CN107894585B - Multi-decoy generation method based on phase modulation surface - Google Patents
Multi-decoy generation method based on phase modulation surface Download PDFInfo
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- CN107894585B CN107894585B CN201711043217.0A CN201711043217A CN107894585B CN 107894585 B CN107894585 B CN 107894585B CN 201711043217 A CN201711043217 A CN 201711043217A CN 107894585 B CN107894585 B CN 107894585B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
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- G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
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Abstract
The invention relates to a multi-false target generation method based on a phase modulation surface, which comprises the following steps: firstly, the method comprises the following steps: modeling of the phase modulation surface: the active screen is composed of an active screen, a dielectric layer and a metal bottom plate. II, secondly: the electronic reconnaissance equipment measures signal parameters of radar emission signals, feeds the signal parameters back to the modulation waveform generator and generates corresponding modulation waveforms. Thirdly, the method comprises the following steps: and (3) receiving a reflected signal of the radar emission signal after being modulated by the step modulation waveform by the radar, and generating a one-dimensional distance direction false target, a one-dimensional direction false target and a two-dimensional false target which are symmetrically distributed near the position of the real target through imaging processing. Fourthly, the method comprises the following steps: the CFAR detection generates a self-adaptive threshold which can be adjusted along with noise, clutter and interference by estimating the average level of a reference unit, and analyzes multiple false targets generated by the PSS by taking the total detection cost caused by false alarm and false missing alarm in one search period of the radar as a detection performance index. The invention expands the application of the PSS in the aspect of electronic interference and improves the detection cost of the radar system.
Description
[technical field]
The invention belongs to passive jamming fields.Specifically related to the multi-false targets generation method based on phase-modulation surface,
It is more specifically, to realize one-dimensional distance to multi-false targets, one by controlling the duty ratio size changed with the slow time cycle
Tie up the flexible switching between orientation multi-false targets and two-dimentional multi-false targets.
[background technique]
Multi-false targets generation technique is a kind of effective means for protecting real goal in Radar ECM field, in recent years
Have become the hot spot studied both at home and abroad.It is different from target scattering control technology, the purpose of multi-false targets generation technique does not lie in drop
Low target scattering resonance state finds to avoid by radar, but multiple false targets are generated around real goal, a large amount of false
Target seriously consumes radar resource, and it has many characteristics, such as that real goal has similar speed, track, waveform, makes thunder
It is difficult to accurately be differentiated up in time domain, frequency domain and airspace.
Traditional multi-false targets generation technique often uses active method, and the Wang Xuesong of the National University of Defense technology teaches team
The multi-false targets generation method based on intermittent sampling forwarding was proposed in 2006, this method carries out in arteries and veins radar emission signal
It intermittently samples and forwards between arteries and veins, produce the effect of multi-false targets cheating interference after the processing of radar side, but it is often deposited
The problems such as false target fidelity is insufficient, jamming equipment is complicated and interference real-time is poor.
Real-time response can be carried out to radar by generating multi-false targets using passive method, and not radiated outwardly actively
Electromagnetic energy greatly reduces the risk of itself exposure.Meanwhile the passive generation method of multi-false targets be also equipped with it is adaptable,
Interference effect is true to nature, equipment operation is simple and it is low in cost the advantages that.In wartime, it can significantly improve panzer, guided missile hair
Penetrate the survival ability of the battlefields such as vehicle high pay-off target；Usually, the self-protection ability of high pay-off target is can be improved in it.So
And that when fighting modern radar system, there is flexibilities is insufficient, interference effect is limited etc. for the passive generation method of multi-false targets
Many limitations.
Novel manual electromagnetic material is one of the hot fields studied in passive confrontation, and researcher both domestic and external is mostly from mesh
Electromagnetic scattering angle that is stealthy, reducing target is marked to study this problem.On the other hand, Novel manual electromagnetic material can also be made
Apply the electromagnetism of the modulation such as phase, polarization, frequency domain, fine motion or enhancing target to the electromagnetic wave for being incident on its surface for disturbance means
Scattering is designed by cleverly structure, it is expected to before it has wide application in fields such as radar target eigentransformation, electronic interferences
Scape.
Phase-modulation surface (phase switched screen, PSS) is used as a kind of novel artificial electromagnetic structure, extensively
Using the stealthy field of radar target, it is different from traditional absorbing material, the inreal electromagnetic wave absorption energy in phase-modulation surface, and
It is by way of applying phase-modulation to incident electromagnetic wave, the frequency spectrum for making it reflect signal is fallen within except entire receiver bandwidth
Or controlled distribution within receiver bandwidth, to realize that radar target is stealthy or electronic interferences.
The present invention combines intermittent sampling technology with phase-modulation surface, proposes one kind and is accounted for based on phase-modulation surface
Sky is than the multi-false targets generation method that changes with the slow time cycle, including one-dimensional distance to multi-false targets, one-dimensional orientation
Multi-false targets and two-dimentional multi-false targets, and by constant false alarm (constant false alarm rate, CFAR) technology to being mentioned
The performance of method has carried out relevant analysis.
[summary of the invention]
The present invention proposes a kind of more false mesh based on phase-modulation surface for deficiency existing for existing multi-false targets technology
Generation method is marked, core concept is to change the modulation duty cycle on phase-modulation surface in slow time-domain periodically, makes its production
Raw specific multi-false targets cheating interference effect.To realize above-mentioned multi-false targets cheating interference process, this method is using following step
It is rapid to realize:
Step 1: the model foundation of phase-modulation surface (PSS)
The basic structure of PSS is as shown in Figure 1, PSS is mainly shielded by active, dielectric layer and metal base plate three parts form, gold
Belonging to the medium interlamellar spacing between bottom plate and modulation screen is a quarter wavelength, is usually filled by the material that dielectric constant is 1.It is logical
It crosses to modulation screen by the way of automatically controlled, to realize the phase controlling for back wave；
Step 2: the establishment of PSS interval modulated signal
In actual use, PSS needs autonomous acquisition about environmental condition and its information of variation, then judged,
Processing, reaction, to change itself function, this be unable to do without the auxiliary of electronic reconnaissance equipment and Waveform Generator.Electronics is detectd
The signal parameter that equipment measures radar emission signal is examined, it is fed back into Waveform Generator, Waveform Generator generates
Corresponding modulation waveform out；
Step 3: multi-false targets generate
The modulated reflection signal of the modulation waveform that radar emission signal is generated through step 2 is received by radar, by
After processing, symmetrical one-dimensional distance can be generated near locations of real targets to decoy, one-dimensional orientation vacation mesh
Mark and two-dimentional decoy.
Step 4: the CFAR detection of target is generated
CFAR (constant false alarm rate) detection by estimation its reference unit average level generate can with noise, clutter and
The adaptive threshold being adjusted is interfered, here with detection generation total caused by false-alarm, false dismissal in search cycle of radar
Valence analyzes the multi-false targets generated through PSS as detection performance index.
It is as shown in Figure 4 that CFAR detects reference unit schematic diagram.Decoy is using real goal as center symmetrical dispersion 4L2Ginseng
It examines in unit, the unit where real goal is m, and CFAR detector is successively to this 4L2+ 1 unit is detected and is calculated total
Detection cost.In view of target may occupy multiple reference units, real goal unit two sides need to be arranged at least one protection
Unit.For the unit where real goal, detect that the cost of target isBeing detected as aimless cost isIt is right
In a unit to be detected of n-th (n ≠ m), detect that the cost of target isBeing detected as aimless cost isAccording to most
Minor error canon of probability, often assumes thatSo radar inspection total within a search cycle
Surveying cost isWherein 4L2For detection unit number, j represents the locating unit of detection, and i representative detects target
The presence or absence of.
CFAR detector detection threshold is codetermined by false-alarm probability and ambient noise distribution.It is assumed that radar receiver I, Q
The noise in channel is white Gaussian noise, and ambient noise obeys exponential distribution, CFAR inspection in reference unit after quadratic detection
It surveys thresholding and is represented by T=-PNlnpfa, PNIndicate whole noise powers of interference, PfaFor the false-alarm probability value of setting.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
First, the multi-false targets generation method based on phase-modulation surface is innovatively proposed, conventional active is compensated for
The deficiency of generation method false target fidelity, eliminates the equipment amount of jammer complexity, has expanded PSS in terms of electronic interferences
Application.
Second, the duty ratio size by changing slow time cycle variation realizes one-dimensional distance to multi-false targets, one-dimensional square
Flexible control of the position to multi-false targets and two-dimentional multi-false targets, by adjusting PSS modulating frequency come command range between decoy
Spacing, by change duty ratio period of change control azimuth to spacing, solve the passive generation method of multi-false targets
The problems such as that there is flexibilities when fighting modern radar system is insufficient, interference effect is limited.
Third, the detection cost for generating multi-false targets is analyzed by three kinds of CFAR detectors, and discovery is based on phase-modulation
The multi-false targets of Surface Creation make radar system multiple false-alarm and false dismissal occur, substantially increase the detection cost of radar system.
[Detailed description of the invention]
Fig. 1 phase-modulation surface texture figure of the present invention.
The pulsewidth relational graph (M=2) of Fig. 2 (a), (b) incidence wave and back wave.
Fig. 3 orientation duty cycle modulates schematic diagram.
Fig. 4 CFAR detects reference unit schematic diagram.
Fig. 5 PSS is without the interference effect figure under modulation condition, wherein Fig. 5 (a) is distance to Fig. 5 (b) is orientation, Fig. 5
It (c) is X-Y scheme, Fig. 5 (d) is three-dimensional figure.
Fig. 6 PSS one-dimensional distance is to interference effect figure (fs=10MHz, Tm=0.3s, β=0.5), wherein Fig. 6 (a) be away from
Descriscent, Fig. 6 (b) are orientation, and Fig. 6 (c) is X-Y scheme, and Fig. 6 (d) is three-dimensional figure.
The one-dimensional orientation interference effect figure (f of Fig. 7 PSSs=10MHz, Tm=0.3s, β=1), wherein Fig. 7 (a) is distance
To Fig. 7 (b) is orientation, and Fig. 7 (c) is X-Y scheme, and Fig. 7 (d) is three-dimensional figure.
Fig. 8 PSS is apart from orientation two dimension interference effect figure (fs=10MHz, Tm=0.3s, β=0.75) wherein, Fig. 8 (a) is
Distance is to Fig. 8 (b) is orientation, and Fig. 8 (c) is X-Y scheme, and Fig. 8 (d) is three-dimensional figure.
Fig. 9 different modulating frequency PSS is apart from orientation two dimension interference effect figure (fs=5MHz, Tm=0.3s, β=0.75),
In, Fig. 9 (a) is distance to Fig. 9 (b) is orientation, and Fig. 9 (c) is X-Y scheme, and Fig. 9 (d) is three-dimensional figure.
Figure 10 different duty PSS modulation period is apart from orientation two dimension interference effect figure (fs=10MHz, Tm=0.15s, β
=0.75), wherein Figure 10 (a) is distance to Figure 10 (b) is orientation, and Figure 10 (c) is X-Y scheme, and Figure 10 (d) is three-dimensional figure.
Tri- kinds of CFAR detector detection effect figures of Figure 11, wherein Figure 11 (a) is distance to section, and Figure 11 (b) is orientation
Section, Figure 11 (c) are CA-CFAR threshold value, and Figure 11 (d) is decoy amplitude.
Tri- kinds of CFAR detectors of Figure 12 detect cost effect picture, wherein Figure 12 (a) is modulating frequency, and Figure 12 (b) is duty
Than modulation period, Figure 12 (c) is duty ratio, and Figure 12 (d) is signal-to-noise ratio.
[specific embodiment]
Method for a better understanding of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawing makees the specific implementation step of this method and effect
Further explanation.
Step 1: the model foundation of PSS
Modulation screen is made of automatically controlled artificial cycle structural material, and when no power, modulation screen is shown as to incident electromagnetic wave
Total reflection, echo-signal is represented by cos (wt)；When energization, modulation screen shows as the total transmissivity to incident electromagnetic wave, incident
Wave can pass through modulation screen, reflect after encountering metal base plate, corresponding echo-signal can be expressed as cos (wt+2 η d).Its
Middle η=2 π/λ, λ are free space wavelength, and 2 η d=22 π/λ λ/4=π represent opposite between adjacent two beams reflection echo
Phase difference.Therefore, phase of echo is exactly the opposite at modulation screen and bottom plate, is equivalent to bipolar multiplied by one in incident radar signal
Property rectangular pulse train signals, the amplitude of burst signal is in+1 and -1 period switching.
Step 2: the establishment of PSS interval modulated signal
According to the analysis of step 1, modulated signal is bipolarity Periodic Rectangular square wave p (t), it is assumed that the primary modulation period is
T, when active modulation-on a length of τ, if the pulsewidth of radar is Tp, it is M in the on-off number of a pulse width period internal modulation screen, that
HaveAccording to above formula, (switch) frequency f can must be modulateds=M/Tp.After periodic modulation, the arteries and veins of incidence wave and echo
Wide relationship is as shown in Fig. 2 a, b.Wherein, τ/T is the duty ratio of modulation screen modulated signal, in the time of modulation screen " on ", externally
Total reflection characteristic, i.e. reflection coefficient ρ=+ 1 are shown, remaining time-modulation screen externally shows total transmissivity characteristic, i.e. reflection system
Number ρ=- 1.
Orientation is extended in order to interfere, realizes the orientation and two dimension interference on phase-modulation surface, within the slow time,
The duty ratio for changing PSS, changes it with slow time cycle property, schematic diagram as shown in figure 3, wherein abscissa represents the slow time,
Ordinate represents PSS modulation duty cycle, and duty ratio intermittently switches between β and 1- β, switching cycle Tm, account in each period
The empty when a length of τ than for βm, τm/Tm=0.5.
According to intelligence reconnaissance and electronic reconnaissance system, the basic parameter of LFM radar emission signal and radar is obtained, including is carried
Frequency f0, pulsewidth Tp, modulating frequency Kr, signal bandwidth B, target range R0, platform speed v and synthetic aperture time TL, pass through calculating
Obtain orientation doppler bandwidth Bm=2f0v2TL/cR0, orientation frequency modulation rate is Ka=Bm/TL.The then parameter of PSS interval waveform
It sets as follows:
(1) the duty ratio size of modulation waveform
Realize one-dimensional distance to multi-false targets, one-dimensional square with the size that the slow time cycle changes by adjusting PSS duty ratio
Flexible control of the position to multi-false targets and two-dimentional multi-false targets.As β=0.5, one-dimensional distance is generated to multi-false targets；When 0.5
When < β < 1, two-dimentional multi-false targets are generated；As β=1, one-dimensional orientation multi-false targets are generated.
Multi-false targets are symmetric centered on real goal, it is assumed that distance is to target two sides distance objective from closely to remote
Decoy serial number be respectively ± 1, ± 2 ... ± n... ± N, orientation target two sides distance objective is from closely to remote decoy
Serial number is respectively ± 1, ± 2 ... ± m... ± N.
Distance can be expressed as to the range coefficient of n-th order decoy peak point
The range coefficient of orientation m rank decoy peak point can be expressed as
(2) the frequency f of modulation waveforms
Work as fsWhen > B, the frequency spectrum of echo-signal is fully located at except radar receiver；Work as fsWhen < B, the frequency of echo-signal
Spectrum is located within receiver bandwidth.In order to realize the effect of interference, make fs< B.
By controlling PSS modulating frequency fs, so that command range is to the position of decoy, the distance of n-th order decoy to
Position RrFor
Distance is to the spacing of adjacent decoy
As β=0.5, interference effect shows as one-dimensional distance to multi-false targets, according to formula (1) it is found that even number order
Peak value is zero, only exists odd-order decoy at this time, therefore distance is to the spacing of adjacent decoy
(3) the frequency f that duty ratio is converted with the slow time cyclem
In order to realize orientation interference effect, so that the frequency spectrum along the decoy of orientation is fallen within receiver bandwidth,
Make fm< Bm, to be formed in orientation with the centrosymmetric multi-false targets of real goal, then the orientation position of m rank decoy
Set RaFor
According to formula (2) it is found that even number order peak value is zero, odd-order decoy, the adjacent vacation of orientation are only existed at this time
The spacing of target is
Step 3: multi-false targets generate
Radar emission signal is received through the modulated reflection signal of PSS by imaging radar, at a series of signal
After reason, target image is obtained, multiple symmetrical vacations true to nature occurs to orientation along distance near locations of real targets
Target.
By taking point target as an example, radar emission signal uses linear FM signal, signal carrier frequency 2GHz, bandwidth for emulation
150MHz, pulse width 1 μ s, center oblique distance 4000m, azimuth beamwidth 0.05rad, the modulation of platform speed 100m/s, PSS
Frequency 10MHz, duty ratio are imaged with slow time-modulation period 0.3s, by interference signal according to classical R-D algorithm, image field
Scape distance is [3920m, 4080m] to range, and orientation range is [- 100m, 100m], and PSS is located at scene center, i.e.,
At (4000m, 0).
Fig. 5 is the processing result of real goal when automatically controlled PSS does not work, wherein Fig. 5 (a) is distance to Fig. 5 (b) is side
Position is to Fig. 5 (c) is X-Y scheme, and Fig. 5 (d) is three-dimensional figure.According to above-mentioned setup parameter, one-dimensional distance is to more when Fig. 6 is β=0.5
The imaging results of decoy, wherein Fig. 6 (a) is distance to Fig. 6 (b) is orientation, and Fig. 6 (c) is X-Y scheme, and Fig. 6 (d) is three
Dimension figure.The imaging results of Fig. 7 one-dimensional orientation multi-false targets when being β=1, wherein Fig. 7 (a) is distance to Fig. 7 (b) is orientation
To Fig. 7 (c) is X-Y scheme, and Fig. 7 (d) is three-dimensional figure.The imaging knot of two-dimensional distance orientation multi-false targets when Fig. 8 is β=0.75
Fruit, wherein Fig. 8 (a) is distance to Fig. 8 (b) is orientation, and Fig. 8 (c) is X-Y scheme, and Fig. 8 (d) is three-dimensional figure.Fig. 9 is difference
Modulating frequency PSS is apart from orientation two dimension interference effect figure (fs=5MHz, Tm=0.3s, β=0.75), wherein Fig. 9 (a) is distance
To Fig. 9 (b) is orientation, and Fig. 9 (c) is X-Y scheme, and Fig. 9 (d) is three-dimensional figure.Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 analysis compares different PSS modulation
Multi-false targets effect under frequency, wherein Fig. 9 sets PSS modulating frequency 5MHz.Figure 10 is PSS distance different duty modulation period
Orientation two dimension interference effect figure (fs=10MHz, Tm=0.15s, β=0.75), wherein Figure 10 (a) is distance to Figure 10 (b) is
Orientation, Figure 10 (c) are X-Y scheme, and Figure 10 (d) is three-dimensional figure.Fig. 8 and Figure 10 analysis compares different duty with the slow time
Modulation period under multi-false targets effect, wherein Figure 10 set duty ratio with slow time-modulation period 0.15s.It is not ugly from figure
One-dimensional distance can be neatly realized to multi-false targets, one-dimensional orientation multi-false targets and two dimension in the method that this patent is proposed out
Effect apart from orientation multi-false targets cheating interference, false target is along distance to distributing position, spacing and the width with orientation
It spends consistent with front theoretical formula.
Step 4: the CFAR detection of target is generated
Emulation is with cell-average CFAR (CA-CFAR), orderly CFAR (OS-CFAR) and rejecting and average CFAR (CMLD-
CFAR) for three kinds of classical constant false alarm detectors, influence of the multi-false targets generated by PSS to CFAR detection performance is analyzed.
False-alarm probability is set as 10-6, signal-to-noise ratio 10dB, number of reference 1024, protection location 16, the modulating frequency of PSS
10MHz, duty ratio is with slow time-modulation period 0.3s, duty ratio 0.75.CA-CFAR detector is directly to 1024 with reference to single
Member seeks the estimated value for obtaining noise power；The estimated value of OS-CFAR detector noise is the 768th after sequence；CMLD-
CFAR detector then rejects 36 maximum output valves, then averages to remaining data to estimate the mean power of noise.
Figure 11 is testing result of three kinds of detectors under identical environment, wherein Figure 11 (a) is distance to section, Figure 11
It (b) is orientation section, Figure 11 (c) is CA-CFAR threshold value, and Figure 11 (d) is decoy amplitude, CMLD- in three kinds of detectors
CFAR is lower relative to other two kinds of detector threshold values.The effect of CFAR detection will receive the modulating frequency of PSS signal, duty
Than period of change, the influence of duty ratio size and signal-to-noise ratio, Figure 12 gives the detection cost and PSS signal of three kinds of detectors
Modulating frequency, the change in duty cycle period, duty ratio size and signal-to-noise ratio relation curve, wherein Figure 12 (a) be detection cost with
The change curve of modulating frequency, Figure 12 (b) are to detect cost with the change curve in duty ratio modulation period, and Figure 12 (c) is detection
For cost with the change curve of duty ratio, Figure 12 (d) is to detect cost with the change curve of signal-to-noise ratio.
Claims (1)
1. a kind of multi-false targets generation method based on phase-modulation surface, it is characterised in that: this method is real using following steps
It is existing:
Step 1: the model foundation on phase-modulation surface
Phase-modulation surface, the i.e. basic structure of PSS are mainly made of active screen, dielectric layer and metal base plate three parts, metal
Medium interlamellar spacing between bottom plate and modulation screen is a quarter wavelength, is filled by the material that dielectric constant is 1；By exchanging
System screen realizes the phase controlling for back wave by the way of automatically controlled；
Step 2: the establishment of PSS interval modulated signal
Electronic reconnaissance equipment measures the signal parameter of radar emission signal, it is fed back to Waveform Generator, modulation waveform
Generator produces corresponding modulation waveform；
Step 3: multi-false targets generate
The modulated reflection signal of the modulation waveform that radar emission signal is generated through step 2 is received by radar, at imaging
After reason, can be generated near locations of real targets symmetrical one-dimensional distance to decoy, one-dimensional orientation decoy or
Two-dimentional decoy；
Step 4: the constant false alarm rate detection of target is generated
Constant false alarm rate detection, i.e. CFAR detection is generated by the average level of its estimation reference unit can be with noise, clutter
The adaptive threshold being adjusted with interference, with detection cost total caused by false-alarm, false dismissal in search cycle of radar
The multi-false targets generated through PSS are analyzed as detection performance index；
Wherein, CFAR estimates reference unit, and decoy is using real goal as center symmetrical dispersion 4L2Reference unit in, really
Unit where target is m, and CFAR detector is successively to this 4L2+ 1 unit is detected and calculates total detection cost；It examines
Multiple reference units may be occupied by considering target, and real goal unit two sides need to be arranged at least one protection location；For true
Unit where target detects that the cost of target isBeing detected as aimless cost isIt is to be detected for n-th
Unit, n ≠ m detect that the cost of target isBeing detected as aimless cost isFoundation minimum total error probability criterion,
It often assumes thatSo radar detection cost total within a search cycle isWherein i ≠ j, 4L2For detection unit number, j represents the locating unit of detection, and i representative detects the presence or absence of target；
Wherein, CFAR detector detection threshold is codetermined by false-alarm probability and ambient noise distribution；It is assumed that radar receiver I, Q
The noise in channel is white Gaussian noise, and ambient noise obeys exponential distribution, CFAR inspection in reference unit after quadratic detection
It surveys thresholding and is represented by T=-PNlnpfa, PNIndicate whole noise powers of interference, PfaFor the false-alarm probability value of setting.
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| CN108828535B (en) * | 2018-04-12 | 2021-01-19 | 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 | Radar target characteristic transformation method based on phase modulation surface |
| WO2021212521A1 (en) * | 2020-04-24 | 2021-10-28 | 华为技术有限公司 | Signal processing method, apparatus, and system |
| CN111580054B (en) * | 2020-05-28 | 2022-05-24 | 湖南赛博诺格电子科技有限公司 | Radar detector performance testing device and method |
| CN112202040B (en) * | 2020-10-12 | 2021-12-03 | 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 | Laser array piston phase control method |
| WO2022150901A1 (en) * | 2021-01-15 | 2022-07-21 | Kwesst Inc. | Programmable multi-waveform rf generator for use as battlefield decoy |
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