CN107880867B - Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
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- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
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- C09K8/80—Compositions for reinforcing fractures, e.g. compositions of proppants used to keep the fractures open
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- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
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Abstract
The invention relates to a Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid and a preparation method and application thereof. The Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid simultaneously realizes double processes of crack formation and proppant placement by using Pickering emulsion with stable solid particles, overcomes the defects that the traditional hydraulic fracturing proppant has larger particle size, cannot enter micro cracks in a far well zone and is easy to settle, reduces the link of injecting the proppant, simplifies the hydraulic fracturing operation, stabilizes and supports the cracks generated in the fracturing process, and reduces the fracturing cost; greatly improving the fracturing effect and increasing the productivity.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid and a preparation method and application thereof, belonging to the technical field of fracturing fluids.
Background
The compact unconventional reservoir has the characteristics of low porosity and low permeability, and the exploration and development difficulty is higher. The slickwater fracturing fluid system is developed aiming at the reformation of compact unconventional reservoirs. The fracturing fluid is formed by adding a certain amount of propping agent and a very small amount of drag reducer, clay stabilizer, cleanup additive and the like into clear water. The slickwater fracturing fluid has the characteristics of low viscosity, low friction resistance and the like, is widely applied to the United states, Canada and the like, and gradually replaces the traditional gel fracturing fluid.
However, the slickwater fracturing technology in the prior art generally has the problems that the proppant filling in the hydraulic fracture is not in place and the permeability is difficult to reach the standard. The reasons mainly include two aspects, namely that the width of the hydraulic fracture is not enough (the width of the fracture near the wellbore is a few millimeters, the width of the fracture far away from the wellbore is narrower along with the extension of the fracture, the width of a micro-fracture for connecting is narrower, and the width of the fracture is micron or submicron grade), and the proppant is difficult to embed; and secondly, the slickwater fracturing fluid is low in viscosity and insufficient in sand carrying capacity, and the propping agent is easy to rapidly precipitate and gather at the bottom of a crack around the well. Although slickwater fracturing has strong fracture-making capacity and low economic cost, the fracturing fracture is easy to close due to strong filtration loss in a reservoir, and the filtration loss of fracturing fluid needs to be compensated through high discharge capacity, so that the pumping requirement and the water resource requirement are high, and chemical additives in the fracturing fluid can cause certain pollution to a stratum.
The Pickering emulsification technology is a new technology, the research on the Pickering emulsification technology is not interrupted at home and abroad, the Pickering emulsification technology is the most different from the traditional emulsification technology in that solid particles are used for replacing or partially replacing traditional surfactants, and compared with the traditional surfactants, the adsorption of the solid particles on an interface is usually irreversible, and the adsorption energy required by the particle adsorption can reach thousands of kT. This makes it highly convenient in the actual production process.
The Pickering emulsification technology is commonly used in the fields of crude oil, food and medicine, and is not suitable for being used as fracturing fluid due to the influence of Pickering emulsion liquid drops.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid.
The invention also provides a method for fracturing unconventional oil and gas reservoirs by using the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid.
Description of terms:
the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid is an oil-in-water Pickering emulsion composed of solid particles, an oil phase and water, wherein the solid particles are dispersed in an interface between the water phase and the oil phase, the volume ratio of the oil phase to the water phase is 2: 3-1: 4, and the solid particles account for 0.5% -10.0% of the total mass of the oil and the water.
According to the preferable selection of the invention, the particle size of solid particles in the Pickering emulsion is nano-scale solid particles or micron-scale solid particles, the particle size of the nano-scale solid particles is 90 nm-200 nm, the particle size of the micron-scale solid particles is 4 mu m-6 mu m, and the particle size of emulsion droplets of the Pickering emulsion is 60-120 mu m.
According to the invention, the oil phase is selected from one or more than two of biodiesel, kerosene, hydrocarbon or alcohol.
The biodiesel is degradable, belongs to a clean material, has no chemical additive, and has no pollution to the environment.
Further preferably, the hydrocarbon is selected from an alkane, a cycloalkane, an alkyne or an aromatic hydrocarbon, and the alcohol is selected from a monohydric alcohol, a dihydric alcohol or a polyhydric alcohol.
According to the invention, the hydrocarbon is one or more than two of octane, heptane or cyclohexane; the alcohol is isopropanol and/or n-butanol.
Preferably, the solid particles are hydrophilic solid particles.
Further preferably, the hydrophilic solid particles are selected from silica, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate or iron oxide.
Most preferably, the hydrophilic solid particles are silica or barium sulfate.
The Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid has the characteristic of high viscosity; the viscosity of the emulsion fracturing fluid decreases with increasing shear rate, but even at high shear rates, the emulsion viscosity can still meet the fracturing fluid requirements; the high viscosity can reduce the injection discharge capacity of the fracturing fluid, avoid generating larger friction loss under high discharge capacity and protect equipment; while higher viscosity can reduce fluid loss.
According to the invention, the preparation method of the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid comprises the following steps:
A1) adding the solid particles into water, and performing ultrasonic dispersion treatment for 1-5 min to obtain a suspension;
A2) mixing the suspension with an oil phase, and stirring at a high speed to obtain a Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid; the stirring speed is 2000-4000 r/min; the stirring time is 30-60 s. And stirring to obtain the stable Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with uniform droplet size distribution.
The product of the invention has two types, and the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with stable nano-scale solid particles is obtained when the solid particles are nano-scale solid particles, and the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with stable micro-scale solid particles is obtained when the solid particles are micro-scale solid particles.
According to the invention, the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid is applied as an unconventional oil and gas reservoir fracturing fluid.
A method for fracturing unconventional oil and gas reservoirs by using the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid comprises the following steps:
B1) injecting the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with stable nano-scale solid particles into the stratum until the stratum is pressed to form a ground seam, making the ground seam and stabilizing the generated ground seam; solid particles in the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with stable nano-scale solid particles account for 0.5-3.0% of the total mass of oil and water;
B2) the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with stable micron-sized solid particles is injected into a ground fracture to support the fracture, the length and the width of the fracture are further enlarged in the injection process, and the solid particles in the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with stable micron-sized solid particles account for 2.0-10.0% of the total mass of oil and water.
Preferably, the particle size of the nano-scale solid particles is 90 nm-200 nm; the particle size of the micron-sized solid particles is 4-6 mu m.
In the early stage of fracturing and crack-making process, the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid formed by low-concentration nanoscale solid particles is selected, the solid particles enter the deep part of a stratum along with the emulsion and interact with the wall surface of a crack to be adsorbed on the wall surface of the crack, so that clay minerals are prevented from being transported, and the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid has the functions of stabilizing the crack and supporting the micro-crack. In the process of forming the cracks or in the later-stage fracturing process, Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid formed by high-concentration micron-sized solid particles is selected, and due to the action of the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid and a wall surface, the emulsion is broken, the particles are agglomerated, and a small columnar support can be formed, so that the cracks formed in the fracturing process or the cracks which cannot be reached by a conventional propping agent are supported, high crack conductivity is kept, the fracturing effect is improved, and the capacity is increased.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid, the Pickering emulsion with stable solid particles is utilized to realize double processes of crack formation and proppant placement, the defects that the traditional hydraulic fracturing proppant has large particle size, cannot enter micro cracks in a far well zone and is easy to settle are overcome, the link of injecting the proppant is reduced, the hydraulic fracturing operation is simplified, the cracks generated in the fracturing process are stabilized and supported, and the fracturing cost is reduced; greatly improving the fracturing effect and increasing the productivity;
2. the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid is an oil-in-water emulsion fracturing fluid and has the characteristics of high viscosity, good stability, good temperature resistance and salt tolerance, good anti-swelling performance, no pollution and the like; under the conditions of high temperature and high salt, the emulsion is not broken and flocculated basically, and the clay mineral expansion is inhibited well;
3. the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid has the advantages of wide sources of preparation materials, no pollution to the environment, simple preparation process and low cost.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a microscopic view of the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid of the present invention, at 200 times magnification;
FIG. 2 is a mechanism diagram of stabilizing fractures by the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a mechanism diagram of the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid in the invention for supporting fractures.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below, but not limited thereto, with reference to the following examples and the accompanying drawings.
Example 1
A Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid is an oil-in-water Pickering emulsion composed of solid particles, an oil phase and water, wherein the solid particles are dispersed in an interface between the water phase and the oil phase, the volume ratio of the oil phase to the water phase is 2:3, and the solid particles account for 2.5% of the total mass of the oil phase and the water phase.
The oil phase is biodiesel, the hydrocarbon is octane, and the solid particles are barium sulfate particles.
The Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid has the characteristic of high viscosity; the viscosity of the emulsion fracturing fluid decreases with increasing shear rate, but even at high shear rates, the emulsion viscosity can still meet the fracturing fluid requirements; the high viscosity can reduce the injection discharge capacity of the fracturing fluid, avoid generating larger friction loss under high discharge capacity and protect equipment; while higher viscosity can reduce fluid loss.
Example 2
A Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid, which is the same as that in example 1, except that:
the hydrocarbon is a mixture of octane and heptane.
Example 3
A Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid, which is the same as that in example 1, except that:
the solid particles are silica.
Example 4
A Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid, which is the same as that in example 1, except that:
the oil phase is kerosene.
Example 5
A Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid, which is the same as that in example 1, except that:
the volume ratio of oil phase to water is 1:4, the solid particles account for 9 percent of the total mass of the oil and the water.
Example 6
A Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid, which is the same as that in example 1, except that:
the volume ratio of oil phase to water is 1: 1, the solid particles account for 5% of the total mass of oil and water.
Example 7
A preparation method of Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid comprises the following steps:
A1) adding 0.5g of barium sulfate particles into 12mL of distilled water, and performing dispersion treatment for 5min by using an ultrasonic disperser;
A2) adding 8mL of biodiesel, and stirring by a stirrer to obtain a Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid; the stirring speed of the stirrer is 3000 r/min; the stirring time was 60 s. And stirring to obtain the stable Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with uniform droplet size distribution.
Detecting the prepared Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid to obtain the following performance parameters of the fracturing fluid: average particle size 111.8 μm, shear rate 12s-1Lower viscosity 335.4 mPas, shear rate 24s-1The lower viscosity was 222.14 mPas, and the anti-swelling rate was 74.62%.
Example 8
The preparation method of Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid as described in example 7, except that:
A1) adding 0.7g of barium sulfate particles into 12mL of distilled water, and performing dispersion treatment for 5min by using an ultrasonic disperser;
A2) adding 8mL of biodiesel, and stirring by a stirrer to obtain a Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid; the stirring speed of the stirrer is 3000 r/min; the stirring time was 60 s. And stirring to obtain the stable Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with uniform droplet size distribution.
The prepared Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid is respectively placed at 20 ℃, 60 ℃ and 90 ℃.
At 20 ℃ the average particle size was 88.2. mu.m, the shear rate was 12s-1Lower viscosity 472.30 mPas, shear rate 24s-1Low viscosity 348.28mPa · s, anti-swelling rate 76.21%; at 60 ℃, the average particle size is 90.4 mu m, and the shear rate is 12s-1Lower viscosity 463.42 mPas, shear rate 24s-1The lower viscosity is 352.29mPa & s, and the anti-swelling rate is 78.35%; at 90 deg.C, the average particle diameter is 102.7 μm, and the shear rate is 12s-1Lower viscosity 661.46 mPas, shear rate 24s-1The lower viscosity was 372.01 mPas, and the anti-swelling rate was 80.05%.
The data show that the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid has good stability and good temperature resistance, does not break emulsion or flocculate under the high-temperature condition, and has better inhibiting effect on clay mineral expansion.
Example 9
The preparation method of Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid as described in example 7, except that:
A1) adding 1.5g of barium sulfate particles into 12mL of distilled water, and performing dispersion treatment for 5min by using an ultrasonic disperser;
A2) adding 8mL of biodiesel, and stirring by a stirrer to obtain a Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid; the stirring speed of the stirrer is 3000 r/min; the stirring time was 60 s. And stirring to obtain the stable Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with uniform droplet size distribution.
Detecting the prepared Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid to obtain the following performance parameters of the fracturing fluid: average particle size 70.4 μm, shear rate 12s-1Lower viscosity 537.10 mPas, shear rate 24s-1The lower viscosity was 412.37 mPas, and the anti-swelling rate was 79.02%.
Experimental example 1 viscosity experiment:
as can be seen from comparative examples 8 to 10, the prepared Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid has higher viscosity, and the viscosity is reduced along with the increase of the shear rate, but the viscosity is kept above 100 mPas, so that the viscosity index of the fracturing fluid is met. In addition, the expansion prevention rate of the fracturing fluid to shale is more than 70%, which shows that the fracturing fluid has good effects of inhibiting clay expansion and stabilizing cracks.
Experimental example 2 salt resistance experiment:
experimental example 2-1
The preparation method of Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid as described in example 8, except that:
A1) adding 0.5g of barium sulfate particles into 12mL of sodium chloride solution, wherein the mass concentration of the sodium chloride solution is 0.1%; dispersing for 5min with ultrasonic disperser;
A2) adding 8mL of biodiesel, and stirring by a stirrer to obtain a Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid; the stirring speed of the stirrer is 3000 r/min; the stirring time was 60 s. And stirring to obtain the stable Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with uniform droplet size distribution.
The emulsion fracturing fluid does not break, and the average droplet diameter is 110.35 mu m.
Experimental examples 2-2
A method of preparing a Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid as described in example 11, except that: the mass concentration of the sodium chloride solution was 1.0%. The emulsion fracturing fluid does not break, and the average droplet diameter is 114.12 mu m.
Experimental examples 2 to 3
A method of preparing a Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid as described in example 11, except that: the mass concentration of the sodium chloride solution was 20%. The emulsion fracturing fluid does not break, and the average droplet diameter is 141.17 mu m.
By comparing example 8 with examples 11 to 13, it can be seen that the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid has stable properties and good temperature resistance and salt tolerance under different salt concentrations, does not break emulsion or flocculate under high salt conditions, and has a good inhibition effect on clay mineral expansion.
Example 10
A method for fracturing unconventional oil and gas reservoirs by using Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid comprises the following steps:
B1) injecting the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with stable nano-scale solid particles into a stratum, making cracks and stabilizing the generated cracks; solid particles in the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with stable nano-scale solid particles account for 1.0 percent of the total mass of oil and water; in the early-stage fracturing and crack-making process, Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid formed by low-concentration nanoscale solid particles is selected, the solid particles enter the deep part of a stratum along with emulsion and are adsorbed on the wall surface of a crack under the interaction with the wall surface of the crack, so that clay minerals are prevented from being transported, and the effects of stabilizing the crack and supporting the microcracks are achieved.
B2) Injecting the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with stable micron-sized solid particles into the ground cracks to further expand the length and the width of the cracks, wherein the solid particles support the cracks; the solid particles in the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with stable micron-sized solid particles account for 5.0 percent of the total mass of oil and water. In the process of forming the cracks or in the later-stage fracturing process, Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid formed by high-concentration micron-sized solid particles is selected, and due to the action of the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid and a wall surface, the emulsion is broken, the particles are agglomerated, and a small columnar support can be formed, so that the cracks formed in the fracturing process or the cracks which cannot be reached by a conventional propping agent are supported, high crack conductivity is kept, the fracturing effect is improved, and the capacity is increased.
Example 11
A method of fracturing a non-conventional hydrocarbon reservoir as described in example 10, except that the nanoscale solid particles have a particle size of 100 nm; the particle size of the micron-sized solid particles is 5 microns.
Application Experimental example
The fracture fluid prepared by the preparation method of the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid described in the embodiment 8-10 is tested for supporting fracture performance.
The specific process is as follows: after the shale cores, a shale seam-making instrument is used for making seams, and then the shale seam-making instrument is combined and placed into a core holder. Confining pressure is applied to simulate formation pressure. Firstly, measuring the matrix permeability of the shale core, then injecting a Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid, and measuring the permeability. The shale core matrix permeability is 0.006 mD. The gas permeability for different confining pressures is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
According to the experimental data, the permeability of the shale after the fracturing fluid is injected is increased and is hundreds to thousands of times of the permeability of the matrix, so that barium sulfate particles are gathered in the cracks, the cracks are effectively supported, and the flow conductivity of the cracks is improved.
Claims (3)
1. A method for performing unconventional oil and gas reservoir fracturing by using Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid is characterized in that the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid is an oil-in-water Pickering emulsion composed of solid particles, an oil phase and water, the solid particles are dispersed in an interface of a water phase and the oil phase, the volume ratio of the oil phase to the water phase is 2: 3-1: 4, and the solid particles account for 0.5% -10.0% of the total mass of the oil and the water;
the particle size of solid particles in the Pickering emulsion is nano-scale solid particles or micron-scale solid particles, the particle size of the nano-scale solid particles is 90 nm-200 nm, the particle size of the micron-scale solid particles is 4 mu m-6 mu m, and the particle size of emulsion droplets of the Pickering emulsion is 60-120 mu m;
the oil phase is one or more than two of biodiesel, kerosene, octane, heptane, cyclohexane, isopropanol or n-butanol;
the fracturing method comprises the following steps:
B1) injecting the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with stable nano-scale solid particles into the stratum until the stratum is pressed to form a ground seam, making the ground seam and stabilizing the generated ground seam; solid particles in the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with stable nano-scale solid particles account for 0.5-3.0% of the total mass of oil and water;
B2) the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with stable micron-sized solid particles is injected into a ground fracture to support the fracture, the length and the width of the fracture are further enlarged in the injection process, and the solid particles in the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid with stable micron-sized solid particles account for 2.0-10.0% of the total mass of oil and water.
2. The method of using Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid for unconventional hydrocarbon reservoir fracturing as claimed in claim 1 wherein the solid particles are silica, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate or iron oxide.
3. The method for fracturing unconventional oil and gas reservoirs by using the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preparation method of the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid comprises the following steps:
A1) adding the solid particles into water, and performing ultrasonic dispersion treatment for 1-5 min to obtain a suspension;
A2) mixing the suspension with an oil phase, and stirring at a high speed to obtain a Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid; the stirring speed is 2000-4000 r/min; the stirring time is 30-60 s, and the Pickering emulsion fracturing fluid is obtained after stirring.
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| CN109852359A (en) * | 2018-12-29 | 2019-06-07 | 浙江海洋大学 | A kind of Pickering lotion and preparation method thereof for heavy crude reservoir |
| CN110003880A (en) * | 2019-05-22 | 2019-07-12 | 天津市擎华能源技术有限责任公司 | A kind of pressure break drag reducer |
| CN111481503B (en) * | 2020-04-09 | 2022-03-04 | 暨南大学 | Vitamin D3-loaded nano calcium carbonate pickering emulsion and preparation method and application thereof |
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| CN102482565B (en) * | 2009-08-25 | 2015-03-25 | 贝克休斯公司 | Controlling coal fines in coal bed operations |
| WO2017058492A1 (en) * | 2015-09-29 | 2017-04-06 | Cabot Specialty Fluids, Inc. | Low solids oil based well fluid with particle-stabilized emulsion |
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