CN107841665A - A kind of high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth and erbium and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
A kind of high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth and erbium and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN107841665A CN107841665A CN201711059046.0A CN201711059046A CN107841665A CN 107841665 A CN107841665 A CN 107841665A CN 201711059046 A CN201711059046 A CN 201711059046A CN 107841665 A CN107841665 A CN 107841665A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/10—Alloys based on aluminium with zinc as the next major constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
- C22C1/026—Alloys based on aluminium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
- C22C1/03—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting using master alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/053—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with zinc as the next major constituent
Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth and erbium and preparation method thereof, includes following elements composition：Cu:2.1 ~ 2.3%, Mg:1.8 ~ 2.1%, Zn:7.8 ~ 8.1%, Zr:0.16 ~ 0.4%, Er:0.1 ~ 0.2%, Sc:0.1 ~ 0.25%, surplus Al；Preparation method is mainly by using 7055 aluminium alloys, industrial-purity zinc, Al 50Mg, Al 10Zr, Al 50Cu, Al 5Er and Al 2Sc as raw material, by means of means such as melting, casting, heat treatment, rollings, it is final to obtain 7055 aluminum alloy plate materials containing Sc, Er with excellent mechanical performance, the aluminum alloy plate materials intensity is high, yield strength is 600 617MPa, and the maximum tensile strength is 657 679MPa.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to metal material and its processing technique field, is related to a kind of aluminum alloy plate materials, more particularly to one kind contains
High-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of rare earth scandium and erbium and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
7xxx aluminium alloys because of the excellent mechanicals such as its high specific strength, high tenacity, excellent anticorrosive performance or physical property and by
It is widely used in the fields such as Aeronautics and Astronautics, track traffic, national defence.Wherein 7055 aluminium alloys（Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy）, due to
The intensity and toughness of its superelevation have been widely used in the key areas such as space flight, aviation, track traffic and national defence.As society enters
Step and industrial development, some special dimensions propose higher and higher requirement to the mechanical property and density of structural material.Therefore
Need further to improve 7055 intensity of aluminum alloy and toughness, to solve some key areas to high-performance, low density structures material
Great demand.
In recent years, it has been found that trace rare-earth scandium（Sc）And erbium（Er）Element can effectively refine 5xxx and 7xxx
The microstructure of aluminium alloy, optimize its mechanical property.But so far, Sc and Er is to strong 7 line aluminium alloy of superelevation containing Cu, Zr,
As the microstructure of 7055 aluminium alloys and the research of Effect on Mechanical Properties do not obtain the common concern of researcher also.
The content of the invention
The invention provides high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of a kind of scandium containing rare earth and erbium and preparation method thereof.It is mainly logical
Cross and utilize 7055 aluminium alloys, industrial-purity zinc, Al-50Mg intermediate alloys, Al-10Zr intermediate alloys, Al-50Cu intermediate alloys, Al-
5Er intermediate alloys and Al-2Sc intermediate alloys, by means of means such as melting, casting, heat treatment, rollings, are had as raw material
There are the aluminum alloy plate materials containing Sc, Er 7055 of excellent mechanical performance.
In order to reach foregoing invention purpose, the present invention adopts the technical scheme that：
A kind of high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth and erbium, by mass percentage, the height of the scandium containing rare earth and erbium
Strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material includes following elements composition：Cu:2.1 ~ 2.3%, Mg:1.8 ~ 2.1%, Zn:7.8 ~ 8.1%, Zr:
0.16 ~ 0.4%, Er:0.1 ~ 0.2%, Sc:0.1 ~ 0.25%, surplus is Al and inevitable impurity element.
The high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth and erbium described above, preferably comprises following elements composition：Cu:
2.24%, Mg:1.95%, Zn:8.1%, Zr:0.3%, Er:0.2%, Sc:0.1%, surplus is Al and inevitable impurity
Element.
The preparation method of the high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of above-described scandium containing rare earth and erbium, comprises the following steps：
S1. according to each element component content in the high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth and erbium, 7055 aluminium alloys are weighed
Ingot, technical pure Zn, Al-50Mg intermediate alloy, Al-10Zr intermediate alloys, Al-50Cu intermediate alloys, Al-5Er intermediate alloys and
Al-2Sc intermediate alloys；
S2. Al-10Zr, Al-50Cu, Al-5Er and Al-2Sc intermediate alloy are first subjected to melting in intermediate frequency electromagnetic induction furnace,
Smelting temperature is 1580 ~ 1620 DEG C, and 20 ~ 40min is stood after being sufficiently stirred, then the high temperature melting after intermediate frequency electromagnetic induction furnace melting
Liquid is transferred in the resistance furnace that temperature is 745 ~ 760 DEG C, adds 7055 aluminium alloy ingots, 45 ~ 60min is incubated, then by technical pure
In the crucible of Zn and Al-50Mg intermediate alloys raw material input resistance furnace, furnace temperature is reduced to 720 ~ 735 DEG C, after being incubated 20 ~ 30min
Poured into a mould；Obtain aluminium alloy cast ingot；
S3. aluminium alloy cast ingot is incubated 24 ~ 26h in the batch-type furnace that temperature is 470 ~ 475 DEG C, carries out Homogenization Treatments, then
Furnace cooling；
S4., aluminium alloy cast ingot after homogenization is carried out to the hot rolling deformation of multi-pass, deformation temperature is 400 ~ 450 DEG C, total deformation
Measure as 65 ~ 70%, obtain aluminum alloy plate materials；
S5. the aluminum alloy plate materials progress solution treatment obtained being rolled, solid solution temperature is 460 ~ 465 DEG C, insulation 60 ~
Water cooling after 65min；Artificial aging is carried out after water cooling and handles 24 ~ 25h.
Preferably, in the step S2, smelting temperature is 1600 DEG C in electromagnetic induction furnace, is stood after being sufficiently stirred
30min。
Preferably, in the step S2, the temperature of resistance furnace is 755 DEG C, adds 7055 aluminium alloy ingots, is incubated 50min.
Preferably, in the step S3, aluminium alloy cast ingot is incubated 25h in the batch-type furnace that temperature is 472 DEG C, carries out uniform
Change is handled.
Preferably, in the step S4, deformation temperature is 405 DEG C, total deformation 70%.
Preferably, in the step S5, solid solution temperature is 465 DEG C, is incubated water cooling after 60min.
Preferably, the temperature of artificial aging processing is 120 DEG C.
Preferably, in the step S2, crucible is graphite crucible, and casting mold is graphite casting mould, casting process inert free gas
Protection or vacuum environment.
High-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of above-described scandium containing rare earth and erbium and preparation method thereof, by adding Al-
50Mg intermediate alloys, Al-10Zr intermediate alloys, Al-50Cu intermediate alloy Al-5Er and Al-2Sc intermediate alloys, can as raw material
The performance of 7055 aluminium alloys is optimized, wherein, the notable crystal grain thinning of Zr and Er energy is added, suppresses recrystallization so as to improve
The intensity and high-temperature stability of aluminum alloy materials.
The present invention by using intermediate frequency electromagnetic induction furnace in advance to Al-10Zr, Al-50Cu, Al-5Er and Al-2Sc among
Alloy carries out melting, and smelting temperature is uniformly easy to control, can melt intermediate alloy more abundant, and by the crystalline substance in aluminium alloy
Grain is refined in advance, can be reduced the difficulty of follow-up crystallite dimension control, be improved the effect of crystal grain refinement, and then help effective
Improve the intensity of aluminum alloy plate materials.
In summary, by adopting the above-described technical solution, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：
It is of the invention to be had the following advantages that compared with commercial 7055 aluminium alloys in existing market：（1）The intensity of aluminum alloy of the present invention is high, bends
It is 600-617MPa, the maximum tensile strength 657-679MPa to take intensity；（2）Plasticity is moderate, stretch percentage elongation 11%-15%；
（3）Alloy heat endurance is high, the long heat treatment under 150 DEG C of environment, still can keep higher hardness.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the light microscope of the high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of the scandium containing rare earth that the embodiment of the present invention 1 obtains and erbium
Photo.
Fig. 2 is that the transmitted electron of the high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of the scandium containing rare earth that the embodiment of the present invention 1 obtains and erbium shows
Micro mirror photo.
Embodiment
In order that the technical means, the inventive features, the objects and the advantages of the present invention are easy to understand, tie below
Conjunction is specifically illustrating and embodiment, and the present invention is expanded on further.It should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein is only solving
The present invention is released, is not intended to limit the present invention.
7055 al alloy components that the present embodiment uses count by weight percentage for：2.24% Cu、1.95% Mg、
7.82% Zn, 0.16% Zr, surplus Al.
Embodiment 1
S1. 1.8g Al-10Zr intermediate alloys, 2.5g Al-50Cu intermediate alloys, 8g Al-5Er intermediate alloys, 30g are weighed
Al-2Sc intermediate alloys, 4g technical pure Zn, 2g Al-50Mg intermediate alloys and the aluminium alloys of 350g 7055.
S2. by 1.8g Al-10Zr, 2.5g Al-50Cu, 8g Al-5Er and 30g Al-2Sc intermediate alloys in intermediate frequency
Melting is carried out in electromagnetic induction furnace, smelting temperature is 1620 DEG C, and 20 minutes are stood after being sufficiently stirred, then intermediate frequency electromagnetic induction furnace
High temperature solution after melting is transferred in the resistance furnace that temperature is 760 DEG C, adds the aluminium alloy ingots of 350g 7055, is incubated 60 minutes
Afterwards, 4g technical pure Zn and 2g Al-50Mg intermediate alloys are put into the crucible of resistance furnace, furnace temperature is reduced to 735 DEG C, is incubated 30 points
Poured into a mould after clock, crucible used in melting is graphite crucible, and casting mold is graphite casting mould, casting process without inert gas shielding or
Vacuum environment, prepare the aluminium containing 2.24% Cu, 1.95% Mg, 7.82% Zn, 0.3% Zr, 0.1% Er and 0.15% Sc and close
Golden ingot casting.
S3. aluminium alloy cast ingot is incubated 24h in the batch-type furnace that temperature is 475 DEG C, carries out Homogenization Treatments, Ran Housui
Stove cools down.
S4., aluminium alloy cast ingot after homogenization is carried out to the hot rolling deformation of multi-pass, deformation temperature is 400 DEG C, total deformation
Measure as 70%, obtain aluminum alloy plate materials.
S5. the aluminum alloy plate materials progress solution treatment obtained will be rolled, solid solubility temperature is 460 DEG C, is incubated water after 65min
It is cold, 120 DEG C of artificial agings are carried out after water cooling and are handled 24 hours.
Embodiment 2
S1. 1g Al-10Zr intermediate alloys, 2.3g Al-50Cu intermediate alloys, 10g Al-5Er intermediate alloys, 50g Al- are weighed
2Sc intermediate alloys, 4g technical pure Zn, 2g Al-50Mg intermediate alloys and the aluminium alloys of 350g 7055.
S2. by 1g Al-10Zr, 2.3g Al-50Cu, 10g Al-5Er and 50g Al-2Sc intermediate alloys in medium frequency electric
Melting is carried out in magnetic induction stove, smelting temperature is 1580 DEG C, stands 40 minutes after being sufficiently stirred, then intermediate frequency electromagnetic induction furnace is melted
High temperature solution after refining is transferred in the resistance furnace that temperature is 745 DEG C, adds the aluminium alloy ingots of 350g 7055, after being incubated 60 minutes,
By the crucible of 4g technical pure Zn and 2g Al-50Mg intermediate alloys input resistance furnace, furnace temperature is reduced to 720 DEG C, after being incubated 25 minutes
Poured into a mould, crucible used in melting is graphite crucible, and casting mold is graphite casting mould, and casting process is without inert gas shielding or vacuum
Environment, prepare the aluminium alloy containing 2.3% Cu, 1.95% Mg, 7.82% Zn, 0.16% Zr, 0.125% Er and 0.25% Sc
Ingot casting.
S3. aluminium alloy cast ingot is incubated 26h in the batch-type furnace that temperature is 470 DEG C, carries out Homogenization Treatments, Ran Housui
Stove cools down.
S4., aluminium alloy cast ingot after homogenization is carried out to the hot rolling deformation of multi-pass, deformation temperature is 440 DEG C, total deformation
Measure as 65%, obtain aluminum alloy plate materials.
S5. the aluminum alloy plate materials progress solution treatment obtained will be rolled, solid solubility temperature is 470 DEG C, is incubated water after 60min
It is cold, 120 DEG C of artificial agings are carried out after water cooling and are handled 25 hours.
Embodiment 3
S1. 1.8g Al-10Zr intermediate alloys, 2.5g Al-50Cu intermediate alloys, 16g Al-5Er intermediate alloys, 20g are weighed
Al-2Sc intermediate alloys, 4.1g technical pure Zn, 2g Al-50Mg intermediate alloys and the aluminium alloys of 350g 7055.
S2. by 1.8g Al-10Zr, 2.5g Al-50Cu, 16g Al-5Er and 20g Al-2Sc intermediate alloys in intermediate frequency
Melting is carried out in electromagnetic induction furnace, smelting temperature is 1600 DEG C, and 30 minutes are stood after being sufficiently stirred, then intermediate frequency electromagnetic induction furnace
High temperature solution after melting is transferred in the resistance furnace that temperature is 755 DEG C, adds the aluminium alloy ingots of 350g 7055, is incubated 50 minutes
Afterwards, 4.1g technical pure Zn and 2g Al-50Mg intermediate alloys are put into the crucible of resistance furnace, reduce furnace temperature to 730 DEG C, insulation 20
Poured into a mould after minute, crucible used in melting is graphite crucible, and casting mold is graphite casting mould, and casting process is without inert gas shielding
Or vacuum environment, prepare the aluminium containing 2.24% Cu, 1.95% Mg, 8.1% Zn, 0.3% Zr, 0.2% Er and 0.1% Sc and close
Golden ingot casting.
S3. aluminium alloy cast ingot is incubated 25h in the batch-type furnace that temperature is 472 DEG C, carries out Homogenization Treatments, Ran Housui
Stove cools down.
S4., aluminium alloy cast ingot after homogenization is carried out to the hot rolling deformation of multi-pass, deformation temperature is 450 DEG C, total deformation
Measure as 70%, obtain aluminum alloy plate materials.
S5. the aluminum alloy plate materials progress solution treatment obtained will be rolled, solid solubility temperature is 465 DEG C, is incubated water after 60min
It is cold, 120 DEG C of artificial agings are carried out after water cooling and are handled 24 hours.
Mechanics Performance Testing is carried out to the aluminum alloy plate materials finally given.Mechanics Performance Testing at ambient temperature,
Carried out under omnipotent mechanics machine.Yield strength >=600MPa of wrought aluminium alloy of the present invention, the maximum tensile strength >=657MPa,
Tension elongation percentage >=11%.The specific data of test are shown in Table 1.
The alloy mechanical property test result that the present invention of table 1 obtains
Claims (10)
- A kind of 1. high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth and erbium, it is characterised in that：By mass percentage, it is described containing dilute The high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of native scandium and erbium includes following elements composition：Cu:2.1 ~ 2.3%, Mg:1.8 ~ 2.1%, Zn: 7.8 ~ 8.1%, Zr:0.16 ~ 0.4%, Er:0.1 ~ 0.2%, Sc:0.1 ~ 0.25%, surplus is Al and inevitable impurity member Element.
- 2. the high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth according to claim 1 and erbium, it is characterised in that：It is described containing dilute The high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of native scandium and erbium includes following elements composition：Cu:2.24%, Mg:1.95%, Zn:8.1%, Zr:0.3%, Er:0.2%, Sc:0.1%, surplus is Al and inevitable impurity element.
- 3. the preparation method of the high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth and erbium, its feature exist as claimed in claim 1 or 2 In comprising the following steps：S1. according to each element component content in the high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth and erbium, 7055 aluminium alloys are weighed Ingot, technical pure Zn, Al-50Mg intermediate alloy, Al-10Zr intermediate alloys, Al-50Cu intermediate alloys, Al-5Er intermediate alloys and Al-2Sc intermediate alloys；S2. Al-10Zr, Al-50Cu, Al-5Er and Al-2Sc intermediate alloy are first subjected to melting in intermediate frequency electromagnetic induction furnace, Smelting temperature is 1580 ~ 1620 DEG C, and 20 ~ 40min is stood after being sufficiently stirred, then the high temperature melting after intermediate frequency electromagnetic induction furnace melting Liquid is transferred in the resistance furnace that temperature is 745 ~ 760 DEG C, adds 7055 aluminium alloy ingots, 45 ~ 60min is incubated, then by technical pure In the crucible of Zn and Al-50Mg intermediate alloys raw material input resistance furnace, furnace temperature is reduced to 720 ~ 735 DEG C, after being incubated 20 ~ 30min Poured into a mould；Obtain aluminium alloy cast ingot；S3. aluminium alloy cast ingot is incubated 24 ~ 26h in the batch-type furnace that temperature is 470 ~ 475 DEG C, carries out Homogenization Treatments, then Furnace cooling；S4., aluminium alloy cast ingot after homogenization is carried out to the hot rolling deformation of multi-pass, deformation temperature is 400 ~ 450 DEG C, total deformation Measure as 65 ~ 70%, obtain aluminum alloy plate materials；S5. the aluminum alloy plate materials progress solution treatment obtained being rolled, solid solution temperature is 460 ~ 465 DEG C, insulation 60 ~ Water cooling after 65min；Artificial aging is carried out after water cooling and handles 24 ~ 25h.
- 4. the preparation method of the high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth according to claim 1 and erbium, its feature exist In：In the step S2, smelting temperature is 1600 DEG C in electromagnetic induction furnace, and 30min is stood after being sufficiently stirred.
- 5. the preparation method of the high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth according to claim 1 and erbium, its feature exist In：In the step S2, the temperature of resistance furnace is 755 DEG C, adds 7055 aluminium alloy ingots, is incubated 50min.
- 6. the preparation method of the high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth according to claim 1 and erbium, its feature exist In：In the step S3, aluminium alloy cast ingot is incubated 25h in the batch-type furnace that temperature is 472 DEG C, carries out Homogenization Treatments.
- 7. the preparation method of the high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth according to claim 1 and erbium, its feature exist In：In the step S4, deformation temperature is 450 DEG C, total deformation 70%.
- 8. the preparation method of the high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth according to claim 1 and erbium, its feature exist In：In the step S5, solid solution temperature is 465 DEG C, is incubated water cooling after 60min.
- 9. the preparation method of the high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth according to claim 1 and erbium, its feature exist In：The temperature of artificial aging processing is 120 DEG C.
- 10. the preparation method of the high-strength/tenacity aluminum alloy sheet material of scandium containing rare earth according to claim 1 and erbium, its feature exist In：In the step S2, crucible is graphite crucible, and casting mold is graphite casting mould, the protection of casting process inert free gas or vacuum ring Border.
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108342626A (en) * | 2018-05-18 | 2018-07-31 | 东北轻合金有限责任公司 | One kind ocean engineering containing erbium and goods stock aluminium alloy and its manufacturing method of plate thereof |
| CN110423906A (en) * | 2019-08-17 | 2019-11-08 | 桂林理工大学 | A kind of preparation method of 120 mm thickness aluminium alloy thick plate |
| CN112410628A (en) * | 2020-12-03 | 2021-02-26 | 河南永通铝业有限公司 | High-strength aluminum alloy plate for curtain wall and preparation method thereof |
| CN112410622A (en) * | 2020-12-03 | 2021-02-26 | 河南恒通新材料有限公司 | Aluminum alloy base material for curtain wall and preparation method thereof |
| CN115852218A (en) * | 2022-11-07 | 2023-03-28 | 福建祥鑫轻合金制造有限公司 | Rare earth aluminum alloy and preparation method of forging thereof |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107058827A (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2017-08-18 | 桂林理工大学 | Al Zn Mg Cu Sc Zr sheet alloys with excellent mechanical performance and preparation method thereof |
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2017
- 2017-11-01 CN CN201711059046.0A patent/CN107841665A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107058827A (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2017-08-18 | 桂林理工大学 | Al Zn Mg Cu Sc Zr sheet alloys with excellent mechanical performance and preparation method thereof |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108342626A (en) * | 2018-05-18 | 2018-07-31 | 东北轻合金有限责任公司 | One kind ocean engineering containing erbium and goods stock aluminium alloy and its manufacturing method of plate thereof |
| CN110423906A (en) * | 2019-08-17 | 2019-11-08 | 桂林理工大学 | A kind of preparation method of 120 mm thickness aluminium alloy thick plate |
| CN112410628A (en) * | 2020-12-03 | 2021-02-26 | 河南永通铝业有限公司 | High-strength aluminum alloy plate for curtain wall and preparation method thereof |
| CN112410622A (en) * | 2020-12-03 | 2021-02-26 | 河南恒通新材料有限公司 | Aluminum alloy base material for curtain wall and preparation method thereof |
| CN115852218A (en) * | 2022-11-07 | 2023-03-28 | 福建祥鑫轻合金制造有限公司 | Rare earth aluminum alloy and preparation method of forging thereof |
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Application publication date: 20180327 |