CN107848216B - 借助超声振动能将装置接合到物体的方法以及适合该方法的装置和设备 - Google Patents

借助超声振动能将装置接合到物体的方法以及适合该方法的装置和设备 Download PDF

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CN107848216B
CN107848216B CN201680044199.5A CN201680044199A CN107848216B CN 107848216 B CN107848216 B CN 107848216B CN 201680044199 A CN201680044199 A CN 201680044199A CN 107848216 B CN107848216 B CN 107848216B
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thermoplastic polymer
heatable
solid part
connection
solid
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CN107848216A (zh
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E·默克
L·托里亚尼
M·莱曼
P·博世内尔
J·奎斯特
J·迈尔
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Woodwelding AG
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Woodwelding AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/08—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using ultrasonic vibrations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/36—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction
    • B29C65/3604—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the type of elements heated by induction which remain in the joint
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
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    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/36—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction
    • B29C65/3604—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the type of elements heated by induction which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3608—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the type of elements heated by induction which remain in the joint comprising single particles, e.g. fillers or discontinuous fibre-reinforcements
    • B29C65/3612—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the type of elements heated by induction which remain in the joint comprising single particles, e.g. fillers or discontinuous fibre-reinforcements comprising fillers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
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    • B29C65/3604—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the type of elements heated by induction which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3608—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the type of elements heated by induction which remain in the joint comprising single particles, e.g. fillers or discontinuous fibre-reinforcements
    • B29C65/3616—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the type of elements heated by induction which remain in the joint comprising single particles, e.g. fillers or discontinuous fibre-reinforcements comprising discontinuous fibre-reinforcements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
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    • B29C65/3604—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the type of elements heated by induction which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/364—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the type of elements heated by induction which remain in the joint being a woven or non-woven fabric or being a mesh
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/36—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction
    • B29C65/3672—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the composition of the elements heated by induction which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3676—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the composition of the elements heated by induction which remain in the joint being metallic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/36—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction
    • B29C65/3672—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the composition of the elements heated by induction which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3676—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the composition of the elements heated by induction which remain in the joint being metallic
    • B29C65/368—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the composition of the elements heated by induction which remain in the joint being metallic with a polymer coating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/36—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction
    • B29C65/3672—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the composition of the elements heated by induction which remain in the joint
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/349—Cooling the welding zone on the welding spot
    • B29C66/3494—Cooling the welding zone on the welding spot while keeping the welding zone under pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/474—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces said single elements being substantially non-flat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/725—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being hollow-walled or honeycombs
    • B29C66/7252—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being hollow-walled or honeycombs hollow-walled
    • B29C66/72525—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being hollow-walled or honeycombs hollow-walled comprising honeycomb cores
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/74—Joining plastics material to non-plastics material
    • B29C66/748—Joining plastics material to non-plastics material to natural products or their composites, not provided for in groups B29C66/742 - B29C66/746
    • B29C66/7487—Wood
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/814—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8141—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/81427—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined comprising a single ridge, e.g. for making a weakening line; comprising a single tooth
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/814—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8141—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/81431—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined comprising a single cavity, e.g. a groove
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/83—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/832—Reciprocating joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/8322—Joining or pressing tools reciprocating along one axis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9141—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
    • B29C66/91441—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature the temperature being non-constant over time
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91641—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux the heat or the thermal flux being non-constant over time
    • B29C66/91643—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux the heat or the thermal flux being non-constant over time following a heat-time profile
    • B29C66/91645—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux the heat or the thermal flux being non-constant over time following a heat-time profile by steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91655—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by controlling or regulating the current intensity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/919—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
    • B29C66/9192—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/92—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools
    • B29C66/924—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools
    • B29C66/9241—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force or the mechanical power
    • B29C66/92441—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force or the mechanical power the pressure, the force or the mechanical power being non-constant over time
    • B29C66/92443—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force or the mechanical power the pressure, the force or the mechanical power being non-constant over time following a pressure-time profile
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/92—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools
    • B29C66/929—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools characterized by specific pressure, force, mechanical power or displacement values or ranges
    • B29C66/9292—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools characterized by specific pressure, force, mechanical power or displacement values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. pressure diagrams
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/36—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction
    • B29C65/3604—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the type of elements heated by induction which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3644—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the type of elements heated by induction which remain in the joint being a ribbon, band or strip
    • B29C65/3648—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the type of elements heated by induction which remain in the joint being a ribbon, band or strip said strip being perforated
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/36—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction
    • B29C65/3672—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the composition of the elements heated by induction which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3684—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the composition of the elements heated by induction which remain in the joint being non-metallic
    • B29C65/3696—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the composition of the elements heated by induction which remain in the joint being non-metallic with a coating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/4865—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding containing additives
    • B29C65/487—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding containing additives characterised by their shape, e.g. being fibres or being spherical
    • B29C65/4875—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding containing additives characterised by their shape, e.g. being fibres or being spherical being spherical, e.g. particles or powders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/4865—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding containing additives
    • B29C65/487—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding containing additives characterised by their shape, e.g. being fibres or being spherical
    • B29C65/488—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding containing additives characterised by their shape, e.g. being fibres or being spherical being longitudinal, e.g. fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/4865—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding containing additives
    • B29C65/4885—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding containing additives characterised by their composition being non-plastics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C65/4865—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding containing additives
    • B29C65/4885—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding containing additives characterised by their composition being non-plastics
    • B29C65/489—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding containing additives characterised by their composition being non-plastics being metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/60—Riveting or staking
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    • B29C65/607—Riveting or staking the rivets being integral with one of the parts to be joined, i.e. staking the integral rivets being hollow
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/727—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being porous, e.g. foam
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/731—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/7311—Thermal properties
    • B29C66/73117—Tg, i.e. glass transition temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/92—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools
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    • B29C66/92441—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force or the mechanical power the pressure, the force or the mechanical power being non-constant over time
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16B4/00—Shrinkage connections, e.g. assembled with the parts at different temperature; Force fits; Non-releasable friction-grip fastenings
    • F16B4/004—Press fits, force fits, interference fits, i.e. fits without heat or chemical treatment

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种借助超声振动能和感应加热的组合将装置(1)接合到物体(2)的方法，其中所述装置(1)包括热塑性聚合物和感受物添加剂的部分(1.1)，其中该部分(1.1)通过与感应加热组合的超声振动能被至少部分液化或塑化，并且其中所述接合包括在装置(1)和物体(2)之间建立连接，所述连接是形状配合连接、焊接、压入配合连接和胶粘连接中的至少一种。其中，一方面，施加感应加热以使所述装置部分(1.1)适合吸收超声振动能，或通过升高其温度，特别是通过将其温度升高至所述聚合物的玻璃化转变温度以上，使其比其他装置部分更适合该吸收。另一方面，超声振动能用于液化或至少塑化所述装置部分(1.1)的热塑性聚合物。

Description

借助超声振动能将装置接合到物体的方法以及适合该方法的 装置和设备
发明领域
本发明属于机械工程和建筑领域，并且涉及借助超声振动能将装置接合到物体的方法，其中所述装置包括热塑性聚合物的部分，所述热塑性聚合物的部分通过超声振动能被液化或塑化，并且其中所述接合包括在装置和物体之间建立连接，所述连接是形状配合连接、焊接、压入配合连接和胶粘连接中的至少一种。本发明还包括适合所述方法的装置和设备。
在以下描述中，术语“装置”是指包含将在接合过程期间被液化或塑化的热塑性聚合物的元件。术语“物体”是指具有适合作为在要建立的连接中的所述聚合物的配对物的表面的元件。除了这个定义之外，术语“装置”和术语“物体”都不以任何方式限制两种元件中的任何一种的功能或形式。
发明背景
根据例如公开文献WO96/01377(Createc)、WO98/042988(Woodwelding)和WO2006/002569(Woodwelding)，将包含具有热塑性特性的材料，特别是热塑性聚合物的插入件锚固在纤维或多孔材料中，如锚固在刨花板或木材中是已知的。为了这样的锚固，将插入件相对于开口定位，然后直接或通过纤维或多孔材料将机械振动，特别是超声振动，和经引导用于将插入件压入开口的力同时施加到插入件。在施加振动和力的步骤中，具有热塑性特性的材料主要由于在该材料与例如纤维或多孔材料接触处的振动所引起的摩擦而被液化。在液化状态下，它渗透到开口的壁和/或底部的纤维或多孔材料中，并在再固化时与纤维或多孔材料形成形状配合连接。
根据公开文献WO96/01377，插入件和其中待锚固插入件的盲孔彼此适配，使得插入件在相对于开口定位时不会到达开口的底部。这通过设计插入件和/或开口，例如设计成连续地或阶梯式逐渐变细来实现。在施加超声振动的同时，插入件通过压力的作用进一步进入开口，这导致摩擦和随之的具有热塑性特性的材料主要在侧向插入件侧的液化。在类似的方法中，在开口的口上放置尺寸稍微过大的插入件，并且在压力和振动的作用下，所述尺寸稍微过大的插入件进入开口中并且通过所述渗透在其中侧向锚固。
根据公开文献WO98/042988和WO2006/002569，插入件和插入件待锚固在其中的盲孔彼此适配，使得插入件在定位在开口中时位于开口的底部。在施加超声振动期间，插入件被压靠在该底部。这导致具有热塑性特性的材料液化，特别是在插入件远端的区域中，即在开口底部的基本上远的锚固处，但几乎没有任何侧向锚固。根据公开文献WO2006/002569，插入件的近端和远端各自定位在一块纤维或多孔材料中，目的是将两块固定在一起。在这种情况下，振动被施加到其中一块并通过其传输到插入件，并且两块彼此压靠。如在所述公开文献中所述，插入件的热塑性聚合物更容易在近插入件侧(更靠近振动源的一侧)液化，这在插入件和盲孔的对称设置中形成在近侧的更强锚固。该作用有利地通过设计插入件和/或两个不对称的开口来抵消。
为了确保热塑性材料在优选位置的液化，已知的是给热塑性材料的相应表面位置或与后者接触的表面配备能量引导结构。这些是减少有效接触表面的结构，并且它们具有例如从主表面突出的峰或脊的尖端、边缘或图案的形式，并有助于吸收超声振动能。
除了宏观的形状配合连接之外，超声锚固，例如在上面提到的公开文献中描述的，也可以根据材料配对和方法参数形成焊接或胶粘连接。
除了上述现有技术之外，超声振动能被广泛应用于所谓的超声焊接，即用于接合两个相应匹配的聚合物表面。其中，两个表面彼此压靠并且将超声振动施加到系统，使得它引起两个表面之间的摩擦，如此加热和液化表面材料并由此在两个表面之间建立焊接连接。对于超声焊接的过程而言，相当常见的是给所述表面中的至少一个配备导能器，以确保振动能量的吸收和液化容易地且在期望的位置开始。
借助超声振动能和通过超声振动能液化的热塑性材料的接合方法的一个主要优点在于以下事实：由于在待液化材料中实现的高剪切速率，液化的材料的粘度低，这使得液化的材料能够渗透到细微的结构，例如多孔或纤维结构中，并移位通过细微的结构，例如多孔或纤维结构，而不需要大的力，并且没有这些结构的高机械负荷。该作用通过以下事实进一步强化：摩擦引起的加热在待液化的材料与多孔或纤维结构接触处特别有效，使得即使多孔或纤维结构具有较低的温度，也不会在熔融材料上起皮。
其中超声振动能被用于液化热塑性聚合物的大多数已知接合方法的应用由于以下原因特别受限制：
·玻璃化转变温度比工作温度(接合过程开始时的温度，例如，环境温度)相应更高的热塑性聚合物(例如，PEEK)在工作温度下对超声能仅具有有限的吸收率。这意味着它们能够传输超声振动能而损失很小。但是这也意味着由超声振动能引起的液化只能在聚合物与相对材料(counter material)接触和振动引起两种材料之间的摩擦的区域开始，其中能量导向器可以增强吸收。玻璃化转变温度与工作温度之间的差异越大，超声振动越难以引起液化，特别是如果所述的相对材料具有有限的机械稳定性和/或对机械和/或热负荷敏感。
·玻璃化转变温度比工作温度相应更低的热塑性聚合物(例如，PP或PE)在工作温度下具有对超声能的高吸收率。这意味着通过超声能引起的液化是容易实现的，但是在没有采取特定措施的情况下，难以将其限制在期望的位置。
·在大面积应用中防止“热点”和相应的缺点是困难的。
·例如脆的或在其他方面易于受到机械损伤的热塑性聚合物可能不能承受由于超声振动引起的机械应力，且因此在没有机械损伤的情况下定向液化是困难的。
·通过超声振动能准确定向液化进一步受到超声振动的宏观波长的限制。特别是在以驻波振动的销形装置中，存在高振幅的位置，即高振动能量的位置，且因此存在优选的液化(有利的声学位置)，并且存在低振幅的位置(波节区域)，即低振动能量的位置，并且因此对于液化而言不是最佳的位置(非有利的声学位置)。由于有利的和非有利的声学位置的定位取决于振动波长，即取决于材料的振动频率和弹性特性，所以它们不能被自由地调整以最好地适应特定的应用。
发明概述
本发明的目的是创建用于借助超声振动能将装置接合到物体的另外的方法，其中所述装置包括热塑性聚合物，并且其中装置和物体之间所实现的连接应为形状配合连接、焊接、压入配合连接和胶粘连接中的至少一种。本发明将通过扩展应用领域，特别是涉及已知方法的上面列出的限制的应用领域，改进使用热塑性聚合物和超声振动能的已知接合方法。这意味着使用本发明的教导将特别地使得热塑性聚合物的定向液化的位置更自由，热塑性聚合物的选择更自由，装置在使用的超声振动的波长方面的设计更自由，和/或物体上的接合位置的材料和结构更自由。本发明的另外的目的是创建适合该方法的装置和设备。
所述目标是通过相应的独立权利要求所限定的方法、装置和设备来实现的。
本发明基本上是将用于其中液化或至少塑化的热塑性聚合物用作接合剂的接合过程中的超声振动能和电磁感应加热的组合。其中，电磁感应加热优选地仅作用于特定装置部分，所述特定装置部分除了待液化或至少塑化的热塑性聚合物之外还包括感受物添加剂。根据本发明，一方面应用感应加热，以使所述装置部分适合吸收超声振动能，或者通过升高其温度，特别是通过将其温度升高到超过所述聚合物的玻璃化转变温度，使所述装置部分比其他装置部分更好地适合该吸收。另一方面，超声振动能用于液化或至少塑化所述装置部分的热塑性聚合物。在该组合中，所有的仅基于超声振动能的已知接合方法的优点(特别是液化材料的低粘度或高渗透能力)得以保持，但是其应用领域相应地扩大。
本发明主要基于以下事实：
·超声振动能在升高的温度下，特别是在高于玻璃化转变温度的温度下更容易被吸收(相应更高的吸收率)在热塑性聚合物中。
·如果热塑性聚合物含有导电和/或磁性的感受物添加剂，则其可以通过电磁感应来加热，其中聚合物中的感受物添加剂的浓度可以是低的(甚至低于10％)，且因此不必然相应地影响聚合物的其他特性，特别是其机械和弹性特性及其在液化状态下的粘度。
·使用例如诸如多材料注塑成型的方法，能够容易地制造其中仅热塑性聚合物的期望的部分包含感受物添加剂而其他部分包含热塑性聚合物(例如，相同的热塑性聚合物)，而没有添加剂的装置。
·只要不可加热材料不是屏蔽材料，在没有材料接触的情况下并且通过不可加热材料借助电磁感应就能够加热。
尤其是通过与感应加热组合的超声振动能将被液化或塑化的装置部分(可加热部分)位于以下装置位置和/或使其包含热塑性聚合物：对于该装置位置和/或热塑性聚合物而言，液化是期望的，但是仅通过超声振动将不会发生或者不以期望的方式发生液化，这是由于例如没有足够的吸收率，没有足够的振动能量(例如在波节附近或者通过另一位置的液化与振动能隔离，导能器的设计是不可能的)。此外，实验表明，所述组合适用于使热塑性聚合物均匀液化，特别是在其中超声波振动能将被施加到大面积的装置部分的情况下。
通过电磁感应，即借助交变电磁场和感受物添加剂加热聚合材料的方法本身是已知的。目前已知的应用和发展的综合描述包含在例如出版物Thomas Bayerl等人,Compsites:Part A 57(2014),第27-40页,Elsevier中。
当导电和磁性材料，特别是铁磁性材料暴露于以千赫到兆赫范围的频率交变的电磁场时，出现感应加热现象。这个交变场引起涡电流和/或磁极化效应，并由此通过电阻和/或磁滞损耗来加热材料。为了加热不具有期望特征的聚合物，聚合物将包含导电和/或磁性的感受物添加剂。其中，术语“磁性的”在广义上应理解为可通过在所述频率范围的交变电磁场激发并由此产生热量。
常用的感受物材料例如金属，如铁、镍、钴，或适合的金属合金，或氧化矿物，如磁铁矿、赤铁矿、氧化铬(IV)、针铁矿或纤铁矿，或碳。常用的感受物添加剂是平面或三维结构，例如，编织结构，或尺寸例如在纳米范围内的例如均匀地分布在聚合物中的颗粒和纤维。对于导电的和可能的铁磁性的平面或三维感受物结构，加热效应主要是由涡电流引起的，而对于分布在聚合物中的颗粒或纤维形式的感受物添加剂，加热效应由于磁滞损耗随着降低的添加剂浓度而越来越强。对于仅具有磁性或特别是铁磁性特性的感受物，后者是唯一的加热效应。由于当复合材料达到添加剂材料的居里温度时，磁性感受物添加剂的磁性特性丧失，因此借助磁性但非导电性感受物材料的感应加热是自控的(包含聚合物和添加剂的复合材料的最高可达温度等于添加剂的居里温度)。
根据本发明的方法包括以下步骤：
提供包括第一固体部分的装置，所述第一固体部分包含热塑性聚合物和感受物添加剂，所述感受物添加剂是导电的和/或磁性的，特别是铁磁性的，并且以足够高以能够通过电磁感应加热第一部分(可加热部分)的浓度存在于所述聚合物中，并且该装置还包括不能被电磁感应加热的另外的固体部分(不可加热部分)，
提供包括接合位置的物体，
相对于接合位置定位装置，
施加交变电磁场，所述交变电磁场适合通过电磁感应加热可加热部分，持续足以升高所述可加热部分的温度，特别是足以使该温度升高到热塑性聚合物的玻璃化转变温度以上，但不足以液化或塑化所述可加热部分的时间，
将超声振动能和压力施加到所述装置或所述物体以将所述装置压靠在所述物体，持续足以液化或至少塑化可加热部分的聚合物的时间，
停止施加交变电磁场和施加超声振动，同时保持压力持续足以实现装置和接合位置之间的连接的时间。
其中，在施加超声振动和压力的步骤中，液化的材料渗透到在接合位置的表面处提供的腔、多个孔(porosity)或粗糙结构(roughness)，使液化的或至少塑化的材料与接合位置的表面紧密接触，和/或可加热部分连同不可加热部分的至少部分一起变形，并且由此使所述装置压靠在接合位置的表面，使得当可加热部分再固化时，由接合位置建立的连接是在装置与物体的接合位置之间的形状配合连接、焊接连接、胶粘连接或压入配合连接中的至少一种。
其中，不可加热装置部分还可以包括或可以不包括与可加热部分的热塑性聚合物相同或不同的热塑性聚合物，并且该聚合物可以或可以不通过超声振动来液化。在一些实施方案中，该装置可以不包括不可加热部分。
如以下进一步详述的，施加交变电磁场的步骤和施加超声振动和压力的步骤的时间顺序取决于装置和物体的设计和取决于待使用的热塑性聚合物和感受物添加剂。其还取决于加热装置(导电线圈)的布置和物体的材料(对于电磁场是可穿透的或不可穿透的)，其可能必需在该装置已经到达其用于接合的最终位置之前施加场。这同样适用于停止施加电磁场和超声振动的步骤。在大多数情况下，不早于电磁场完全建立(最大安培数)开始施加超声振动的步骤，并且通常不迟于施加超声振动能的步骤停止施加电磁场的步骤。
与根据本发明的方法同时地，可加热部分可以连接到装置的不可加热部分。
其中使用热塑性聚合物和感受物添加剂在装置的可加热部分与物体的接合位置之间建立连接的根据本发明的方法，以及用于聚合物的液化的感应加热与超声振动能的组合可以与仅使用热塑性聚合物和超声振动的另外的接合过程组合。使用所述另外的接合过程，例如包含热塑性聚合物但不包含感受物添加剂的不可加热装置部分可以连接到布置在相同或不同物体上的另外的接合位置，其中待经受另外的接合过程的热塑性聚合物布置在物体上和待接合到物体的装置上的相应接合位置。可以在使用根据本发明的方法的接合过程之前或之后，或者与后者同时或在时间上重叠地进行另外的接合过程。
在根据本发明的方法的第一实施方案中，包含热塑性聚合物和感受物添加剂的装置部分(可加热装置部分)构成装置表面的部分。该实施方案适合如果仅用超声能处理，则其将仅依赖于装置表面与接合位置之间的摩擦的所有情况，特别适合其中这种摩擦是已知方法的限制性参数的情况。与也包含热塑性聚合物的其他表面区域(不可加热部分)中的聚合物液化相比，第一实施方案还适合实现期望的聚合物液化、优选的聚合物液化或仅在装置区域内的聚合物液化。对于这种应用，可加热部分具有例如在装置上的非有利的声学位置(可用的低超声振动能，即在装置的相关位置的小的有效局部振动幅度)，非最佳振动方向的位置，与接合位置的表面的不令人满意的接触的位置，或者例如通过其他区域中的液化屏蔽超声振动的传输的位置，或者可加热部分可以包含超声振动吸收率比装置的另外部分中的更弱的热塑性聚合物，或者其液化需要更多能量用于液化的热塑性聚合物。因此，第一实施方案特别适合具有可液化热塑性聚合物的可加热和不可加热部分两者的装置，其中液化将在特定位置处被增强或阻止，该装置或材料上的位置本身不适合这种增强或阻止。这种增强和阻止的实例是例如由一种唯一的热塑性聚合物构成的销形装置，其在沿其长度的多个位置被锚固，其中这些位置中的一些在该装置的有利的声学位置，其它的在该装置的非有利的声学位置，和/或在没有头部熔融的危险的情况下被锚固。下面将结合图1至10进一步描述根据本发明的方法的第一实施方案的所述实例和另外的实例。
根据本发明的方法和装置的第二实施方案，包含热塑性聚合物和感受物添加剂的装置部分(可加热部分)是内部装置部分，即位于装置的内部并且基本上由另外的装置部分(不可加热部分)或由与物体以及还可能与振动工具组合的不可加热部分包围。在接合过程中，内部装置部分的液化的材料通过压力被压出外壳以与物体的接合位置的表面接触，并且由此建立与接合位置的形状配合连接、焊接或胶粘连接中的至少一种。为了将液化的材料压出装置内部，可加热部分的外壳包括开口或预定断裂点。根据本发明的方法的该第二实施方案特别适合在装置和接合位置之间建立连接，在此处由于例如在装置和接合位置之间缺乏压力，摩擦引起液化，或装置和接合位置之间的不适合的接触(例如与接合位置表面的侧向连接例如平行或相对于压力的方向成锐角延伸)引起液化是困难的或不可能的。
可加热装置部分的外壳可以供选择地被设计成足够紧密以防止可加热部分的液化的材料从装置内部移位到其外表面，但能够通过压力而变形，特别是变形以相对于压力的方向侧向膨胀。如果这样的装置定位在物体的开口中(接合位置)，那么变形的装置可以被压靠在开口的壁，导致侧向压入配合，和/或如果开口是底切开口，则导致装置和物体之间的形状配合连接。
以下结合图11至15进一步描述根据本发明的方法的第二实施方案的实例。
如将在以下进一步讨论的，也可以实现第一和第二实施方案的组合。
当被提供用于该方法(工作温度)时，适合待用于根据本发明的方法的装置的至少可加热部分的热塑性聚合物是固体。该聚合物包含链分子(特别是C、P、S或Si基的)，并且其在临界温度范围以上，例如通过熔融由固体转化成液体或可流动的，并且当再次冷却到临界温度范围以下时，例如通过结晶再转化成固体材料，由此固相的粘度比液相的粘度高几个数量级(至少三个数量级)。热塑性聚合物不共价交联，或以交联键在加热至或高于熔融温度范围时可逆地打开的方式交联。聚合物还可以包含填料(除了感受物添加剂之外)，例如，不具有热塑性特性或具有热塑性特性的材料的纤维或颗粒，所述热塑性特性包括显著高于基础聚合物的熔融温度范围的熔融温度范围。
适用于在根据本发明的方法中使用的装置的至少可加热部分的热塑性聚合物的实例是聚合物、聚合物混合物、共聚物或填充的聚合物，其中基础聚合物或共聚物为例如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酰胺(特别是聚酰胺12、聚酰胺11、聚酰胺6或聚酰胺66)、聚甲醛、聚碳酸酯-聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯或聚酯碳酸酯、丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯(ABS)、丙烯酸酯-苯乙烯-丙烯腈(ASA)、苯乙烯-丙烯腈、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、或聚醚酮(PEEK)、聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)、聚砜(PSU)、聚(对苯硫醚)(PPS)、液晶聚合物(LCP)等。LCP是特别关注的，因为它们在熔融期间的粘度的急剧下降使得它们能够渗透在物体的接合位置中提供的非常细微的空间中，所述物体将通过根据本发明的方法接合到装置。
如果特定的装置设计要求处于其固态的热塑性聚合物需要能够优选地在具有最小的能量损失的情况下，将超声振动能从装置的输入位置传输到装置中的吸收位置，则聚合物将需要至少0.5GPa或优选至少1.0GPa的弹性系数(在环境温度下)。这特别适用于装置的不可加热部分。
在根据本发明的方法中，接合装置的物体的接合位置包括以下特征中的至少一个：
·其至少在表面上具有适合被装置的可加热部分的液化的材料渗透，并且适合与其形成形状配合连接的结构，即其包括腔(可能是底切腔)、孔或粗糙结构中的至少一种。
·其包含合适的空间，液化的材料可以移位到其中以形成形状配合连接。
·其至少在表面上包含可焊接到装置的可加热部分的热塑性聚合物的材料，即其适合与其形成焊接连接。这意味着至少接合位置的表面包含优选的热塑性聚合物，其可以与装置的可加热部分的热塑性聚合物相同或不同。
·其包括可被装置的可加热部分的液化的热塑性聚合物润湿的表面，即其适合与其建立胶粘连接。
·其由开口构成，该装置将膨胀进入该开口中以建立压入配合连接，和/或在底切开口的情况下建立形状配合连接。
适用于根据本发明的方法的可渗透材料的实例至少在如根据本发明的方法期间所出现的温度下为固体。这样的材料是例如木材、胶合板、刨花板、纸板、混凝土、砖材、多孔玻璃、金属泡沫、陶瓷或聚合物材料，或者它们是烧结的陶瓷、玻璃或金属材料。这些可渗透的材料包括液化的材料可以渗透到其中的空间，其中这些空间最初被空气或者另一种可替换或可压缩的材料填充。另外的实例是具有上述特性的复合材料，或具有包括适合的粗糙结构、适合的机械加工的表面结构或适合的表面涂层(例如由颗粒组成)的表面的材料。如果可渗透材料具有热塑性特性，则其必须在接合过程期间通过进一步包含机械稳定相或者通过具有比在接合过程中待液化的热塑性聚合物高得多的熔融温度来保持其机械强度。
待液化的热塑性聚合物和可渗透材料需要相互适配，使得期望的渗透和由此的合适的形状配合连接是可能的。已被证明是有利的材料配对是例如胶合板(可渗透材料)和聚酰胺(热塑性聚合物)的配对。
适合根据本发明的方法的机械振动或振荡尤其是超声振动，并且优选具有2至200kHz(甚至更优选10至100kHz，或20至40kHz)的频率和每平方毫米活性表面0.2至20W的振动能量。振动工具(例如连接到超声装置的振动源的超声波发生器)例如被设计成使得其接触面主要在工具轴线方向上振荡(纵向振动)，幅度为1至100微米，优选约30至60微米。这种优选的振动例如由超声装置产生，例如由超声焊接已知的。
借助导电线圈和发电机建立适合根据本发明的方法的交变电磁场，所述发电机与导电线圈连接，并产生流过线圈并且具有在千赫到兆赫区域内，例如400kHz的频率的交流电。
附图简述
结合附图更详细地描述本发明，其中：
图1示出用于实施根据本发明的方法的第一实施方案的设备，其中装置的可加热部分构成装置表面的部分，其中图1主要用于解释根据本发明的方法的原理；
图2是示出根据本发明的方法的步骤的时间顺序的曲线图；
图3示出了该方法的第一实施方案的另外的应用；
图4至7示出可用根据本发明的方法同时建立的可加热装置部分与不可加热装置部分之间的接合的实例；
图8显示了适合根据本发明的方法的第一实施方案的装置的实例，对于该装置，期望接合剂在非有利的声学位置液化；
图9显示了与图8所示装置类似的装置的示例性应用；
图10示出了作为根据本发明的方法的第一实施方案的示例性应用，其中借助根据本发明的装置将两个物体接合在一起的接合过程；
图11、12以示例性应用示出了根据本发明的方法的第二实施方案的变型，其中可加热部分被包围，并且其中可加热部分的液化材料被压出外壳；
图13、14显示了根据图11和12的方法的另外的实例；
图15以示例性应用示出了根据本发明的方法的第二实施方案的另外的变型，其中可加热部分被包围，并且其中可加热部分变形，以由此例如侧向使装置膨胀。
优选实施方案的描述
图1借助用于实施该方法的布置的极具示意性的实例示出了根据本发明的方法的第一实施方案的原理。除了描述根据本发明的方法的第一实施方案之外，以下对图1的描述进一步说明了不仅对于本发明的第一实施方案有效，而且对于第二实施方案有效的特征和优点，该第二实施方案与第一实施方案的差异在下文结合图11-15进一步描述。
图1是贯穿平行于压力P的方向的布置的剖视图。该布置包括装置1和物体2，所述物体2具有装置要接合的接合位置2.1。装置包括可加热部分1.1，其中用黑点示意性地示出分散在热塑性聚合物中的感受物添加剂。可加热部分布置在装置的远端并且在那里构成装置表面。装置1还包括不可加热部分1.2，其例如也包含热塑性聚合物，所述热塑性聚合物例如与可加热部分1.1的聚合物相同。该装置被定位成可加热部分1.1面靠物体1的接合位置2.1。还示出了振动工具3(例如超声装置的超声波发生器)的远端和螺旋线圈4的绕组，交流电流流过所述螺旋线圈4，产生交变电磁场5，所述交变电磁场5以极具示意性的方式由多条场线(点划线)示出。其它形式的线圈(例如盘圈形、圆锥形、单匝或不规则形状)当然也可以应用，取决于特别是装置1和物体2的形式以及可加热部分1.1相对于不可加热部分1.2定位的形式。图1所示的场线表示物体2由对于该场可穿透的材料制成，例如对于木材、胶合板等就是这种情况。线圈4相对于装置布置成使得可加热部分1.1位于交变电磁场内，如果可能的话优选地在高场强和高场均匀性的位置，且因此一旦电流流过线圈4，该部分就被感应加热。振动工具3被布置成接触装置，例如，与接合位置2.1相对，并且以这样的布置不仅可以用于将超声波振动(双箭头US)传输至装置1，而且还用于将装置1压靠在物体2(压力P)。
使用如图1所示的布置的根据本发明的方法通过将装置1定位成如所示的使可加热部分1.1面靠接合位置2.1来实施，其中为了该定位，装置1可以以本身已知的方式附接到振动工具3的远端。交变电流接通，振动工具3振动并施加压力P，使得可加热部分1.1通过感应被加热，而不可加热部分不经受这样的加热，并且至少可加热部分1.1或至少其部分的热塑性聚合物液化并压靠在接合位置2.1，以由此在停止加热和振动以及由此液化的聚合物再固化时形成期望的连接，其中在至少第一部分再固化期间有利地保持压力P。然后移除振动工具3和线圈4。通过感应加热，可加热部分1.1变成其中通过超声振动能有利地发生液化，并且特别有利地开始的部分。
由根据图1的布置示出的方法的条件是不可加热部分1.2的材料以优选地尽可能小的损失将超声振动传递到可加热部分1.1的能力。另外的条件涉及振动工具3，其不会相关地干扰交变电磁场5。振动工具可以由甚至增强场强的铁磁性材料制成。
从图1可以很容易地看出，非常可能的是，可以利用已知的仅使用热塑性聚合物和超声振动能的接合方法在装置1和物体2之间建立与如上所述的采用根据本发明的方法建立的类似的连接。然而，这种已知的方法目前通过本发明提出的装置的另外的局部选择性加热而得以改善，使得建立非常良好的连接成为可能，例如：
·即使装置的两个部分都包含相同的、容易液化的聚合物，在振动工具3和装置1之间的接触区域(头部熔融)也具有较少的超声振动能(较小的振幅和/或较少的时间)并且因此具有较低的液化倾向，
·即使待建立的接合处的表面相对大，也不必须给装置1的远端配备能量引导结构，
·如果装置远端包含热塑性聚合物(例如PEEK)，由于其低吸收性，其仅使用给定的、期望的少量的超声振动能和/或在给定的期望的短时间内难以被液化(在这种情况下，该装置不必必须包括不可加热部分)，
·如果待建立的连接涉及装置上的声学上非有利的位置(结合图8进一步描述)，
·如果连接将由装置和/或其形状或材料(例如聚乙烯)限制了压力的可适用强度的物体实现，和/或
·使用厚度小的平面装置建立大面积连接时，不会出现热点危险。
图1示出了装置1的可加热部分1.1和不可加热部分1.2之间的明显的边界线。如果装置例如以两步注塑成型方法制备，则出现这样的边界，其中可加热部分1.1在第一步中被模制，并且在第二模制步骤中将不可加热部分1.2模制到可加热部分上，反之亦然。然而，这种突显的边界线不是根据本发明的方法和装置的条件，在可加热部分和不可加热部分之间也可能存在边界区域，即添加剂浓度可以贯穿边界区域连续或逐步降低以在不可加热部分达到零浓度。这不仅对于根据图1的实施方案是有效的，而且对于其中可加热部分1.1和不可加热部分1.2已经在所提供的装置中彼此连接的所有实施方案都是有效的。
图2显示了例如如图1的布置所示的方法的步骤的时间顺序的实例。I表示与加热功率相对应的线圈中的安培数，P表示压力的强度，US表示由振动工具传输到装置的超声振动的功率。I、P和US的过程显示为时间T的函数。根据图2的曲线图，在施加超声振动和压力之前开始感应加热，其中两者之间的时间间隔(表示为ΔT)优选不小于完全建立电磁场，即完全加热功率所必需的时间(表示为ΔTmin)。
如图1中所示，如果当装置1为接合过程定位就绪时，线圈4可以很容易地定位以加热可加热部分1.1，以及如果物体2的材料足够可穿透而不阻碍电磁场，对于由例如木材、胶合板等制成的物体就是这种情况，则在加热开始与振动和压迫开始之间的所述最小时间间隔ΔTmin是非常合适的。如果物体材料是不可穿透的，并且特别是如果在这种情况下，物体2的接合位置2.1由物体2中的开口5构成，或者甚至位于如图3所示的这样的盲孔5的底部，则当装置1已经抵靠接合位置2.1定位时，可加热部分1.1的感应加热或许不可能或不可能具有期望的效率。在这种情况下，当装置1朝向接合位置移动时，并且特别是当可加热部分1.1仍然在指定的开口之外并且在通过要被定位的场的途中时，已经开始感应加热是有利的或必要的，而当装置1已经到达其最终位置或马上到达最终位置之前开始施加超声振动就非常足够了。这意味着特别是对于如图3所示的设备，ΔT需要比ΔTmin更长，如其在图2所示。
图4至7是贯穿适合如图1所示的根据本发明的方法的第一实施方案的另外的装置的截面图，但是其以其中可加热部分1.1和不可加热部分1.2彼此分离并且用主接合过程同时地彼此连接(接合9)的布置呈现，在主接合过程中将装置与物体连接(接合8)。在这些附图中，如所呈现的(分开的可加热部分1.1和不可加热部分1.2)的装置显示在左侧，以及在接合过程之后的装置显示在右侧。
根据图4，两个装置部分1.1和1.2是热塑性聚合物片(相同或不同的)，并且接合9是焊接连接。根据图5，不可加热部分1.2可以不包含热塑性材料，而是包括适合被可加热部分1.1的热塑性聚合物渗透的表面10，以在接合过程之后构成形状配合连接(接合9)。根据图6，通过在两个装置部分1.1和1.2之间定位平面网或线结构11来建立类似的形状配合连接，所述平面网或线结构11能够通过被压入两个部分中和/或在接合过程期间被两个部分的材料渗透，在两个部分之间形成形状配合连接(接合9)。在根据图7的装置中，不仅分开提供两个装置部分1.1和1.2，而且可加热装置部分1.1的热塑性聚合物也与感受物添加剂分离，在这种情况下，感受物添加剂不包括分散在聚合物中的感受物颗粒，但作为至少部分连贯的感受物结构12，例如，织物结构、金属丝网、穿孔片材等存在。装置1的三个部分在接合过程期间通过可加热部分1.1的液化的材料的渗透穿过感受物结构12，以与不可加热部分1.2的材料接触而接合在一起。
如图4至图7所示，对于其中装置1除了包括可加热部分1.1之外还包括不可加热部分1.2的所有情况，接合两个部分1.1和1.2不仅适用于前述附图中所示的方法，而且适用于如以下的附图中所示的方法。
图8示出了根据本发明的方法的第一实施方案的另外的示例性应用。其涉及这样的装置，所述装置特别地具有销的形状，并被设计用于被引入相应的例如在物体中的盲孔中，以及用于通过例如锚固在开口中的物体材料中连接到物体。例如完全由包含热塑性聚合物的材料制成的这种销通常用于已知的使用超声振动能来液化聚合物的部分的锚固方法。通常，这种用于被引入到开口中并用于施加超声振动和压力的销被附接到振动工具，其中期望振动工具和装置的系统以驻波振动，并且其中在振动工具的远尖端处，该驻波具有最大振幅。根据关于现有技术方法的教导，提供最佳锚固结果，特别是用于在远处销尖端的区域锚固的销设计是这样的设计，其中远处销尖端也布置在最大振幅的区域中(有利的声学位置)，即使销长度尽可能紧密地与销材料和要使用的超声振动的频率适配，使得它对应于销材料的波长的一半或者其整数倍。如结合图1已经提到的，可以通过使用根据本发明的方法和装置来克服该限制。
图8在左侧显示给定材料的销的给定频率的纵向驻波。该图解显示了最大振幅Emax的位置，并因此显示了最大振动能量(有利的声学位置)以及最小振幅Emin的位置，并且因此显示了最小振动能量(波节，非有利的声学位置)。在波形图的右侧显示了附接至振动工具3的远端的四种示例性销形装置1a至1d，其中振动工具的远处面处于具有Emax的位置。
根据现有技术的教导，第一销1a是有利的销。其长度对应于波长的一半，即其待锚固在物体中的远处尖端处于有利的声学位置处，即在其中通过吸收超声振动能而优选发生热塑性聚合物的液化的位置。因此，该远处尖端区域显示出良好的被锚固在合适的开口中的能力。然而，因为销近端也位于有利的声学位置，因此如果销没有被刚性地固定到振动工具的远端，则销1a倾向于头部熔融(液化或塑化，并且由此使销近端变形)。如已经结合图1所讨论的，这种趋势可以通过给销1a的远端配备可加热部分(图8中未示出)来减小。
图8所示的第二销1b具有不对应于波长的一半的整数倍的长度。这意味着它的远处尖端具有非有利的声学位置。为了仍然能够以用销1a可实现的尽可能高的锚固质量来锚固销，销1b的远处尖端被配置为可加热部分1.1，在连接过程期间，该可加热部分1.1被另外地通过感应加热。使用该措施确保了通过超声能的液化优选在那里发生并且特别是在那里开始。
第三销1c是待锚固在例如阶梯状开口中的阶梯销，其中不仅在销1c的远处尖端处需要锚固，而且在阶梯区域中也需要锚固。特别是在所显示的其中销尖端处于有利的声学位置而阶梯处于非有利的声学位置的销1c的情况下(例如，由于关于其中将锚固销1c的开口的限制)，有利的是将阶梯区域配置成可加热部分1.1，并且在接合过程期间使其经受感应加热。
图8的第四销1d示出了与由销1c所示相同的原理，然而，销1d具有恒定的横截面并且适用于被锚固在略小于销横截面的开口或通道中并且因此被引入到后者中，实现能够侧向锚固的压入配合。为了使热塑性聚合物的液化均匀并由此沿着销的整个长度锚固，在不太有利的声学位置中的销区域被配置为可加热部分1.1。为了防止在更近的可加热部分处比在远处可加热部分有更多的液化，可能有利的是给近处可加热部分配备比远处可加热部分更少的感受物添加剂。
供选择地或除了上述在其中感应加热和超声振动能组合的接合过程中使用如图8的实例1b、1c和1d所示的销设计的原因和优点以外，结合图1已经描述的其他原因和优点可能得到与图8中所示类似的销设计。
图8中所示的所有装置和在上述相应的描述中所述的销可以具有基本上可自由选择的横截面，它们可以例如具有基本上圆形的横截面并且由此适合锚固在孔中。
作为结合图8给出的教导的可适用的实例，图9示出了其中销长度可能不适配波长，而是由应用决定的布置。其中，物体2是轻质板15，其包括例如木材的上覆盖层15.1和下覆盖层15.2，和例如由纸板或泡沫材料的蜂窝结构构成的轻中心层15.3。其中装置1要与轻质板15接合的轻质板15中的开口5是盲孔，所述盲孔通过上覆盖层15.1和中心层15.3到达由下覆盖层15.2的内表面构成的开口5的底部。为了装置1和板15之间的良好接合，期望装置1被锚固在上覆盖层和下覆盖层两者中。装置的远端将接合到下覆盖层15.2的内表面，并且为了将装置接合到上覆盖层15.1的外表面或开口5的浅的、近的扩大部分5.1中，装置1包括近的头部1.3和远的杆1.4(阶梯销)，其中面朝杆1.4的头部表面将与上覆盖层15.1接合。根据本发明，所述头部表面的区域被配置为可加热部分1.1，并且在接合过程中，使用电磁感应被加热。这在以下情况中是特别有利的：其中装置1的材料仅基于一种热塑性聚合物，并且其中装置的杆1.4的长度与板15的厚度基本对应，其使得在杆的近端的销位置在声学上是非有利的。如已经结合图8所讨论的，根据销设计和材料以及所使用的超声振动，将销远端而不是阶梯区域配置为可加热部分可能更有利。
图10示出了根据本发明的方法的第一实施方案的另外的应用。该应用尤其涉及关于在两个开口中的包含热塑性聚合物的装置1的超声锚固的现有技术方法的问题，两个物体2a和2b的每一个中各有一个所述开口，其中所述装置定位在两个彼此面对的开口中，两个物体的每一个中各设有一个所述开口，其中两个物体彼此压靠，并且其中超声振动经由所述物体中的一个物体2b(近的物体)施加到装置1。如在本说明书的引言中已经提到的公开文献WO2006/002569中详细讨论的，该方法固有的困难在于以下事实：只要聚合物在装置1的近侧开始液化，那里液化的聚合物就会阻碍振动传输到远侧，在没有相应措施的情况下这导致在装置1的近端和远端上不等同的接合特性，例如在近端处导致令人满意的接合强度，而在远端处导致不令人满意的接合强度。所述公开文献提出了多种用于克服所述困难的措施，而本发明建立了针对相同问题的另外的解决方案。
如图10所示，根据本发明，装置的远端配置为可加热部分1.1，其确保热塑性聚合物在该远端开始液化，并且其抵消了该远端关于振动能量的可获得性的缺点。
图11和图12示出了根据本发明的方法的第二实施方案的第一实例。图11示出了贯穿用于实施该方法的设备的两个截面(与压力的方向平行的)，其中上部显示了在接合过程期间的设备(装置定位成抵靠接合位置，感应加热开启，振动工具3振动但是尚未定位成将超声振动和压力传输到装置)，并且其中下部显示了在接合过程完成之后的设备(感应加热关闭，振动工具被移除，如箭头R所示)。图12示出了如图11中以截面显示的装置1的两个平面图，左侧是如提供给接合过程的装置，右侧是在接合过程之后的装置。相同的元件用与前述图中相同的数字来表示并不会再描述。
如更上面已经提到的，在根据本发明的方法的第二实施方案中，可加热部分1.1不构成装置表面的部分，而是包围在装置内，特别是包围在装置的不可加热部分1.2内，并且可加热部分的液化的材料由于压力的作用通过开口30或外壳中提供的预定断裂点被压出该外壳。其中，开口30或预定断裂点被设置成使得当装置1被定位用于接合过程时，它们面向物体2的接合位置1.2。该实施方案特别适合以下情况：其中接合位置2.1处于其中不能产生由超声振动引起的摩擦的位置，或者其中这种摩擦是不期望的，例如，由于接合位置的不足的机械稳定性的位置。
图11和图12所示的装置1包括基本上由不可加热部分1.2包围的可加热部分1.1。从图12可以清楚地看出，由不可加热部分1.2形成的外壳包括侧向开口30，通过感应加热和超声振动能的组合作用液化的热塑性聚合物被压力的作用压出通过所述侧向开口30到达装置1的外部，以与接合位置2.1接触，接合位置2.1在该情况下位于物体2中的开口的侧壁。得到的装置1和物体2之间的连接例如是侧向宏观锚固31。
使用如图11和12所示的装置以及感应加热和超声振动能的组合实现了内部装置部分的选择性液化，即使内部装置部分和外部装置部分基于相同的热塑性聚合物。如果不可加热部分1.2的至少远处部分由合适的热塑性聚合物制成，则能够组合根据本发明的上述接合过程与先前的现有技术的接合过程，其中不可加热部分的远的部分连接到物体2的开口的底部，其中，对于该先前的接合过程，感应加热未开启。这意味着，对于超声振动能，可加热部分1.1处于根据现有技术的先前的接合过程中的传输状态，并且处于用于接下来的根据本发明的接合过程的吸收状态，其中由感应加热实现转化。
图13示出了另外的实施方案，其中根据本发明的第二实施方案的接合过程能够与其中装置1的可加热部分1.1连接到不可加热部分1.2的同时发生的过程以及与本身已知的使用超声振动的头部形成过程组合，其中所述头部成形过程例如在接合过程结束之前开始。图13以截面显示设备：上部，在根据本发明的接合过程开始时，中部，在根据本发明的接合过程期间以及在头部形成过程开始时，和下部，这两个过程完成后。
装置1也包括可加热部分1.1和不可加热部分1.2，其中可加热部分1.1基本上由不可加热部分1.2包围，所述不可加热部分1.2也包括侧向开口30或预定断裂点，可加热部分1.1的液化的材料可通过所述侧向开口30或预定断裂点被压出装置1。与图11所示不同的是，根据图13的装置1被设计用于将相当大量的可加热部分1.1的聚合物压出，例如用于填充腔(未示出)，例如设置在接合位置2.1中的底切腔，或者用于接合位置的高度多孔材料的渗透。出于这个原因，可加热部分的不可加热外壳被设计成在接合过程期间是可变形的，例如在其中其与振动工具3接触的近处区域中所示。通过例如在其远处面处包括凹陷3.1和能量引导结构3.2，进一步将振动工具3配置为用于头部形成过程的成形工具。
根据图13的装置1的近处面与振动工具的远处面适配，使得振动工具3在朝向装置1的远处面移动时首先接触装置近处面的中央部分。最迟在建立这种接触时，但优选在之前不久，开始感应加热和超声振动，并且进一步移动振动工具3，以向装置1施加超声振动US和压力P。由此，可加热部分1.1的材料被液化并且装置近处面的中心部分被压缩，液化的材料通过该作用被压出开口30。一旦装置近处面变形到足以使振动工具3的远处面接触装置近处面的外周部分时，则超声振动能也被施加到装置近处面的外周部分，并且在进一步移动时并且通过振动工具的能量引导结构辅助下，使得不可加热装置部分1.2的材料在振动工具进一步移动时可以在相应位置中塑性变形。
对于如图13所示的方法，装置1的不可加热部分1.2的材料必须是可变形的，或者必须可以通过用于根据本发明的接合过程的超声振动的作用变成可变形的状态，可以通过能量引导结构3.2来辅助，所述能量引导结构3.2可以如所示的布置在工具上，但是也可以是布置在装置上。能量引导结构也可以布置在工具的远处面或装置近处面的中央部分中。
如图13所示的设备和相应的装置和方法的供选择的方案例如以下：
·用于根据本发明的接合方法的结构和用于头部形成过程的结构不布置成所描述的中心/外周的，但反之亦然或不同。
·在上述过程之前，特别是在开始感应加热之前，不可加热装置部分的远处部分可以仅使用超声振动与开口的底部连接，如结合图11更详细地讨论的。
·可加热部分1.1的外壳并不完全由不可加热部分构成，而是部分地由物体构成，例如，由装置所要接合的物体中的开口的不可渗透的底部和/或由将在液压活塞意义上作用于液化的材料的振动工具的远处面的中心部分来构成。
图14示出了如图11和13所示的根据本发明的方法的另外的供选择的方案。该图再次显示了贯穿设备的两个截面，其中左侧截面显示了在接合过程之前的设备，并且右侧截面显示了接合过程完成时的设备。根据图14，物体2的接合位置2.1位于物体2中的开口的口周围，装置1定位于该开口中以接合到物体，其中开口是贯通开口，并且所述口与装置通过其被引入开口中的口相对。如更上面所述，可加热部分1.1的液化的材料被压出装置，并形成对应于根据图11和图13的侧向锚固31的侧向体31'，并且与物体构成形状配合连接，其防止装置1沿着与引入方向相反的方向从开口移出。如上所提及的，图14还示出了供选择的方案，根据该供选择的方案，振动工具3构成可加热部分1.1的外壳的部分，并且其因此像活塞一样作用于液化的材料。
图15进一步示出了根据本发明的方法和装置的第二实施方案。其中，可加热装置部分1.1的外壳不包括开口或预定断裂点，且因此可加热部分1.1的液化的材料不能从外壳被压出到装置1的外部。相反，所施加的压力使得装置在外壳或不可加热部分1.1分别相应地可变形的情况下变形。如图15所示，如果装置1通过侧向膨胀而变形并且定位在底切开口中，则这样的布置是特别合适的。侧向膨胀构成与物体2的形状配合连接。供选择地，这种径向膨胀可以在开口的侧壁和装置之间形成压入配合。
如图15所示的接合方法可以与仅使用超声振动能进行锚固并涉及例如装置1的远处尖端的之前的步骤组合，和/或与仅使用超声振动将装置头部的远侧接合到物体表面的后续步骤组合。此外，图15所示的接合方法可以与根据本发明的方法的任何其他实施方案组合，其中该装置可以包括多于一个的可加热部分。

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1.一种将装置(1)接合到物体(2)的接合位置(2.1)的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
提供包括第一固体部分(1.1)的装置(1)，所述第一固体部分(1.1)包含第一热塑性聚合物和感受物添加剂，所述感受物添加剂是导电的和磁性的中的至少一种，并且以足以使所述第一固体部分(1.1)能够通过电磁感应被加热的量存在于所述第一固体部分(1.1)中，
相对于接合位置(2.1)定位所述装置(1)，
将所述装置(1)定位到交变电磁场(5)中，所述交变电磁场(5)适合通过电磁感应加热所述第一固体部分(1.1)持续足以升高所述第一固体部分(1.1)的温度以将所述第一热塑性聚合物加热至其玻璃化转变温度以上的温度，但不足以液化所述第一热塑性聚合物的时间，
将超声振动能施加到所述装置(1)或施加到所述物体(2)，并同时将压力施加到所述装置(1)，持续足以液化或塑化所述第一固体部分(1.1)的至少部分并且足以实现以下中的至少一种的时间：使所述液化或塑化的第一固体部分(1.1)与所述接合位置(2.1)的至少表面接触，和使所述装置(1)变形，
停止施加交变电磁场(5)和施加超声振动，同时维持压力，持续足以在所述液化或塑化的第一固体部分(1.1)再固化时实现所述装置(1)和所述接合位置(2.1)之间的连接的时间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述接合位置(2.1)包括以下中的至少一种：具有腔、孔或粗糙结构的表面结构，空间，可由第一热塑性聚合物焊接或可被第一热塑性聚合物润湿的与第一热塑性聚合物匹配的接合材料，和具有用于接收装置(1)的至少第一固体部分(1.1)的尺寸的开口，并且其中所述装置(1)和接合位置(2.1)之间的连接为以下中的至少一种：形状配合连接、焊接连接、胶粘连接和压入配合连接。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述装置(1)还包括不能通过电磁感应被加热的第二固体部分(1.2)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其中所述第二固体部分(1.2)包含第二热塑性聚合物，但不包含感受物添加剂，所述第二热塑性聚合物与所述第一热塑性聚合物相同或不同。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中，与所述装置(1)和所述接合位置(2.1)之间连接的同时，建立所述第一固体部分(1.1)和所述第二固体部分(1.2)之间的连接。
6.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中，除了所述第一固体部分(1.1)和所述接合位置(2.1)之间的连接以外，建立所述第二固体部分(1.2)和所述物体(2)或另外的物体的另外的接合位置之间的另外的连接。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中在第一热塑性聚合物液化之前，并且借助通过所述第一固体部分(1.1)传输到所述第二固体部分(1.2)的超声振动能，建立所述另外的连接。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中在所述第一固体部分(1.1)液化的同时建立所述另外的连接，并且其中所述第一固体部分(1.1)的声学位置不如第二固体部分(1.2)的声学位置有利，在第二固体部分(1.2)将建立所述另外的连接，或所述第二热塑性聚合物比所述第一热塑性聚合物更容易用超声振动能液化。
9.根据权利要求3至8中任一项所述的方法，其中所述第一固体部分(1.1)和所述第二固体部分(1.2)被布置在装置表面上。
10.根据权利要求3至8中任一项所述的方法，其中所述第一固体部分(1.1)位于由第二固体部分(1.2)、第二固体部分(1.2)和物体(2)、以及第二固体部分(1.2)和振动工具(3)中的至少一种构成的外壳中。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中所述外壳包括开口(30)或预定断裂点，所述开口(30)或预定断裂点的尺寸用于第一固体部分(1.1)的液化的材料通过压力挤压穿过。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中所述第二固体部分(1.2)完全包围所述第一固体部分(1.1)，并且当第一固体部分(1.1)处于液化或塑化状态时，可以以足以使所述装置(1)可通过压力变形的方式变形。
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