CN107842344A - A kind of CO for water erosion method hydrate exploitation reservoir2Method is buried in layering - Google Patents
A kind of CO for water erosion method hydrate exploitation reservoir2Method is buried in layering Download PDFInfo
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- CN107842344A CN107842344A CN201711312980.9A CN201711312980A CN107842344A CN 107842344 A CN107842344 A CN 107842344A CN 201711312980 A CN201711312980 A CN 201711312980A CN 107842344 A CN107842344 A CN 107842344A
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- hydrate
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- recovery well
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Natural products C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- NMJORVOYSJLJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane clathrate Chemical compound C.C.C.C.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O NMJORVOYSJLJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- -1 natural gas hydrates Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- 108091006146 Channels Proteins 0.000 abstract 3
- 102000010637 Aquaporins Human genes 0.000 abstract 1
- 108010063290 Aquaporins Proteins 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003034 coal gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003446 memory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/01—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells specially adapted for obtaining from underwater installations
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B41/00—Equipment or details not covered by groups E21B15/00 - E21B40/00
- E21B41/0099—Equipment or details not covered by groups E21B15/00 - E21B40/00 specially adapted for drilling for or production of natural hydrate or clathrate gas reservoirs; Drilling through or monitoring of formations containing gas hydrates or clathrates
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/164—Injecting CO2 or carbonated water
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/20—Displacing by water
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/30—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimising the spacing of wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/34—Arrangements for separating materials produced by the well
- E21B43/38—Arrangements for separating materials produced by the well in the well
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02P90/70—Combining sequestration of CO2 and exploitation of hydrocarbons by injecting CO2 or carbonated water in oil wells
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to exploiting ocean natural gas hydrates technical field and CO2Technical field is buried in address, is related to a kind of CO for water erosion method hydrate exploitation reservoir2Method is buried in layering.Three mouthfuls of recovery wells are drilled through, and layering drills through multiple water flow channels between adjacent well；Change the pressure differential of both sides recovery well and middle recovery well, control seawater low speeds flow in water flow channel, water stream channel peripheral part hydrate is decomposed；After the outlet of middle recovery well is stable is collected into a certain amount of hydrate, by the flowing velocity lifting of seawater and stably to high flow velocities, the reservoir fast decoupled of hydrate is realized；When the outlet of natural gas discharge collection channel can not be collected into CH4Gas or the CH of collection4When measuring seldom, CO is injected to reservoir by both sides recovery well2Emulsion, and make CO2The reservoir of hydrate fully, after complete filling exploitation.The present invention is easily achieved, and is advantageously implemented the high-efficiency mining and CO of hydrate2Safety seal up for safekeeping.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to exploiting ocean natural gas hydrates technical field and CO2Bury technical field in address, and in particular to
A kind of CO for water erosion method hydrate exploitation reservoir2Method is buried in layering.
Background technology
Gas hydrates as a kind of new energy, have the characteristics that efficiently, high-energy aggregation, reserves it is big, environment-friendly,
Development prospect is wide, and has obtained worldwide attention.The production technique of gas hydrates mainly includes decompression at present
Extraction system, heat shock extraction system and chemical reagent injection extraction system, carbon dioxide replacement exploitation method, water erosion method.Current at present
Etching, there is economy compared to other method, low consumption, efficiently, it is simple the advantages that, currently conduct a research, and conduct
The important method of following hydrate exploitation.Water erosion method solves the problems, such as that other recovery methods are present：Firstth, solves it
In hydrate exploitation, pressure caused by largely decomposing heat absorption, and a large amount of gases due to hydrate increases, flows and adds for his method
Reservoir temperature rapid drawdown caused by fast etc., cause stratum icing and the generation of secondary hydrate, reduce reservoir permeability, influence to exploit
Efficiency and it is safe the problem of.Second：Solve the problems, such as that other method is extremely low in hydrate later stage exploitation gas producing efficiency.3rd,
Decomposition of hydrate caused by solving other recovery methods is exceedingly fast, and causes the unexpected reduction of underlying strength, causes bottom unstability, draw
The problem of playing unnecessary natural calamity.But thoroughly to solve the problems, such as Jie that underlying strength reduction also needs to other media
Enter.
With CO2The increase of discharge capacity, greenhouse effects more and more obtain worldwide attention, greenhouse effect
The presence answered, our living environment of strong influence, or even threatened our existence.At present, Geological storage conduct
Reduce CO2A kind of important means of discharge capacity, mainly burying place includes：Discarded oil-gas reservoir or the oil-gas reservoir developed,
Lower brine layer, the coal gas layer that can not be exploited and gas hydrates.Compared with other modes, by CO2In the form of hydrate
The mode buried, has that reserve is big, the advantage of highly effective and safe.Its advantage mainly has：Firstth, after hydrate exploitation,
Reservoir hole caused by hydrate is exploited is passed through into CO2The mode that hydrate is filled, improve the stabilization for stabilizing geology
Property, it is significant for being stabilized for geology.Secondth, CO2The heat that hydrate discharges in generating process, can be with
Effectively reduce reservoir temperature decrease caused by hydrate is exploited.But when and where carry out CO2Hydrate seal up for safekeeping and also have
Certain difficulty.
The problem of present invention runs into for the recovery process of current hydrate and CO2The defects of present in burying method,
Propose a kind of CO for water erosion method hydrate exploitation reservoir2Method is buried in layering.
The content of the invention
The problem of present invention runs into for the recovery process of current hydrate and CO2The defects of present in burying method,
The influence being stabilized based on water flowing to hydrate, on hydrate phase balance, caused water during being flowed using water
The decomposition of the hydrate caused by difference in chemical potential between compound phase and environment aqueous phase, and water flowing velocity is to decomposition of hydrate
The influence of speed speed, with reference to CO2A kind of geological storage technology, there is provided CO for water erosion method hydrate exploitation reservoir2
Method is buried in layering.This method realizes the layered high-efficient safe working of hydrate by water erosion method, increases reservoir permeability.
Meanwhile inject CO in the hydrate reservoir after Fast Algorithm for Mining2Emulsion, memory effect and the original that balances each other using hydrate
Reason, realize the fast hierarchical generation filling of hydrate.This method is easily achieved, be advantageously implemented hydrate high-efficiency mining and
CO2Secured hierarchical largely seal up for safekeeping.
Technical scheme：
A kind of CO for water erosion method hydrate exploitation reservoir2Method is buried in layering, and step is as follows：
(1) three mouthfuls of recovery wells are drilled through in gas hydrates reservoir, and between adjacent two mouthfuls of recovery wells layering drill through it is a plurality of
Water flow channel, ensure water flow channel layered coverage in gas hydrates reservoir, realize and communicate between three mouthfuls of recovery wells, be used for
Appropriate seawater is accessed, and ensures the proper flow of seawater；
(2) recovery well among choosing discharges collection channel as natural gas, and the recovery well of both sides is as reservoir pressure control
System and CO2Emulsion injection channel, the pressure differential between both sides recovery well and middle recovery well is controlled, promotes the flowing of seawater；
(3) change the pressure of both sides recovery well, improve the pressure differential with middle recovery well, control seawater is in water flow channel
In low speeds flow, flow velocity 2ml/min, water flow channel peripheral part hydrate is decomposed, increase natural gas hydration
Thing reservoir internal penetration rate；After the outlet of middle recovery well is stably collected into hydrate, by the flowing velocity lifting of seawater simultaneously
Stabilization is adjusted by flow velocity to 10ml/min and ensures that hydrate rapid decomposition in 1h completely, promotes each layer of water flow channel
Hydrate in the range of neighboring area is decomposed rapidly completely, so as to realize the layering fast decoupled of hydrate in a short time；
(4) CH is collected in the outlet of natural gas discharge collection channel4Gas, by CH4The collection of gas further controls
Natural gas discharges collection channel internal pressure, and the gas of collection is stored and transported；
(5) when the outlet of natural gas discharge collection channel can not be collected into CH4Gas or the CH of collection4When measuring seldom, current
Mining state under, CO is injected into gas hydrates reservoir by the recovery well of both sides2Emulsion, promote under same pressure differential
CO2Flowing of the emulsion inside gas hydrates reservoir, ensure CO2The sufficient filled natural gas hydrate reservoir pore space of emulsion,
And make CO2The gas hydrates reservoir of hydrate fully, after complete filling exploitation.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：Provide a kind of CO for water erosion method hydrate exploitation reservoir2Layering is buried
Deposit method, solve existing problem during exploitation of gas hydrates, for realize gas hydrates it is extensive open with
And CO2Extensive quick geologic landfill provide feasible method, eliminate because reservoir structure caused by larger pressure drop is broken
Bad, geology is destroyed and the generation of major natural disasters.Meanwhile the follow-up study for gas hydrate mining methods has
Important meaning.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the CO of the present invention2Method schematic diagram is buried in layering.
Embodiment
Embodiments of the invention are further described below in conjunction with technical scheme and accompanying drawing.
Embodiment
A kind of CO for water erosion method hydrate exploitation reservoir of the present invention2Layering buries method and uses low-density mud
Drilling technology is starched, a series of exploitation of gas hydrates passages are drilled through in gas hydrates region, and between passage is exploited
A series of water flow channels are exploited by suitable distance, ensures water flow channel layered coverage hydrate reservoir, is opened using these
Adopt passage gas hydrates are carried out to be layered water erosion exploitation, and complete in a short time after exploiting, by injecting CO2Breast
Liquid carries out CO2Quick, substantial amounts of geological storage.Illustrated so that one of which exploits passage as an example, one group of exploitation passage bag
Include three passages：Natural gas discharges collection channel, the reservoir pressure control of both sides and CO2Emulsion injection channel.
As illustrated, the correct position in gas hydrates reservoir chooses three suitable drilling well positions, using low close
Degree DWM technology drills through three mouthfuls of recovery wells, and drills through a series of current by certain suitable distance between two wells and lead to
Road, ensure water stream channel layered coverage hydrate reservoir, for accessing appropriate seawater, ensure the proper flow of seawater, current
Channel diameter is without very big.
Exploitation of gas hydrates well among choosing discharges collection channel as natural gas, and the recovery well of both sides is as storage
Stressor layer controls and CO2Emulsion injection channel, the pressure differential between both sides recovery well and middle recovery well is controlled, promotes seawater
Flowing.
Change the pressure of both sides recovery well, improve the pressure differential with middle recovery well, control seawater is in water passage
Low speeds flow (2ml/min), water stream channel peripheral part hydrate is decomposed, increase reservoir internal penetration rate.Work as centre
After recovery well outlet stabilization is collected into a certain amount of hydrate, by the flowing velocity lifting of seawater and stably to 10ml/min, pass through
Adjustment to flow velocity can ensure that hydrate is rapid in 1h and decompose completely, promote in the certain area coverage of water stream channel periphery
Hydrate is decomposed rapidly completely, so as to realize the layering fast decoupled of hydrate in a short time.
Collected in natural gas discharge and Stress control channel outlet collects CH caused by gas hydrate dissociation4Gas,
And the gas of collection is stored and transported.The gas gone out with Stress control channel separation is collected by two by natural gas discharge
The pressure control passage row of side can reservoir progress secondary flow utilization.
When the outlet of natural gas discharge collection channel can not arrive CH4Gas or the CH of collection4When amount is seldom, current
Mining state under, CO is injected to reservoir by the recovery wells of both sides2Emulsion, injection pressure are the pressure of current both sides recovery well
Power, temperature are 5 DEG C, and this temperature is primarily to prevent CO2Hydrate quickly generates, and causes the drastically drop of reservoir permeability
It is low, promote CO2Flowing of the emulsion inside reservoir, makes CO2The reservoir of hydrate fully, after complete filling exploitation.
Above example is one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention, and those skilled in the art are in the range of the technical program
The usual variations and alternatives carried out should include within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (1)
- A kind of 1. CO for water erosion method hydrate exploitation reservoir2Method is buried in layering, it is characterised in that step is as follows：(1) three mouthfuls of recovery wells are drilled through in gas hydrates reservoir, and layering drills through a plurality of current between adjacent two mouthfuls of recovery wells Dynamic passage, ensure water flow channel layered coverage in gas hydrates reservoir, realize and communicate between three mouthfuls of recovery wells, for accessing Appropriate seawater, and ensure the proper flow of seawater；(2) recovery well among choosing as natural gas discharge collection channel, the recovery wells of both sides as reservoir pressure control with And CO2Emulsion injection channel, the pressure differential between both sides recovery well and middle recovery well is controlled, promotes the flowing of seawater；(3) change the pressure of both sides recovery well, improve the pressure differential with middle recovery well, control seawater is in water flow channel Low speeds flow, flow velocity 2ml/min, water flow channel peripheral part hydrate is set to decompose, increase gas hydrates storage Layer internal penetration rate；After the outlet of middle recovery well is stably collected into hydrate, by the flowing velocity lifting of seawater and stably To 10ml/min, adjusted by flow velocity and ensure that hydrate rapid decomposition in 1h is complete, promote each layer of water flow channel periphery Hydrate in regional extent is decomposed rapidly completely, so as to realize the layering fast decoupled of hydrate in a short time；(4) CH is collected in the outlet of natural gas discharge collection channel4Gas, by CH4The collection of gas is natural further to control Gas discharges collection channel internal pressure, and the gas of collection is stored and transported；(5) when the outlet of natural gas discharge collection channel can not be collected into CH4Gas or the CH of collection4When measuring seldom, opened in current Adopt under state, CO is injected into gas hydrates reservoir by the recovery well of both sides2Emulsion, promote CO under same pressure differential2Breast Flowing of the liquid inside gas hydrates reservoir, ensure CO2The sufficient filled natural gas hydrate reservoir pore space of emulsion, and make CO2The gas hydrates reservoir of hydrate fully, after complete filling exploitation.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201711312980.9A CN107842344A (en) | 2017-12-12 | 2017-12-12 | A kind of CO for water erosion method hydrate exploitation reservoir2Method is buried in layering |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201711312980.9A CN107842344A (en) | 2017-12-12 | 2017-12-12 | A kind of CO for water erosion method hydrate exploitation reservoir2Method is buried in layering |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN107842344A true CN107842344A (en) | 2018-03-27 |
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| CN201711312980.9A Pending CN107842344A (en) | 2017-12-12 | 2017-12-12 | A kind of CO for water erosion method hydrate exploitation reservoir2Method is buried in layering |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111827988A (en) * | 2020-07-15 | 2020-10-27 | 大连理工大学 | Visual large-scale expansion well heat-flow-solid coupling natural gas hydrate exploitation experiment simulation device and method |
| CN114278257A (en) * | 2021-12-24 | 2022-04-05 | 中海石油(中国)有限公司 | Synchronization device and method for offshore oilfield exploitation and supercritical carbon dioxide sequestration |
| CN114737929A (en) * | 2022-03-03 | 2022-07-12 | 大连理工大学 | Mining system and application of natural gas hydrate on shallow surface layer of polar region |
-
2017
- 2017-12-12 CN CN201711312980.9A patent/CN107842344A/en active Pending
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111827988A (en) * | 2020-07-15 | 2020-10-27 | 大连理工大学 | Visual large-scale expansion well heat-flow-solid coupling natural gas hydrate exploitation experiment simulation device and method |
| CN111827988B (en) * | 2020-07-15 | 2022-07-08 | 大连理工大学 | Visual large-scale expansion well heat-flow-solid coupling natural gas hydrate exploitation experiment simulation device and method |
| CN114278257A (en) * | 2021-12-24 | 2022-04-05 | 中海石油(中国)有限公司 | Synchronization device and method for offshore oilfield exploitation and supercritical carbon dioxide sequestration |
| CN114278257B (en) * | 2021-12-24 | 2023-12-15 | 中海石油(中国)有限公司 | Synchronization device and method for offshore oilfield exploitation and supercritical carbon dioxide sequestration |
| CN114737929A (en) * | 2022-03-03 | 2022-07-12 | 大连理工大学 | Mining system and application of natural gas hydrate on shallow surface layer of polar region |
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Application publication date: 20180327 |
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