CN107904413A - A kind of shrinkage compensation method of raising TC4 casting head homogeneity of ingredients - Google Patents
A kind of shrinkage compensation method of raising TC4 casting head homogeneity of ingredients Download PDFInfo
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- CN107904413A CN107904413A CN201711267945.XA CN201711267945A CN107904413A CN 107904413 A CN107904413 A CN 107904413A CN 201711267945 A CN201711267945 A CN 201711267945A CN 107904413 A CN107904413 A CN 107904413A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
- C22B9/16—Remelting metals
- C22B9/20—Arc remelting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
- C22C1/03—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting using master alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C14/00—Alloys based on titanium
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of shrinkage compensation method of raising TC4 casting head homogeneity of ingredients, the proportioning that titanium sponge and intermediate alloy are required according to GB/T3620.1 carries out dispensing, electrode block is pressed into after batch mixing, vacuum arc furnace melting is carried out after electrode block is carried out vacuum plasma welding, third time melting feeding stage stringent coordination electrode residuals weight and argon filling pressure in fusion process, finished product ingot casting is obtained after finally carrying out surface machining.The present invention solves the problem of existing Φ 720mm specifications TC4 ingot casting center portion Al elements are relatively low, and ingot casting transformation temperature deviation is big.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of nonferrous metal processing, is related to a kind of benefit of raising TC4 casting head homogeneity of ingredients
Contracting method.
Background technology
TC4 alloys are a kind of alpha and beta type titan alloys, its high comprehensive performance, and plasticity and impact flexibility are high, be usually used in aviation,
The important spare part in the fields such as space flight.TC4 titan alloy casting ingots are generally prepared using vacuum consumable arc-melting, by melting three times
Obtain the ingot casting that component tissue is met the requirements.Since ingot casting component has material impact for transformation temperature, and TC4 alloys are difficult
Deformable material, tissue is sensitive and unmanageable to forging thermal parameter with performance after it is forged.Therefore the accuracy of its transformation temperature is
The important evidence that its forging technology is formulated.Control phase is mainly reached using the method for control ingot casting homogeneity of ingredients at present
The purpose of height, so as to improve forgeability.Vacuum consumable arc-melting method production ingot casting a universal law be due to
Feeding stage melting mode easily causes head homogeneity of ingredients and is deteriorated, so as to be had an impact to transformation temperature, and then influences finally
Forging performance.
The content of the invention
It is relatively low that center portion Al elements present in TC4 ingot castings in the prior art can be solved the object of the present invention is to provide one kind
The shrinkage compensation method of the raising TC4 casting head homogeneity of ingredients of problem.
To reach above-mentioned purpose, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is：
Step 1：By the zero level of national standard or level-one titanium sponge, fine aluminium, aluminum-vanadium alloy, titanium dioxide powder according to quality
Al：6.0~6.4%, V：3.5~4.3%, O：0.08~0.13%, surplus is uniformly mixed to obtain mixture for Ti；
Step 2：Mixture is pressed into electrode block；
Step 3：Copper-base plasma pipette tips are used under vacuum conditions by the way of Plasma Welding in stove by some electricity
Pole block welding obtains consutrode together；
Step 4：Consutrode is subjected to vacuum arc furnace melting three times, during last time melting, when electrode residuals weight
Feeding is initially entered in 150~300kg, it is 50~500Pa to concurrently set argon filling pressure, and current decrease rate is decreased to step by step
3000A obtains ingot casting；
Step 5：TC4-DT titanium alloy finished product ingot castings are obtained after ingot casting is carried out surface machining.
The pressing pressure of the step 2) is 20-30Mpa, keeps pressure 3-8 seconds.
Vacuum arc furnace melting process is the step 4) three times：Adopted respectively with second of vacuum arc furnace melting for the first time
With the crucible of Φ 560mm and 640mm, fusion process controls vacuum in below 5.0Pa, melting 10~35kA of electric current, melting electricity
25~40V is pressed, when the melting postcooling time is small not less than 5.
Vacuum arc furnace melting process is the step 4) three times：Third time vacuum arc furnace melting is using Φ 720mm's
Crucible, for vacuum degree control in below 2Pa, melting electric current selects 25~35kA in fusion process, and melting voltage selection 33~
40V, initially enters feeding, it is 50-500Pa to concurrently set argon filling pressure, and electric current is step by step in electrode residuals weight 150-300kg
It is decreased to 3KA, it is final to ensure molten last complete reservation, when the melting postcooling time is small more than 6.
The present invention carries out melting three times using VAR methods, and inert gas is filled with during third time melting later stage feeding
Argon gas, completes ingot casting feeding in argon gas atmosphere.The present invention is on the premise of ensureing not reducing ingot casting yield rate so that ingot casting
The Al Elemental redistributions on head are more uniform.Solve since transformation temperature is relatively low caused by uneven components, so as to influence to forge
The formulation of forging technology in journey.Performance difference is larger for solving forging (corresponding casting head position at) has positive effect.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 be the embodiment of the present invention 1 prepare ingot casting head vertical profile sampled on section detection Al elemental compositions it is equal
Even property result.
Fig. 2 be the embodiment of the present invention 2 prepare ingot casting head vertical profile sampled on section detection Al elemental compositions it is equal
Even property result.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1：
Step 1：By the zero level of national standard or level-one titanium sponge, fine aluminium, aluminum-vanadium alloy, titanium dioxide powder according to quality
Al：6.0%th, V：3.5%th, O：0.08%, surplus is uniformly mixed to obtain mixture for Ti；
Step 2：Mixture is pressed into electrode block, pressing pressure control is in 20Mpa, holding pressure time 8 seconds；
Step 3：Some electrode blocks are welded together by the way of Plasma Welding in stove to obtain consutrode, vacuum
Caused oxidation in welding process is avoided under environment；Using copper-base plasma pipette tips avoid tungsten electrode pipette tips welded bands come W be mingled with；
Step 4：Consutrode is subjected to vacuum arc furnace melting three times：
First time melting use Φ 560mm crucible, in fusion process control vacuum in 5Pa (pa) below, melting
When 10~20kA of electric current, melting 25~30V of voltage, melting postcooling time are small not less than 6.0；Need to be on lathe after the completion of melting
Do tack, flat processing；
Second of melting use Φ 640mm crucible, in fusion process control vacuum degree control in 4Pa (pa) below,
When melting 15~25kA of electric current, melting 28~35V of voltage, melting postcooling time are small not less than 7.0；Need to be in car after the completion of melting
Tack, flat processing are done on bed；
Third time vacuum arc furnace melting use Φ 720mm crucible, in fusion process control vacuum 2.0Pa with
Under, melting 25~30kA of electric current, 33~35V of melting voltage.Benefit is initially entered in consumable electrode melting residuals weight 150Kg
Contracting, while open VAR furnace pressures power and function is set, argon filling pressure is set as 50Pa, and current decrease rate reduces step by step, final to ensure
Molten end complete reservation.When the melting postcooling time is small more than 6.
Step 5：TC4-DT titanium alloy finished product ingot castings are obtained after ingot casting is carried out surface machining.
As seen from Figure 1, the head vertical profile photo of the TC4 ingot castings of Φ 720mm specifications prepared by the embodiment of the present invention 1.
As it can be seen that shrinkage cavity is gathered near ingot casting center portion, shrinkage cavity extreme lower position is apart from casting head about 130mm.
Embodiment 2：
Step 1：By the zero level of national standard or level-one titanium sponge, fine aluminium, aluminum-vanadium alloy, titanium dioxide powder according to quality
Al：6.4%th, V：4.3%th, O：0.13%, surplus is uniformly mixed to obtain mixture for Ti；
Step 2：Mixture is pressed into electrode block, pressing pressure control is in 30Mpa, holding pressure time 83 seconds；
Step 3：Some electrode blocks are welded together by the way of Plasma Welding in stove to obtain consutrode, vacuum
Caused oxidation in welding process is avoided under environment；Using copper-base plasma pipette tips avoid tungsten electrode pipette tips welded bands come W be mingled with；
Step 4：Consutrode is subjected to vacuum arc furnace melting three times：
First time melting uses the crucible of Φ 560mm, and vacuum is controlled in fusion process in below 4Pa, melting electric current
When 20~30kA, melting 27~35V of voltage, melting postcooling time are small not less than 6.0；It need to be done after the completion of melting on lathe flat
Head, flat processing；
Second of melting uses the crucible of Φ 640mm, and vacuum is controlled in fusion process in below 3Pa, melting electric current
When 18~26kA, melting 30~40V of voltage, melting postcooling time are small not less than 7.0；It need to be done after the completion of melting on lathe flat
Head, flat processing；
Third time vacuum arc furnace melting use Φ 720mm crucible, in fusion process control vacuum 2.0Pa with
Under, melting 28~35kA of electric current, 35~40V of melting voltage.Benefit is initially entered in consumable electrode melting residuals weight 300Kg
Contracting, while open VAR furnace pressures power and function is set, argon filling pressure is set as 500Pa, and current decrease rate reduces step by step, final to protect
The molten last complete reservation of card.When the melting postcooling time is small more than 6；
Step 5：TC4-DT titanium alloy finished product ingot castings are obtained after ingot casting is carried out surface machining.
As seen from Figure 2, the head vertical profile photo of the TC4 ingot castings of Φ 720mm specifications prepared by the embodiment of the present invention 1.
As it can be seen that shrinkage cavity is gathered near ingot casting center portion, shrinkage cavity extreme lower position is apart from casting head about 110mm.
Embodiment 3：
Step 1：By the zero level of national standard or level-one titanium sponge, fine aluminium, aluminum-vanadium alloy, titanium dioxide powder according to quality
Al：6.2%th, V：4.0%th, O：0.10%, surplus is uniformly mixed to obtain mixture for Ti；
Step 2：Mixture is pressed into electrode block, pressing pressure control is in 28Mpa, holding pressure time 6 seconds；
Step 3：Some electrode blocks are welded together by the way of Plasma Welding in stove to obtain consutrode, vacuum
Caused oxidation in welding process is avoided under environment；Using copper-base plasma pipette tips avoid tungsten electrode pipette tips welded bands come W be mingled with；
Step 4：Consutrode is subjected to vacuum arc furnace melting three times：
First time melting use Φ 560mm crucible, in fusion process control vacuum in 5Pa (pa) below, melting
When 10~20kA of electric current, melting 25~30V of voltage, melting postcooling time are small not less than 6.0；Need to be on lathe after the completion of melting
Do tack, flat processing；
Second of melting use Φ 640mm crucible, in fusion process control vacuum degree control in 4Pa (pa) below,
When melting 15~25kA of electric current, melting 28~35V of voltage, melting postcooling time are small not less than 7.0；Need to be in car after the completion of melting
Tack, flat processing are done on bed；
Third time vacuum arc furnace melting use Φ 720mm crucible, in fusion process control vacuum 2.0Pa with
Under, melting 25~30kA of electric current, 33~35V of melting voltage.Benefit is initially entered in consumable electrode melting residuals weight 200Kg
Contracting, while open VAR furnace pressures power and function is set, argon filling pressure is set as 50Pa, and current decrease rate reduces step by step, final to ensure
Molten end complete reservation.When the melting postcooling time is small more than 6.
Step 5：TC4-DT titanium alloy finished product ingot castings are obtained after ingot casting is carried out surface machining.
Embodiment 4：
Step 1：By the zero level of national standard or level-one titanium sponge, fine aluminium, aluminum-vanadium alloy, titanium dioxide powder according to quality
Al：6.3%th, V：3.8%th, O：0.12%, surplus is uniformly mixed to obtain mixture for Ti；
Step 2：Mixture is pressed into electrode block, pressing pressure control is in 23Mpa, holding pressure time 4 seconds；
Step 3：Some electrode blocks are welded together by the way of Plasma Welding in stove to obtain consutrode, vacuum
Caused oxidation in welding process is avoided under environment；Using copper-base plasma pipette tips avoid tungsten electrode pipette tips welded bands come W be mingled with；
Step 4：Consutrode is subjected to vacuum arc furnace melting three times：
First time melting uses the crucible of Φ 560mm, and vacuum is controlled in fusion process in below 4Pa, melting electric current
When 20~30kA, melting 27~35V of voltage, melting postcooling time are small not less than 6.0；It need to be done after the completion of melting on lathe flat
Head, flat processing；
Second of melting uses the crucible of Φ 640mm, and vacuum is controlled in fusion process in below 3Pa, melting electric current
When 18~26kA, melting 30~40V of voltage, melting postcooling time are small not less than 7.0；It need to be done after the completion of melting on lathe flat
Head, flat processing；
Third time vacuum arc furnace melting use Φ 720mm crucible, in fusion process control vacuum 2.0Pa with
Under, melting 28~35kA of electric current, 35~40V of melting voltage.Benefit is initially entered in consumable electrode melting residuals weight 260Kg
Contracting, while open VAR furnace pressures power and function is set, argon filling pressure is set as 500Pa, and current decrease rate reduces step by step, final to protect
The molten last complete reservation of card.When the melting postcooling time is small more than 6；
Step 5：TC4-DT titanium alloy finished product ingot castings are obtained after ingot casting is carried out surface machining.
Although the consumable arc-melting of active metal titanium can carry out in an inert atmosphere, it is compared with vacuum melting, very
Empty melting have the advantages that heating-up temperature evenly, voltage drop in arc column is small, the thermal efficiency is high, therefore in the industrial production use vacuum more
Consumable smelting.But in order to control the homogeneity of ingredients of casting head, it is necessary to which the cooling of ingot casting is very fast, weld pool surface can be quick
Solidification is so as to weaken the scaling loss of center portion Al elements.《In rare metal processing handbook》Point out, experiment shows, when gaseous pressure exists
1.013×105~6.65 × 103During Pa (1 atmospheric pressure~50mmHg), the electric arc that melting produces is stable, and electric arc exists in crucible
Molten bath is scattered on face, and the electric arc of consutrode falls downwards into mitriform, is moved sometimes along electrode tip, but is had no effect on normal molten
Refining；When gaseous pressure is in 6.65 × 103~6.65 × 101During Pa (50~0.5mmHg), several abnormal electric discharge (such as aura
Electric discharge, low-light electric discharge etc.) often occur, diffusion arc, pulsating arc also frequently occur, and the electric arc of consutrode is along electrode movement frequency
It is numerous, and be in diffusion type, electric arc can often leave molten bath in crucible, and be altered along sidewall of crucible upstream and downstream, between this electrode and sidewall of crucible
The diffusion arc of generation easily punctures crucible, causes serious explosion accident；When gaseous pressure is less than 6.65 × 101Pa
When (0.5mmHg), pulsating arc and diffusion arc disappear, and melting electric arc tends towards stability again.Therefore 66.5Pa (0.5mmHg) is referred to as to face
Boundary's pressure value.
In melting, what is generally measured is furnace chamber pressure, this Zhi Bihu areas pressure is 10~40 times low.Therefore, in order to ensure that electric arc
Area's voltage is not higher than critical pressure, usually requires that vacuum arc melting should be in the pressure limit less than 6.65Pa and higher than 6650Pa
Interior progress, carries out so furnace chamber pressure should be less than in the environment of 665Pa.
Preferably, 150~300kg of third time melting feeding electrode residuals weight.
Preferably, third time melting feeding stage argon filling pressure is 50~500Pa.
For the present invention to ensure the homogeneity of ingredients of ingot casting, it is basis and aluminium-vanadium intermediate alloy to select high-quality titanium sponge
Mixing material is carried out, the main component scope control of ingot casting is in the range of GB/T3620.1.
Realize that raw material are uniformly distributed in electrode block by batch mixing, improve homogeneity of ingredients；Pressure control is suppressed 20
~30MPa ensure that the consistency of electrode block；
The external world gas when welding of electrode is carried out by the way of vacuum plasma welding and is to weld consutrode in order to prevent
Atmosphere causes electrode the influence of oxidation.
Melting three times is carried out using vacuum consumable arc-melting (VAR) method, stringent control melting electric current in fusion process,
Voltage, electrode residuals weight and argon filling pressure, it is poor to solve existing TC4 titan alloy casting ingots head homogeneity of ingredients, causes ingot casting
Transformation temperature deviates the problem of larger.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows on the premise of ensureing not reducing ingot casting yield rate so that the Al elements of casting head
Distribution is more uniform.Solve since transformation temperature is relatively low caused by uneven components, so as to influence forging technology in forging process
Formulation.Performance difference is larger for solving forging (corresponding casting head position at) has positive effect.
Claims (4)
1. a kind of shrinkage compensation method of raising TC4 casting head homogeneity of ingredients, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
Step 1：By the zero level of national standard or level-one titanium sponge, fine aluminium, aluminum-vanadium alloy, titanium dioxide powder according to quality Al：6.0
~6.4%, V：3.5~4.3%, O：0.08~0.13%, surplus is uniformly mixed to obtain mixture for Ti；
Step 2：Mixture is pressed into electrode block；
Step 3：Copper-base plasma pipette tips are used under vacuum conditions by the way of Plasma Welding in stove by some electrode blocks
Weld together to obtain consutrode；
Step 4：Consutrode is subjected to vacuum arc furnace melting three times, during last time melting, when electrode residuals weight is 150
Feeding is initially entered during~300kg, it is 50~500Pa to concurrently set argon filling pressure, and current decrease rate is decreased to 3000A step by step
Obtain ingot casting；
Step 5：TC4-DT titanium alloy finished product ingot castings are obtained after ingot casting is carried out surface machining.
2. the shrinkage compensation method of raising TC4 casting head homogeneity of ingredients according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described
The pressing pressure of step 2) is 20-30Mpa, keeps pressure 3-8 seconds.
3. the shrinkage compensation method of raising TC4 casting head homogeneity of ingredients according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described
Vacuum arc furnace melting process is step 4) three times：For the first time and second of vacuum arc furnace melting be respectively adopted Φ 560mm and
The crucible of 640mm, fusion process control vacuum to melt in below 5.0Pa, melting 10~35kA of electric current, melting 25~40V of voltage
When the refining postcooling time is small not less than 5.
4. the shrinkage compensation method of raising TC4 casting head homogeneity of ingredients according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described
Vacuum arc furnace melting process is step 4) three times：Third time vacuum arc furnace melting uses the crucible of Φ 720mm, in melting
For vacuum degree control in below 2Pa, melting electric current selects 25~35kA in journey, and melting voltage selects 33~40V, in the remaining weight of electrode
Feeding is initially entered when measuring 150-300kg, it is 50-500Pa to concurrently set argon filling pressure, and electric current is decreased to 3KA step by step, final to protect
The molten last complete reservation of card, when the melting postcooling time is small more than 6.
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Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109055793A (en) * | 2018-10-26 | 2018-12-21 | 成都先进金属材料产业技术研究院有限公司 | A kind of production method of TA18 titan alloy casting ingot |
| CN109402431A (en) * | 2018-12-19 | 2019-03-01 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of Ti6Al7Nb titan alloy casting ingot |
| CN109487092A (en) * | 2018-12-19 | 2019-03-19 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | A kind of Ti6321 titan alloy casting ingot melting shrinkage compensation method |
| CN109550907A (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2019-04-02 | 西部新锆核材料科技有限公司 | A method of solving the enrichment of zircaloy casting head ferro element |
| CN110592408A (en) * | 2019-10-24 | 2019-12-20 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | Smelting method of TC8 titanium alloy ingot |
| CN110951974A (en) * | 2019-11-20 | 2020-04-03 | 湖南金天钛业科技有限公司 | Titanium alloy ingot and preparation method thereof |
| CN111014877A (en) * | 2019-12-03 | 2020-04-17 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | Method for welding titanium alloy ingot casting in furnace |
| CN111057887A (en) * | 2019-11-18 | 2020-04-24 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | Preparation method of high-uniformity TA18 titanium alloy ingot for aviation hydraulic pipe |
| CN111549244A (en) * | 2020-05-20 | 2020-08-18 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | Preparation method of Ti35 titanium alloy ingot |
| CN113186406A (en) * | 2021-04-15 | 2021-07-30 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | VAR smelting method for preparing large-size easily-segregated titanium alloy ingot in strong cooling mode |
| CN114015891A (en) * | 2021-11-11 | 2022-02-08 | 云南钛业股份有限公司 | VAR pure titanium ingot feeding method based on feeding electrode and ingot |
| CN115896471A (en) * | 2022-11-11 | 2023-04-04 | 西北工业大学 | TC17 titanium alloy ingot casting smelting method |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109055793B (en) * | 2018-10-26 | 2021-01-26 | 成都先进金属材料产业技术研究院有限公司 | Production method of TA18 titanium alloy ingot |
| CN109055793A (en) * | 2018-10-26 | 2018-12-21 | 成都先进金属材料产业技术研究院有限公司 | A kind of production method of TA18 titan alloy casting ingot |
| CN109550907A (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2019-04-02 | 西部新锆核材料科技有限公司 | A method of solving the enrichment of zircaloy casting head ferro element |
| CN109402431A (en) * | 2018-12-19 | 2019-03-01 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of Ti6Al7Nb titan alloy casting ingot |
| CN109487092A (en) * | 2018-12-19 | 2019-03-19 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | A kind of Ti6321 titan alloy casting ingot melting shrinkage compensation method |
| CN110592408A (en) * | 2019-10-24 | 2019-12-20 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | Smelting method of TC8 titanium alloy ingot |
| CN111057887A (en) * | 2019-11-18 | 2020-04-24 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | Preparation method of high-uniformity TA18 titanium alloy ingot for aviation hydraulic pipe |
| CN111057887B (en) * | 2019-11-18 | 2021-11-05 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | Preparation method of high-uniformity TA18 titanium alloy ingot for aviation hydraulic pipe |
| CN110951974A (en) * | 2019-11-20 | 2020-04-03 | 湖南金天钛业科技有限公司 | Titanium alloy ingot and preparation method thereof |
| CN111014877B (en) * | 2019-12-03 | 2021-12-31 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | Method for welding titanium alloy ingot casting in furnace |
| CN111014877A (en) * | 2019-12-03 | 2020-04-17 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | Method for welding titanium alloy ingot casting in furnace |
| CN111549244A (en) * | 2020-05-20 | 2020-08-18 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | Preparation method of Ti35 titanium alloy ingot |
| CN113186406A (en) * | 2021-04-15 | 2021-07-30 | 西部超导材料科技股份有限公司 | VAR smelting method for preparing large-size easily-segregated titanium alloy ingot in strong cooling mode |
| CN114015891A (en) * | 2021-11-11 | 2022-02-08 | 云南钛业股份有限公司 | VAR pure titanium ingot feeding method based on feeding electrode and ingot |
| CN115896471A (en) * | 2022-11-11 | 2023-04-04 | 西北工业大学 | TC17 titanium alloy ingot casting smelting method |
| CN115896471B (en) * | 2022-11-11 | 2024-05-28 | 西北工业大学 | TC17 titanium alloy ingot casting smelting method |
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Application publication date: 20180413 |