CN107825706A - The 3D printing technique of thermoplastic macromolecule material - Google Patents
The 3D printing technique of thermoplastic macromolecule material Download PDFInfo
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- CN107825706A CN107825706A CN201711350805.9A CN201711350805A CN107825706A CN 107825706 A CN107825706 A CN 107825706A CN 201711350805 A CN201711350805 A CN 201711350805A CN 107825706 A CN107825706 A CN 107825706A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of 3D printing technique of thermoplastic macromolecule material, comprise the following steps：Instrument feed cylinder is made to rise first, mobile powdering roller, in one layer of workbench upper berth dusty material, then sends laser beam by laser, the powder of part selection area is sintered according to cross section profile under the control of the computer, the powder for having binding agent is melted to the printable layer to form integration.After the completion of first layer sintering, workbench will decline the height of a cross-sectional layers, while powdering roller sinters in existing next layer of powder in printable layer upper berth, next layer of progress, so circulation, form the printed product of three-dimensional.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the 3D printing technique of 3D printing technique field, more particularly to thermoplastic macromolecule material.
Background technology
3D printing technique is also known as increasing material manufacturing or increment manufacture (Additive manufacturing), refers to based on three-dimensional
Mathematical modeling data, it is superimposed by continuous physical layer, successively increases material to generate the technology of 3D solid.With traditional material
Material process technology is compared, and 3D printing technique has the advantage of many protrusions, is in particular in:(1) Digitized manufacturing, 3D can be realized
Printing digitizes product structure by modeling software, machinery equipment processing and manufacturing is then driven into device, due to digitlization text
Part can be transmitted by network, so as to realize the production model of the decentralized manufacture in strange land；(2) 3D printing technique can make
The object of three-dimensional structure first resolves into two-dimensional layered structure, and successively adding up forms three-dimensional article, therefore, 3D printing technique in principle
Any complicated structure can be produced, fundamentally solves conventionally manufactured the defects of being limited by mould；(3) 3D printing can be with
Utilize accumulation mode " from below to up ", for realize it is non-it is even cause material, functionally gradient device advantageously；(4) 3D printing
Technology is advantageous to small-scale production and personalization is customized, belongs to mental intensive industry, requires low to production site, environmentally friendly and low
Energy consumption；(5) 3D printing can realize " design produces ", can be with the faster response market demand.Therefore, 3D printing skill in recent years
Art obtains fast development, in industrial modeling, machine-building, military affairs, building, video display, household electrical appliances light industry, medical science, archaeology, text
Change art, the field such as engraving, jewellery is all used widely, while attracted domestic and international industrial quarters, invested boundary, academia, newly
Hear media and the fervent concern of the public.Department of the Chinese government also begins to pay close attention to and works out the development plan of 3D printing technique,
As Ministry of Industry and Information, the Committee of Development and Reform, the Ministry of Finance printed and distributed in 2 months 2015《National increasing material manufacturing industry development promotes plan (2015-2016
Year)》, the promotion that is made that to the development of 3D printing in policy.It can be seen that 3D printing technique will turn into it is next have it is wide before
The rising industry of scape.
3D printing technique content covers wide, and the technology being related to includes CAD modelings, 3D measurements, interface and Slice Software, number
Control program, printing technology, Machine Design, 3D printing material etc..Wherein, the factor for restricting 3D printing technique development at this stage is main
There are two:Printing technology (technical method) and printed material.Meanwhile interwoveness between printing technology and printed material be present
Relation, specific printing technology can only be suitable for printing specific printed material, and specific printed material then needs to utilize spy
Fixed printing technology could successfully realize that 3D is molded.
High molecular polymer using plastics as representative has the thermoplasticity under relatively lower temp, good thermal fluidity
Cementability, or the quick-setting ability under the initiation of certain condition (such as light) are cooled down with quick, therefore is obtained in 3D printing field
To quick application and development.Meanwhile the bonding characteristic of high polymer material allows it can be with the ceramics, the glass that are relatively difficult to be molded
The brand-new composite of the formation such as glass, fiber, inorganic powder, metal dust, so as to greatly expand the application of 3D printing.Cause
This, high polymer material turns into the printed material that current 3D printing field is basic and development is the most ripe.
The content of the invention
Based on above mentioned problem, the present invention proposes a kind of 3D printing technique of thermoplastic macromolecule material.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention is achieved using following technical scheme：
The 3D printing technique of thermoplastic macromolecule material, comprises the following steps：Instrument feed cylinder is made to rise first, mobile paving
Powder roller, in one layer of workbench upper berth dusty material, laser beam is then sent by laser, under the control of the computer according to cut
Facial contour is sintered to the powder of part selection area, and the powder for having binding agent is melted to the printable layer to form integration；When
After the completion of first layer sintering, workbench will decline the height of a cross-sectional layers, while powdering roller is under existing printable layer upper berth
One layer of powder, next layer of sintering, so circulation are carried out, form the printed product of three-dimensional.
FDM process equipments are cheap, and operating technology threshold is very low, and printed material is cheap and easy preparation, technology
It is relatively small to improve upgrading difficulty.Therefore, FDM techniques are widely used in low side entry level 3D printing equipment, are 3D printing popularizations
Change and popular chief motivation.For the quality of printed product, the maximum advantage of FDM techniques be good size and
Storage stability, as a result of thermal plastic high polymer is commonly used as ABS, PLA as consumptive material, when printed product drops to room
After temperature, it shows preferable stability to the illumination in environment, humidity, exposure, and can store steadily in the long term.So
And it is relatively poor compared to other molding modes (especially stereolithography or material injection molding), the precision on its surface,
Often produce obvious " effect layer ":Small wire width and very thin thickness (0.1mm) are used, in the top of finished product, bottom surface
It still is able to find out the contour line profile and construction thickness by extruding jet nozzle with side.More disadvantageously, if using fid
Material, divest backing material and often cause suitable injury to product ontology, the defects of formation is significantly such as reeled off raw silk from cocoons, pit, projection.
And it is on the other side, the supporting layer of stereolithography technique (SLA) generally can easily be removed by heating and solvent.In addition,
Backing material is difficult to recycle after divesting, and causes the waste of consumptive material.
Prominent position based on FDM techniques in 3D printing market, there are many measures to be developed to lift such printing
The surface accuracy of model, such as in terms of setting of printing, the surface for requiring higher completion precision set with vertical direction into
Type, and less important surface is molded with horizontal direction.Secondary operation to printout is also the important of improvement surface accuracy
Method, but hardness is larger after generally FDM printing consumables solidification, simple mechanical grinding effect is poor, and utilizes solvent
Polishing is then likely to be obtained preferable surface flatness, and obtains more preferable product details performance.
Compared with prior art, the device have the advantages that being：
The technique processing of the present invention needs to heat up and cooled down, and molding time is longer, and the product surface printed is often dredged
The porous state of pine, and have internal stress, it is easily deformed, not as FDM is commonly used for pure high score child print.But any heating
The moulding material that the dusty material that bonds can serve as the present invention can be formed between atom afterwards, and therefore, the present invention is especially suitable for
In using high molecular polymer as base, the composite of the powder such as composite ceramics, glass, fiber, metal prints the shaping of product, from
And significantly extend the application of 3D printing technique.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is FDM technological principle schematic diagrames；
Fig. 2 is SLS technological principle schematic diagrames.
Embodiment
To allow those skilled in the art to become apparent from getting information about the present invention, below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, to the present invention
It is further described.
3D printing material, it is thermoplastic macromolecule material, and thermoplastic high molecular polymer is easy to be extruded, blown
Modeling and injection processing, therefore as type the most ripe is developed in 3D printing high polymer material, these materials include a variety of works
Engineering plastics and biological plastics, typically occur when prepared by printed material with thread consumptive material.
Engineering plastics are the wider 3D printing materials of current application, and this kind of material has good mechanical strength and resistance to
Hou Xing, heat endurance is also more satisfactory, and therefore, the product gone out with these file printings can be used in most of industrial and civilian field
Close, typical 3D printing engineering plastics have acrylonitrile-butadiene-benzene second copolymer (ABS), makrolon (PC) and polyamide
(nylon, PA) etc..
ABS is the material for being used for fused glass pellet (FDM) technology earliest, and at present and FDM printing technology field is most normal
Thermoplasticity consumptive material.The file printing temperature is 210~260 DEG C, and glass transition temperature is 105 DEG C, needs bottom plate during printing
Heating.ABS has considerable advantage, as intensity is higher, toughness preferably, impact resistance, good insulation preformance, it is anticorrosive, low temperature resistant,
Easy wire vent and coloring etc., its printed product steady quality, intensity are also ideal.But need to heat during ABS printings, together
When this material contract on cooling characteristic it is obvious, in the case of uneven in temperature field, may from heating plate local shedding, make
Into quality problems such as warpage, crackings, there may be strong smell when it is printed in addition.In order to improve the shaping matter of ABS printings
Amount, many researchers have carried out the modification work of 3D printing ABS consumptive materials, and packing material is added into ABS or it is total to
Mixed modification is the effective way for improving its print performance.M.L.Shofner etc. is reported containing 10% gas-phase growth of carbon fibre
The 3D printing ABS consumptive materials of enhancing, its tensile strength and the more common ABS consumptive materials of tensile modulus of elasticity have larger enhancing；Fang Luhui etc.
Melt blending modification, the modification consumptive material are carried out to ABS using thermoplastic elastic body styrene-butadiene-styrene plastics (SBS)
With preferable mobility and melt strength.In addition, it can assign printed material a variety of properties ABS doping vario-property,
So as to greatly expand the application of such printed material, such as, Zou Jin light etc. is with conductive nano carbon black in titanate coupling agent
ABS resin is modified under effect, obtains a kind of conductive 3D printing consumptive material.
Compared with ABS, PC resin has more excellent characteristic as engineering material, and the mechanical strength of its silk material will be substantially
Higher than ABS, while have the advantages that tasteless, nontoxic, shrinkage factor is low, good flame resistance concurrently, the 3D printing product of high intensity can be prepared.
But, PC resin is there is also some deficiencies, and as price is relatively higher, tinctorial property is undesirable, while bisphenol-A therein is considered as
There is potential carcinogenic risk.In order to obtain the 3D printing material of high performance-price ratio, can by the way of PC and other resin alloys,
Such as Qiu Jun prepares the high polymer alloy for 3D printing using PC and ABS blendings, and the shrinkage factor and interlayer that can improve ABS are glued
Knot property, obtain the printed product of high performance-price ratio.
PA is generally described nylon, has excellent tensile strength and a good pliability, and viable commercial product
3D printing material, its glass transition temperature are up to 110 DEG C, and manufactured 3D printing product mechanical strength is good, and with preferable
Elasticity and toughness, or even the clothing of 3D printing can be made.But, it is relative compared to ABS and PC, the surface texturisation of PA printouts
It is more coarse.In addition, PA resins have preferable caking property and are easily prefabricated into evengranular spherical fine powder, therefore
The printing of SLS technologies can also be directly used in as the binding agent of metal and ceramic powders in SLS techniques.
With the gradual lifting that human environment protection is realized, addition 3D can be also begun to biodegradable thermoplastic resin and is beaten
Print the ranks of consumptive material.Compared to Traditional project plastics, biological plastics mechanical strength is relatively low, and heat resistance and weatherability are generally also more
It is inferior, but produce and using process all more environmental protection, meet the requirement of mankind's Green Development, more valuable, these biologies
Before plastics have good biocompatibility mostly, therefore their 3D printing product has wide application in medical industry
Scape.Typical 3D printing biological plastics has PLA (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyethylene terephthalate -1,
4- cyclohexanedimethanoester esters (PETG) etc..
The Liang great main forces material that PLA and ABS and referred to as FDM are printed.PLA print temperature is 180~220 DEG C, Ke Yi
Effectively it is molded on the support flat board of lower temperature (being less than 70 DEG C), but its glass transition temperature is relatively low, only 60 DEG C or so.With
ABS is compared, and is easily adhered to and is extended after PLA fusings, does not produce niff during printing, the material after printing is hardly received
Contracting, therefore, even open printer simple in construction can also print more huge part, this causes PLA to turn into most honest and clean
Main force's consumptive material of the introduction 3D printer of valency.In addition, PLA can obtain the printing part of semi-transparent configuration, than usually impermeable
Bright matt ABS printouts have more aesthetic feeling.But, as biological plastics, similarly obvious, mechanics of materials the shortcomings that PLA
Can be poor, toughness and impact strength are substantially not so good as ABS, are unfit to do part that is too thin or needing load-bearing.It is high-strength in order to obtain
The PLA printouts of degree, in recent years, academia expand the research being modified for PLA, and achieve many achievements.Chen Wei etc. is adopted
With appropriate chain extender, it is prepared for being modified PLA printing silk materials, the purer PLA of its printout notch impact strength with melt blending technique
Material increase by 140%.Yan Guoqiang etc. has invented a kind of modified polylactic acid composite material suitable for 3D printing, and the material has good
Good pliability, while impact strength, heat resistance and the purer PLA of elongation at break are greatly improved, it is compound using this
Material carries out 3D printing, and finished product has the advantages that any surface finish, dimensionally stable.
PCL is a kind of biodegradable polyesters with shape memory characteristic, has relatively low fusing point (about 60 DEG C) and pole
Good biocompatibility.Therefore, PCL can be widely used in medical domain as the good consumptive material of energy-conservation 3D printing, its printed product,
Especially intracorporeal organ reparation and cardiac stent.But, PCL mechanical strengths are even not so good as PLA, therefore, generally require to enter it
Row is modified.Li Zhibo etc. is modified processing to 3D printing from inorganic component with PCL, makes PCL is material modified to obtain preferably
Impact strength and creep resistance.
PETG is a kind of new bio-based plastics, compared with PLA or PCL, this material have of a relatively high toughness and
Impact strength, while low shrinkage factor is remained in that, and the characteristic of asepsis environment-protecting, it is suitable for the higher printing of intensity requirement
Part.PETG can also be blended with engineering plastics such as PC, obtain with superior heat resistance, mechanical strength and good print performance
Novel high polymer alloy printed material.
The 3D printing technique of thermoplastic macromolecule material, comprises the following steps：Instrument feed cylinder is made to rise first, mobile paving
Powder roller, in one layer of workbench upper berth dusty material, laser beam is then sent by laser, under the control of the computer according to cut
Facial contour is sintered to the powder of part selection area, and the powder for having binding agent is melted to the printable layer to form integration.When
After the completion of first layer sintering, workbench will decline the height of a cross-sectional layers, while powdering roller is under existing printable layer upper berth
One layer of powder, next layer of sintering, so circulation are carried out, form the printed product of three-dimensional.
Fused glass pellet (FDM) is the main 3D printing means of thermoplastic macromolecule material, and it uses thread
Macromolecule printed material.If thermal plastic high polymer is prepared as into powdery, selective laser sintering (SLS) can also be used
Means.
Fused glass pellet (Fused deposition modeling, FDM) is 1988 by U.S. Scott Crump
Invention, and Stratasys companies have been set up with this.Its principle is using thermoplastic polymer, and is prepared into as thread consumption
Material, material use stepper motor are expressed into shower nozzle, are melted with certain temperature heating, while section of the shower nozzle along printout
Profile and the motion of filling track, and the consumptive material of fusing is extruded, consumptive material solidification is simultaneously molded (see Fig. 1) with successively accumulation mode.
FDM process equipments are cheap, and operating technology threshold is very low, and printed material is cheap and easy preparation, technology
It is relatively small to improve upgrading difficulty.Therefore, FDM techniques are widely used in low side entry level 3D printing equipment, are 3D printing popularizations
Change and popular chief motivation.For the quality of printed product, the maximum advantage of FDM techniques be good size and
Storage stability, as a result of thermal plastic high polymer is commonly used as ABS, PLA as consumptive material, when printed product drops to room
After temperature, it shows preferable stability to the illumination in environment, humidity, exposure, and can store steadily in the long term.So
And it is relatively poor compared to other molding modes (especially stereolithography or material injection molding), the precision on its surface,
Often produce obvious " effect layer ":Small wire width and very thin thickness (0.1mm) are used, in the top of finished product, bottom surface
It still is able to find out the contour line profile and construction thickness by extruding jet nozzle with side.More disadvantageously, if using fid
Material, divest backing material and often cause suitable injury to product ontology, the defects of formation is significantly such as reeled off raw silk from cocoons, pit, projection.
And it is on the other side, the supporting layer of stereolithography technique (SLA) generally can easily be removed by heating and solvent.In addition,
Backing material is difficult to recycle after divesting, and causes the waste of consumptive material.
Prominent position based on FDM techniques in 3D printing market, there are many measures to be developed to lift such printing
The surface accuracy of model, such as in terms of setting of printing, the surface for requiring higher completion precision set with vertical direction into
Type, and less important surface is molded with horizontal direction.Secondary operation to printout is also the important of improvement surface accuracy
Method, but hardness is larger after generally FDM printing consumables solidification, simple mechanical grinding effect is poor, and utilizes solvent
Polishing is then likely to be obtained preferable surface flatness, and obtains more preferable product details performance.
Selective laser sintering (Selected laser sintering, SLS) is the material such as metal, ceramics 3D printing institute
The major technique of utilization, but can be used for thermoplastic polymer powder.Forming step is:Make first on instrument feed cylinder
Rise, mobile powdering roller, in one layer of workbench upper berth dusty material, laser beam is then sent by laser, in computer control
The powder of part selection area is sintered according to cross section profile under system, the powder for having binding agent is melted to form integration
Printable layer.After the completion of first layer sintering, workbench will decline the height of a cross-sectional layers, while powdering roller is in existing printing
Next layer of upper berth of layer powder, carries out next layer of sintering, so circulation, forms the printed product of three-dimensional (see Fig. 2).
The technique processing of the present invention needs to heat up and cooled down, and molding time is longer, and the product surface printed is often dredged
The porous state of pine, and have internal stress, it is easily deformed, not as FDM is commonly used for pure high score child print.But any heating
The moulding material that the dusty material that bonds can serve as the present invention can be formed between atom afterwards, and therefore, the present invention is especially suitable for
In using high molecular polymer as base, the composite of the powder such as composite ceramics, glass, fiber, metal prints the shaping of product, from
And significantly extend the application of 3D printing technique.
The foregoing is merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not intended to limit the invention, all essences in the present invention
God any modification, equivalent substitution and improvements made etc., should be included in the scope of the protection with principle.
Claims (1)
1. the 3D printing technique of thermoplastic macromolecule material, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：Make first on instrument feed cylinder
Rise, mobile powdering roller, in one layer of workbench upper berth dusty material, laser beam is then sent by laser, in computer control
The powder of part selection area is sintered according to cross section profile under system, the powder for having binding agent is melted to form integration
Printable layer；After the completion of first layer sintering, workbench will decline the height of a cross-sectional layers, while powdering roller is in existing printing
Next layer of upper berth of layer powder, carries out next layer of sintering, so circulation, forms the printed product of three-dimensional.
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Cited By (2)
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| CN108947533A (en) * | 2018-08-31 | 2018-12-07 | 上海万华科聚化工科技发展有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of porous carbon material and the purposes of obtained porous carbon material |
| WO2022086497A1 (en) * | 2020-10-19 | 2022-04-28 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Depowdering an elastic 3d printed object |
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