CN107929810B - 一种层层自组装薄膜及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种层层自组装薄膜及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种层层自组装薄膜及其制备方法和应用。通过铺加带点性相反的聚合物层和并滴加带电治疗药物，形成层层自组装薄膜；采用负压吸引器抽吸未反应溶液制造流动液相的方式加速聚合物分布重排的时间，省去清水冲洗步骤，形成的正负离子聚合层平整贴合，可通过模具的设计运用于各种创面；本发明可以形成100～20000nm的超薄薄膜，与生物体接触的材料显著减少，降低异物排斥反应。本发明的材料选择和药物选择的范围广。可以选择药物种类和剂量，目的性达到抗菌、抗炎、促进创面愈合等效果；本发明的层层自组装薄膜具有灵活方便的可加工性，适应多种损伤创面的修复需求，产品质量稳定，且重现性好。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于组织工程领域，特别涉及一种层层自组装薄膜及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
层层自组装技术(layer-by-layer self-assembly,LbL)是依靠不同物质间的静电、氢键、化合键等作用力，把不同种类及功能的物质按照一定顺序组装成超薄膜的技术。它利用物质间的相互作用交替吸附在基底表面以构建纳米至微米级多层膜。由于是一层层进行组装，使得膜结构易于调控，尤其是薄膜厚度可以实现在纳米级别精细调控。传统的自组装技术需要固体材料作为基底，反复在不同材料溶液中浸润，在清水中清洗，形成自组装材料，过程耗时耗力。基于临床需求，尤其是与外界相通的组织器官治疗需求，急需发明一种省时省力的层层自组装方法来制作性质优良的创面敷料。
皮肤，作为人体表面积最大的器官，是阻止微生物入侵，维持机体内环境稳定的坚固防线，具有重要的化学、物理和生物屏障功能。各种皮肤缺损性损伤，包括烧伤(热力、电或化学烧伤)，糖尿病足，周围血管炎症、栓塞引起的皮肤溃疡，机械力引起的大片皮肤缺损等会引起皮肤屏障功能缺失，运用敷料覆盖创面，临时作为体表保护屏障，促进创面愈合，是临床上治疗的重要措施。传统的敷料如消毒纱布因不能保持创面湿润、易脱落等缺点已不能满足难愈合创面治疗的需求。而天然生物敷料，如自体皮,因来源受限而且后期不能建立有效血供而影响伤口愈合等各种缺陷而仅限一部分的临床运用。如今，以高分子材料为原料的合成敷料越来越受到重视。其中主要包括薄膜类合成敷料，泡沫型合成敷料，喷雾型合成敷料，水凝胶类敷料，但分别存在以下缺点：易导致膜下渗液积聚，敷料不透明难以观察，易被创面渗液溶解,通气性较差等。因此发明一种集吻合创面，透明通气，抗感染抗炎症，便于负载药物的的创面敷料有很大的临床价值。
作为屈光介质的角膜是一透明、无血管的组织，是眼光学系统中最有效的折射面。要在视网膜上成清晰的象，角膜须具有透明性和适当的折射力。眼球手术、创伤、药物毒性、炎症和其它各种病理性刺激均可使角膜损伤而引起视力障碍。传统的眼科药物剂型为滴眼剂或眼膏剂，但由于眼睛的生理构造比较特殊,这些眼科药物剂型的施用一直存在使用方便、需要频繁施药、药物的利用率低等缺点。因此，眼科药物新剂型的开发，一直是研究人员关注的课题。近年来,采用交联的高分子水凝胶材料制造的角膜接触镜得到越来越多运用,角膜接触镜的配戴方便,而交联的高分子水凝胶材料是研究较多的药物缓释材料。然而角膜接触镜透氧性不好，可能会引起巨乳头性结膜炎，角膜上皮脱落、角膜损伤、角膜感染等，不能佩戴过长时间。再者角膜接触镜是成型产品不利于针对不同病患负载不同种类及剂量的药品。因此发明一种超薄、生物相容性好，与创面吻合，便于负载药物的角膜治疗技术有很大的价值。
发明内容
本发明的首要目的在于克服现有技术的缺点与不足，提供一种层层自组装薄膜及其制备方法和应用。
本发明的目的通过下述技术方案实现：
一种层层自组装薄膜的制备方法包括如下步骤:
1)将凝胶材料溶液铺展到基底上，将其凝固成固态；
2)在铺有凝胶材料的基底上，铺加与凝胶材料所带电性相反的离子聚合物溶液，待其吸附于基底，吸去未反应溶液；再铺加与前述离子聚合物溶液电性相反的离子聚合物溶液，待其吸附于自组装层，吸去未反应溶液；
3)循环操作步骤2)直至所需层数；
4)在自组装层上滴加带电的治疗药物溶液，待吸附于自组装层后，吸去未反应溶液，再铺加与药物电性相反的离子聚合物溶液，待材料吸附于自组装层后，吸去未反应溶液；
5)循环操作步骤4)至所需层数；
6)将铺于基底的凝胶材料转为液态，直接于凝胶材料上取出自组装薄膜；
所述的离子聚合物溶液铺加方式为滴加、灌注或浸润，时间为20秒～3分钟，所述吸去未反应溶液的方式为负压吸引器抽吸。
优选的，所述的凝胶材料为明胶。
优选的，所述的步骤2)中所述的阳离子聚合物优选为聚乙烯醇、聚(二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵)、聚丙烯胺盐酸盐、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、壳聚糖、聚赖氨酸中的一种或多种，离子聚合物溶液的浓度为1～10g/L。
优选的，所述的阴离子聚合物优选为聚苯乙烯磺酸盐、糖胺聚糖、明胶中的一种或多种，离子聚合物溶液的浓度为1～10g/L。
优选的，所述步骤3)或所述的步骤5)中循环操作次数优选为5-100次循环。
优选的，所述步骤4)中所述的带电性的治疗药物优选为蛋白、多肽、抗体、核酸、抗生素、糖皮质激素、及其衍生物和载有药物的脂质体中的一种或多种。
本发明还公开了一种层层自组装薄膜，由上述方法制备，所述层层自组装膜的总厚度为100～20000nm。
本发明还公开所述层层自组装薄膜作为创面敷料的应用，尤其作为皮肤、角膜创面的敷料应用。所述层层自组装薄膜贴合创面且表面光整，有利于创面平整修复。
相对于现有技术，本发明具有如下有益效果:
1.传统的层层自组装反复在聚合物溶液浸润，在清水中冲洗，形成单层的时间需要10～20分钟，本发明通过制造流动液相的方式加速聚合物分布重排的时间，省去清水冲洗步骤，形成单层时间缩减了约10倍，大大提高其效率。
2.研究表明高分子聚合物在流动相中更易舒展，因此本发明通过制造流动液相重排的正负离子聚合层更平整贴合，并可通过模具的设计运用于各种创面；
3.相较于传统创面敷料或者角膜接触镜，本发明可以形成100～20000nm的超薄薄膜，与生物体接触的材料显著减少，降低异物排斥反应。且由层层自组装方式形成的薄膜，贴合创面且表面光整(如图1)，有利于创面平整修复；
4.本发明的材料选择和药物选择的范围广。可以通过选择聚和物材料，目的性调控薄膜的性质来满足创面需求。可以选择药物种类和剂量，目的性达到抗菌、抗炎、促进创面愈合等效果；
5.本发明的层层自组装薄膜具有灵活方便的可加工性，适应多种损伤创面的修复需求，包括糖尿病足、皮肤烧伤、皮肤溃疡、机械力引起的皮肤缺损(如图4)、角膜溃疡、角膜烧伤、角膜手术及其他创伤(如图2)等。其不但是组织工程领域的新突破，也为临床疾病治疗开拓了新途径。本发明原理科学可靠，工艺简单灵活，产品质量稳定，且重现性好。
附图说明
附图1左图为传统层层自组装形成的薄膜的扫描电镜结果，右图为本技术层层自组装形成的薄膜的扫描电镜结果。标尺40微米；
附图2显示了由透明质酸和荧光标记的壳聚糖构建的自组装薄膜修饰的碱烧伤大鼠眼球的明场、荧光图；
附图3显示了由透明质酸和荧光标记的壳聚糖构建的自组装薄膜修饰的碱烧伤大鼠眼部于48小时候重新上皮化后其眼球切片的荧光图，标尺200微米；
附图4显示了由透明质酸和荧光标记的壳聚糖构建的自组装薄膜修饰的大鼠背部全皮损伤创面的明场、荧光图；
附图5显示了由壳聚糖和肝素构建的自组装薄膜用于修复糖尿病小鼠背部全皮损伤创面的实验结果统计图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步详细的描述，但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
实施例1
用PBS缓冲液配制5g/L的壳聚糖和5g/L的肝素溶液，过滤除菌。配制质量分数为8％的明胶水溶液，55℃下使其转为液态。
将明胶溶液均匀涂抹在玻片上形成与皮肤创面相吻合的形状，将玻片置于冰上待明胶溶液凝为固态。
在固态明胶上滴加壳聚糖溶液，反应1分钟，用负压吸引器从边缘小心吸去多余溶液，再滴加肝素溶液，反应1分钟后吸去多余溶液，依此滴加次序进行15个循环。将玻片置于55℃烘箱，待明胶转为液体，取出自组装薄膜，可用于创面作为治疗敷料。
该自组装薄膜厚度大约10微米，透明通气，选择具有良好生物相容性的多聚高分子材料壳聚糖和肝素，利用壳聚糖的抗菌作用和肝素的抗炎作用起到保护创面、抗菌、抑制过度炎症反应的作用。
实施例2
配制4g/L的聚乙烯醇、4g/L的透明质酸水溶液，配制质量分数5％的表皮生长因子水溶液，过滤除菌。配制质量分数为10％的明胶水溶液，55℃下使其转为液态。
将明胶溶液均匀涂抹在玻片上形成与角膜上皮缺损相吻合的形状，将玻片置于冰上待明胶溶液凝为固态。
在固态明胶上滴加聚乙烯醇溶液，反应30秒，用负压吸引器从边缘小心吸去多余溶液，然后滴加透明质酸溶液，反应30秒后吸去多余溶液；循环5次。滴加聚乙烯醇溶液，反应30秒后吸去多余溶液，再滴加表皮生长因子溶液，反应30秒后吸去多余溶液，依此滴加次序进行10个循环。将玻片置于55℃烘箱，待明胶转为液体，取出自组装薄膜，可用于创面作为治疗敷料。
该自组装薄膜厚度大约1微米，选择聚乙烯醇和透明质酸这两种生物相容性好的水凝胶材料，保护创面且不被排斥，保证薄膜透明、通氧、保湿，再加入表皮生长因子，促进角膜上皮加快愈合。
实施例3
用PBS缓冲液配制5g/L的壳聚糖和5g/L的肝素溶液，过滤除菌。
对糖尿病慢性难愈合皮肤创面进行常规消毒清创处理后，灌注壳聚糖溶液于创面，反应1分钟，用负压吸引器从伤口边缘小心吸去多余溶液，再灌注肝素溶液于创面，反应1分钟后吸去多余溶液，依此灌注次序进行15个循环，即完成自组装创面敷料的构建。根据创面修复情况，可每5天或7天再次组装创面敷料，以促进伤口愈合。
该自组装薄膜直接在创面上完成组装，完美吻合创面，简单方便。该薄膜厚度大约10微米，透明通气，选择具有良好生物相容性的多聚高分子材料壳聚糖和肝素，利用壳聚糖的抗菌作用和肝素的抗炎作用起到保护创面、抗菌、抑制过度炎症反应的作用。动物实验表明该创面敷料具有促进创面愈合作用(如图5)。
实施例4
配制4g/L的壳聚糖、4g/L的透明质酸水溶液，配制质量分数5％的表皮生长因子水溶液，过滤除菌。
对角膜上皮缺损创面常规清创处理后，滴加壳聚糖溶液，反应30秒，用负压吸引器从眼睑边缘小心吸去多余溶液，然后滴加透明质酸溶液，反应30秒后吸去多余溶液；循环5次。滴加壳聚糖溶液，反应30秒后吸去多余溶液，再滴加表皮生长因子溶液，反应30秒后吸去多余溶液，依此滴加次序进行10个循环，即完成自组装创面敷料的构建。
该自组装薄膜直接在创面上完成组装，完美吻合创面，简单方便(如图2)。该薄膜厚度大约1微米，选择壳聚糖和透明质酸这两种生物相容性好的水凝胶材料，且利用壳聚糖固有的抗菌作用，保护创面且不被排斥，保证薄膜透明、通氧、保湿、抗菌，再加入表皮生长因子，通过层层组装方式达到药物的缓慢释放，促进角膜上皮加快愈合。动物实验可观察到自组装材料组装到动物角膜上48小时后，材料稳定存在且与角膜上皮生长融合(如图3)。
实施例5
配制6g/L的聚乙烯醇水溶液、6g/L的明胶水溶液，制备包载氯霉素的脂质体的水溶液、质量分数为2.5％的氢化可的松水溶液，过滤除菌。
在角膜炎溃疡创面，常规消毒清创术后，先滴加聚乙烯醇溶液，反应30秒，用负压吸引器从眼睑边缘小心吸去多余溶液，再滴加包载氯霉素的脂质体的水溶液，反应50秒后吸去多余液体，然后滴加明胶溶液，反应30秒后吸去多余溶液，最后滴加氢化可的松溶液反应50秒后吸去多余溶液。上述滴加步骤按次序进行10个循环，即完成自组装创面敷料的构建。根据角膜溃疡修复情况，可每5天或7天再次组装创面敷料，以促进伤口愈合。
该自组装薄膜直接在角膜溃疡面上完成组装，完美吻合创面，简单方便。该薄膜厚度大约3微米，选择聚乙烯醇水凝胶材料保护创面，使薄膜透明、通氧、保湿，再加入抗生素氯霉素(通过脂质体包裹氯霉素提高其载药率)，及糖皮质激素氢化可的松，通过层层自组装方式达到药物的缓慢释放，促进溃疡创面的愈合。
实施例6
用PBS缓冲液配制8g/L聚丙烯胺盐酸盐、8g/L硫酸皮肤素溶液以及质量分数5％的粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、质量分数5％的血管内皮生长因子溶液，过滤除菌。
在全手III度烧伤创面，常规消毒清创后，将手浸润在聚丙烯胺盐酸盐溶液中，1分钟后取出，用负压吸引器从边缘吸去多余溶液，再将手浸润在硫酸皮肤素溶液中1分钟，取出后吸去多余溶液，然后将手浸润在粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子溶液中2分钟，取出后吸去多余溶液。上述铺加步骤按次序进行20个循环，即完成自组装创面敷料的构建。
根据烧伤创面修复情况，可在5天后再构建一次相同的自组装敷料，在第10天，按照聚丙烯胺盐酸盐、血管内皮生长因子、硫酸皮肤素的次序更换治疗药物进行层层自组装，形成新的创面敷料，之后每5天再次组装新的创面敷料，以促进创面愈合。
该自组装薄膜直接在创面上完成组装，完美吻合创面，简单方便。该薄膜厚度大约20微米，选择具有良好生物相容性的多聚高分子材料聚丙烯胺盐酸盐及有抗炎作用的高分子硫酸皮肤素，透明通气、保护创面、抑制过度炎症反应。同时，在烧伤初期阶段，通过层层组装粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子起到招募免疫细胞促进伤口重构、抗感染作用；在烧伤后期，通过层层组装血管内皮生长因子，促进伤口血管再生，促进创面愈合。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式，但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制，其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化，均应为等效的置换方式，都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种层层自组装薄膜的制备方法，其特征在于包括如下步骤:
1）将凝胶材料溶液铺展到基底上，将其凝固成固态；
2）在铺有凝胶材料的基底上，铺加与凝胶材料所带电性相反的离子聚合物溶液，待其吸附于基底，吸去未反应溶液；再铺加与前述离子聚合物溶液电性相反的离子聚合物溶液，待其吸附于自组装层，吸去未反应溶液；
3）循环操作步骤2）直至所需层数；
4）在自组装层上滴加带电的治疗药物溶液，待吸附于自组装层后，吸去未反应溶液，再铺加与药物电性相反的离子聚合物溶液，待材料吸附于自组装层后，吸去未反应溶液；
5）循环操作步骤4）至所需层数；
6）将铺于基底的凝胶材料转为液态，直接于凝胶材料上取出自组装薄膜；
所述的离子聚合物溶液铺加方式为滴加、灌注或浸润，时间为20秒~3分钟，所述吸去未反应溶液的方式为负压吸引器抽吸。
2.如权利要求1所述的层层自组装薄膜的制备方法，其特征在于所述的凝胶材料为明胶。
3.如权利要求1所述的层层自组装薄膜的制备方法，其特征在于所述的步骤2）中所述的阳离子聚合物为聚（二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵）、聚丙烯胺盐酸盐、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、壳聚糖、聚赖氨酸中的一种或多种，离子聚合物溶液的浓度为1～10 g/L。
4.如权利要求1所述的层层自组装薄膜的制备方法，其特征在于所述的阴离子聚合物为聚苯乙烯磺酸盐、糖胺聚糖、明胶中的一种或多种，离子聚合物溶液的浓度为1～10g/L。
5.如权利要求1所述的层层自组装薄膜的制备方法，其特征在于所述步骤3）或所述的步骤5）中循环操作次数为5-100次循环。
6.如权利要求1所述的层层自组装薄膜的制备方法，其特征在于所述步骤4）中所述的带电性的治疗药物为蛋白、多肽、抗体、核酸、抗生素、糖皮质激素、及其衍生物和载有药物的脂质体中的一种或多种。
7.如权利要求1-6任一项所述方法制备得到的层层自组装薄膜，其特征在于，所述层层自组装膜的总厚度为100～20000 nm。
8.权利要求7所述层层自组装薄膜作为创面敷料的应用。
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