source Troponin I monoclonal antibody-fluorescent microsphere conjugate concentration is made
For 5mg/mL, 2~8 DEG C of preservations;
(6) mouse source Troponin I monoclonal antibody-fluorescent microsphere conjugate is diluted to 0.5mg/mL with storing liquid, used
Metal spraying is drawn on the bonding pad after film instrument is sprayed on combined pad treatment fluid processing, and 7h is dried with air dry oven.Aluminium foil bag sealing is put
Stored under conditions of 20-25 DEG C, humidity about 30% spare;
(7) by 1mg/mL sheep anti-mouse iggs polyclonal antibody and 1mg/mL mouse source Troponin I monoclonal antibody respectively with bag
It is coated with by liquid, drawing film instrument with metal spraying using ribbon 1.0mm is individually fixed on nitrocellulose filter as nature controlling line and inspection
Survey line;
(8) sample pad, bonding pad, nitrocellulose filter, absorbent filter are pasted with being overlapped successively on PVC bottom plates (as schemed
1), and cut into width 4.1mm and become fluorescence immune chromatography test paper bar;
(9) test strips that upper step is cut are loaded, cross case pressing machine, prepare detection;
(10) sample pad treatment fluid:100mMPBS, 0.75%Triton-100,2.0%BSA, 1.0%PVA, 0.5%
NaCl, 1.2% glucan, heterophile antibody 5mg/mL, 0.05%Proclin300, pH7.5;
(11) bonding pad treatment fluid:0.8%Triton X-100,2.0%PVA, 1.25% sucrose, 0.03%
Proclin300, PH7.2~7.4;
(12) activation buffer is 75mM MES, pH5.5;
(13) coupling buffer:20mM PB, pH7.5;
(14) confining liquid:20%BSA;
(15) coating buffer:5~50mM PB, 0%~1.9% isopropanol, 0.05%~2% glucan 20,000,0.1%~
3%BSA, 0.01%~0.5%Proclin300, PH7.0~9.0.
Embodiment 4
Control sample pad pretreatment fluid is prepared, specific formula is:The mass concentration of PBS is 50mM, Triton X-100
Percentage concentration is that the percentage concentration of 1.0%, BSA is that the percentage concentration of 1.0%, PVA is that the percentage concentration of 1.0%, NaCl is
1.0%th, the percentage concentration of glucan be the percentage concentration of 0.05%, Proclin300 or Sodium azide be 0.05%, PH7.0.
Control coating buffer is prepared, specific formula is:The mass concentration of PB is 5mM, the percentage concentration of isopropanol is 2.0%,
The percentage concentration of glucan 20,000 be the percentage concentration of 2.0%, BSA be 5.0%, the percentage concentration of Proclin300 is 0.5%,
PH7.0。
Preferred coating buffer (following letter prepared by the preferred sample pad pretreatment fluid collocation embodiment 2 prepared using embodiment 1
Claim biliquid 2) compare coating buffer (hereinafter referred to as biliquid 1) progress stability and precision with control sample pad pretreatment fluid collocation
Contrast, implementation and result are as follows:
With biliquid 1 and biliquid 2, mark the fluorescent microsphere of Troponin I (CTnI) monoclonal antibody to carry out spray film to same process and do
It is dry, 40 test strips are assembled into respectively, put aluminium foil bag, drier sealing.Place 4 DEG C of refrigerator for one bag and preserve 7 days (control group), separately
37 DEG C of incubator is placed for outer one bag to accelerate 7 days.After complete 7 days, strip is taken out, it is 0.5ng/mL's and 1ng/mL to be separately added into concentration
CTnI recombinant antigens detect.Accelerate preserved 1 year equivalent to 4 DEG C within 7 days according to theoretical 37 DEG C, the antigen detection case after simulating 1 year,
As a result as shown in table 1 below, table 2.
The Contrast on effect of test strips test 0.5ng/mL CTnI recombinant antigens made from table 1,2 kind of biliquid
The Contrast on effect of test strips test 1ng/mL CTnI recombinant antigens made from table 2,2 kind of biliquid
Drawn from table 1,2, biliquid 2 (1 sample pad pretreatment fluid of embodiment and 2 coating buffer of embodiment) accelerates seven days at 37 DEG C
Afterwards, only decline within 5%, and precision is preferable, 5% or so;And compare biliquid 1 37 DEG C accelerate seven days after, decline 15%
Left and right, precision are relatively poor.
Embodiment 5
Troponin I immunofluorescence quantitative test paper bar prepared by embodiment 2 is established into standard curve and is detected, is implemented
Method is as follows:
(1) standard curve is established:500pg/mL, 1000pg/mL, 2000pg/ are diluted to Abbott Laboratories' Troponin I standard items
ML, 5000pg/mL, 10000pg/mL, 20000pg/mL, 50000pg/mL, seven concentration.With the test strips sample-adding 80 prepared
To detect, each concentration is repeated 3 times to be averaged immunofluorescence analysis on μ L.With diluted concentration (Xi) for independent variable, with detection
As a result measured value (Yi) obtains equation of linear regression for dependent variable, as shown in Figure 2;
(2) with antigenic dilution to recombinant antigen Troponin I doubling dilution to 250pg/mL, 500pg/mL, 1000pg/
Nine concentration of mL, 2000pg/mL, 4000pg/mL, 8000pg/mL, 16000pg/mL, 32000pg/mL, 64000pg/mL.It is anti-
Former dilution:20mMPBS, 0.5%BSA, 0.5%Tween-20, PH7.2.T/C peaks face will be tried to achieve and substitute into y=0.0003x+
Y in 0.1375, tries to achieve X to be surveyed antigen value.
As shown in Figure 3, it can be seen that ELISA test strip value and the small (R of theoretical value deviation prepared by embodiment 22=
0.9998), the accuracy rate of detection is high.
Embodiment 6
With biliquid 1 and biliquid 2 (with embodiment 4), make bonding pad semi-finished product and to the glimmering of same process labeling CT nI monoclonal antibodies
Light microballoon carries out spray film drying, test strips is assembled, respectively with the antigen containing CTnI that concentration is 500pg/mL, 1000pg/mL
Calibration object incorporation 2g/L bilirubin, 30g/L triglycerides, 15g/L cholesterol are to two kinds of test strips sample-adding detections, and each repeatedly 10
It is secondary, then test strips window information is read out with supporting detecting instrument.By Instruments Laser to the fluorescent microsphere of window into
Row excitation, then the transmitting fluorescence intensity (making ordinate) of 300 positions (making abscissa) of acquisition window, utilize fluorescence analysis software
300 points are connected together to form line chart in order.
As shown in figure 4, line chart can reflect race film situation of the fluorescent microsphere on NC films, there are two peaks, left side T in figure
Peak (corresponding naked eyes regard strip as detection line), the right are C peaks (corresponding naked eyes regard strip as nature controlling line).It can be seen from the figure that
It is preferable using the overall appearance effect of biliquid 2, illustrate that biliquid 2 is discharged into NC films to antibody-fluorescent microsphere conjugate from bonding pad
Effect is preferable, says strong antijamming capability.Using not high, the baseline out-of-flatness that then goes out peak-to-peak signal of biliquid 1, leading portion lift it is more apparent,
Calculating of the software to peak area is influenced, and then influences the accuracy of readings, illustrates poor anti jamming capability.Test data such as table 3 below,
Shown in table 4.
Test strips test 500pg/mL, the antijamming capability of 1000pg/mL CTnI calibration objects made from table 3, biliquid 1
Test strips test 500pg/mL, the antijamming capability of 1000pg/mL CTnI calibration objects made from table 4, biliquid 2
Drawn from table 3,4, preferable biliquid 2 can control the relative deviation of test result within ± 15%, and biliquid 1
Cannot, illustrate that biliquid 2 (inventive samples pad pretreatment fluid and coating buffer) has good antijamming capability.
Embodiment 7
With biliquid 1 and biliquid 2 (with embodiment 4), make bonding pad semi-finished product and to the glimmering of same process CTnI monoclonal antibodies mark
Light microballoon carries out spray film drying, 33 test strips is assembled respectively, with patients serum's sample of the antigen containing CTnI of 33 various concentrations
This is at the same time to two kinds of test strips sample-adding detections.Test strips window information is read out with supporting detecting instrument, uses fluorescence analysis
Software calculates T peak areas and C peak areas, while with the full-automatic immunoluminescence instrument of I2000 under Abbott Laboratories of IVD industries authorized carriers
The end value of detection.
The clinical diagnosis accuracy of ELISA test strip result prepared by 2 kinds of biliquids is evaluated with Abbott Laboratories-I2000.Such as Fig. 5 institutes
Show, ordinate is T peak areas/C peak areas, abscissa Abbott Laboratories-I2000 end values, ELISA test strip result prepared by biliquid 2 with
Relatively identical (the R of the I2000 Instrumental results of Abbott2=0.9815), the poor (R of serum linear correlation of biliquid 12=
0.8679), repeatability is also bad.This makes fluorescent microsphere releasing effect more preferable with foregoing biliquid 2, and software reference area is more accurate
It is related.
Claims (9)
1. one kind detection Troponin I immunofluorescence quantitative test paper bar, it is characterised in that the sample pad consumptive material in the test strips is
Glass fibre element film, soaks by sample pad pretreatment fluid, drying gained;Being drawn on nitrocellulose filter in the test strips has inspection
Survey line and nature controlling line, the diluted Troponin I monoclonal antibody of difference coating buffer and sheep anti-mouse igg polyclonal antibody.
2. test strips according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the sample pad pretreatment fluid formula is:The matter of PBS
Amount concentration be 10~200mM, the percentage concentration of Triton X-100 be 0.01%~10%, BSA percentage concentration be 0.1%~
8%th, the percentage concentration of PVA is that the percentage concentration of 0.01%~4%, NaCl is that the percentage concentration of 0.01%~5%, glucan is
0.01%~5%, 0~20mg/ml of mass concentration, the Proclin300 of heterophile antibody or the percentage concentration of Sodium azide are
0.01%~1.5%, surplus is water, pH6.0~10.0.
3. test strips according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the coating formula of liquid is:The mass concentration of PB is 5
~100mM, the percentage concentration of isopropanol are 0%~3.8%, the percentage concentration of glucan 20,000 is 0.05%~5%, BSA hundred
Point concentration is 0.1%~10%, the percentage concentration of Proclin300 or Sodium azide is 0.01%~1.5%, and surplus is water,
PH6.0~9.0.
4. test strips according to claim 2, it is characterised in that sample pad pretreatment fluid formula is:The mass concentration of PBS
It is that 25~150mM, the percentage concentration of Triton X-100 are that the percentage concentration of 0.01%~3%, BSA is 0.1%~3%, PVA
Percentage concentration be that the percentage concentration of 0.01%~2%, NaCl is that the percentage concentration of 0.01%~2%, glucan is 0.01%
~2%, the percentage concentration of 0~6mg/ml of mass concentration, the Proclin300 of heterophile antibody or Sodium azide for 0.01%~
1.5%, surplus is water, pH7.0~9.0.
5. test strips according to claim 3, it is characterised in that:Being coated with formula of liquid is:The mass concentration of PB for 5~
50mM, the percentage that the percentage concentration of isopropanol is 0%~1.9%, the percentage concentration of glucan 20,000 is 0.05%~2%, BSA
Concentration is 0.1%~3%, the percentage concentration of Proclin300 or Sodium azide is 0.01%~0.5%, and surplus is water, pH7.0~
9.0。
6. test strips according to claim 1, it is characterised in that also contain bonding pad and absorbent filter in the test strips.
7. test strips according to claim 6, it is characterised in that the test strips are by sample pad, bonding pad, nitrocellulose
Film, absorbent filter are pasted onto on PVC bottom plates and are made with overlapping successively.
8. test strips according to claim 7, it is characterised in that the material of the bonding pad is glass fibre membrane.
9. the detection method of claim 1~8 any one of them test strips, it is characterised in that the test strips are loaded and are chromatographed
Afterwards, nature controlling line and the fluorescence signal intensity of detection line are detected, and is believed with the fluorescence of nature controlling line fluorescence signal intensity correction detection line
Number intensity, realizes the quantitative detection of Troponin I.
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