CN107819046A - 基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器及制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于光电探测器领域,特别是指一种基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器及其制备方法。该探测器自下而上依次为Si衬底、SiO2绝缘层,绝缘层上的单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线,覆盖在单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线两端的金属电极。本发明中孪晶结构GaN纳米线具有很高的比表面积,并且孪晶结构可以有效实现光生载流子的分离以及快速输运,具有很高的光响应度、外量子效率和光电流增益。更重要的是,该紫外探测器对UV‑A波段的紫外光有着非常高的选择性。器件制作工艺简单、成本低、灵敏度高、性能稳定。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于光电探测器领域,特别是指一种基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器及其制备方法。
背景技术
一维半导体纳米线由于其有着巨大的比表面积、较小的特征尺寸、超高的光吸收效率和优异的结晶质量,被认为是构筑高性能纳米光电器件最有前景的基本单元。一维半导体纳米线被广泛应用在太阳能电池、场效应晶体管、纳米发电机、光电探测器等众多领域。在这些半导体器件中,紫外光电探测器因为其在导弹追踪、二进制开关、安全通讯、火焰报警、环境污染检测、未来信息存储等重要技术领域的应用,受到了人们广泛的关注。
基于不同波长,紫外波段的光波可以进一步分为三个典型的光谱区:UV-A(400-320nm),UV-B(320~280nm)和UV-C(280~200nm)。大部分的UV-B紫外光和所有的UV-C紫外光可以被平流臭氧层和遮光剂中的分子吸收。然而,UV-A紫外线则可以很容易的穿透臭氧层到达地球的表面。长时间暴露在UV-A射线中可能会导致人体提前衰老或者皮肤癌等各种健康疾病。因此,不仅有必要建立有效的策略去避免UV-A紫外线损伤,而且有必要制备高性能、高选择度的紫外光电探测器来监控UV-A紫外线。
作为第三代半导体材料的氮化镓(GaN)属于直接带隙半导体,因其物理化学性质稳定、电子饱和速度高、禁带宽度大、带隙可调、熔点高等优点,已经成为发光二极管、场效应晶体管和紫外光探测器领域的主流材料和研究热点。目前,GaN薄膜基紫外光电探测器已经产业化应用。然而,基于GaN纳米材料的紫外光电探测器还存在着制备复杂、波长选择度差、光响应度和外量子效率不高等缺点,难以产业化。
发明内容
为了解决现有技术存在的上述问题,本发明的目的在于提供一种成本低廉、UV-A紫外光波段选择度好、响应时间快、光响应度和外量子效率超高的基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光探测器及其制备方法。
为了实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案如下:
一种基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器,自下至上依次包括Si衬底(1)、SiO2绝缘层(2),SiO2绝缘层(2)上设置单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线(3)、金属电极(4),金属电极(4)分别覆盖在单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线(3)的两端,且形成欧姆接触。
所述的孪晶结构GaN纳米线(3)的晶体结构为孪晶,并且孪晶面平行于纳米线的轴向方向;所述的孪晶结构GaN纳米线(3)长度为100纳米至1毫米,直径为10纳米至10微米。
所述的金属电极(4)为Ag、Ti/Au、Cr/Au、Ni/Au、Ti/Al/Ti/Au或Ti/Al/Ni/Au;所述的金属电极(4)厚度为20至200纳米,金属电极(4)的间距为100纳米至1毫米。
所述的基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1:将用于生长GaN纳米线的基底依次置于丙酮溶液、酒精溶液和去离子水中超声清洗,每步清洗5~15分钟,清洗后用氮气吹干;
步骤2:利用沉积的方法在基底上沉积一层Au薄膜;
步骤3:将装有Ga2O3粉末的石英坩埚放置高温管式炉的中央,再将沉积有Au薄膜的基底放至高温管式炉的下游位置;然后,向管式炉中通入惰性气氛来去除管式炉腔体中残余的氧气;
步骤4:将高温管式炉的腔体加热,当温度升至900℃±20℃时关闭惰性气氛并通入NH3气;继续升温,直到温度升至孪晶结构GaN纳米线生长所需的温度;恒温一定时间后停止加热,关闭NH3气,通入惰性气氛,使管式炉自然冷却至室温,得到孪晶结构GaN纳米线阵列;
步骤5:利用物理剥离的方法将孪晶结构GaN纳米线阵列从基底转移至酒精溶液,超声震荡4~6分钟;然后,利用旋涂的方法将纳米线转移并分散至SiO2绝缘层;
步骤6:利用光刻和电子束蒸发的方法在单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线两端制备一层金属电极,形成最终的基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器。
所述的沉积的方法为电子束蒸发、热蒸发或磁控溅射,Au薄膜的厚度为3至20纳米。
所述的基底为蓝宝石或者硅片,所述的惰性气氛为氩气或者氮气。
所述的孪晶结构GaN纳米线的生长温度为1050至1150℃,NH3气的气体流量为180~220mL/min,恒温一定时间为25~35min。
与现有技术相比,本发明基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的优点在于:
1)相比于GaN薄膜,GaN纳米线具有更大的比表面积,更高的吸光系数以及更好的晶体质量。
2)更重要的是,本发明所选用的GaN纳米线是具有沿着纳米线轴向镜面对称的孪晶结构,并且两个晶畴都是单晶。因此,此孪晶结构纳米线有着很高的载流子迁移率。并且,此孪晶结构纳米线可以给光生载流子提供两个独立的传输通道,大大降低了光生载流子的复合效率,可使光电探测器的性能大幅提高。
3)本发明对UV-A波段的紫外光有着非常好的选择特性。并且有着超高的光谱响应度、外量子效率和探测灵敏度,以及较快的响应时间、较大的开关比和优异的光电流稳定性。
附图说明
图1是基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的三维结构示意图。图中,1、Si衬底;2、SiO2绝缘层;3、单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线;4、金属电极。
图2是孪晶结构GaN纳米线阵列的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图像。(a)是45度角俯视图;(b)是剖面图。
图3中,(a)是单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的透射电子显微镜(TEM)图像;(b)是单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)图像。
图4是基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器在不同波长光照下的I-V特性曲线。
图5中,(a)是在3V偏压测试条件下,基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的光电流与入射光波长的关系曲线;(b)是在3V偏压下测试条件下,基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的光响应度与入射光波长的关系曲线。
图6是基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器在360nm光照条件下,不同入射光功率的I-V特性曲线。
图7是基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的开关特性曲线。
图8是在5V偏压、360nm光照条件下,基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的光电流与时间的关系曲线。
具体实施方式:
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明做进一步说明。
参照图1,本发明的基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器,自下而上依次有Si衬底1、SiO2绝缘层2、单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线3、金属电极4,单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线3、金属电极4设置于SiO2绝缘层2上,金属电极4分别覆盖在单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线3的两端,且形成欧姆接触。
实施例:
本实施例中,基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
1)将用于生长GaN纳米线的蓝宝石基底依次置于丙酮溶液、酒精溶液和去离子水中超声清洗,每步清洗10分钟,清洗后用氮气吹干。
2)利用电子束蒸发的方法在蓝宝石基底上沉积一层5nm厚的Au薄膜。
3)将装有Ga2O3粉末的石英坩埚放置高温管式炉的中央,再将沉积有5nm厚Au薄膜的蓝宝石基底放至高温管式炉的下游位置。然后,向高温管式炉中通入氩气来去除管式炉腔体中残余的氧气。
4)对高温管式炉进行升温,当腔体温度升至900℃时关闭氩气并通入NH3气,NH3气的气体流量为200mL/min。继续升温至1100℃,然后恒温30分钟后停止加热,通入氩气并关闭NH3气使管式炉自然降温至室温,得到孪晶结构GaN纳米线阵列。
5)将孪晶结构GaN纳米线阵列从蓝宝石基底剥落后转移至酒精溶液中,并超声震荡5分钟。然后,利用旋涂的方法将纳米线转移并分散至SiO2绝缘层。
6)在光学显微镜下,在SiO2绝缘层上寻找一根孪晶结构GaN纳米线,利用传统光刻和电子束蒸发的方法在单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线两端沉积一层Ti/Au电极,Ti的厚度为40nm,Au的厚度为60nm,形成最终的基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器。
参照图2,从孪晶结构GaN纳米线阵列的SEM图像可以看出,本发明的孪晶结构GaN纳米线有着很好的择优生长取向,尺寸均一、形貌整齐、可重复性高。
参照图3,从单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的TEM图像(a)可以看出,GaN纳米线是由两个沿着纳米线轴向晶面对称的晶畴组成。而且,通过孪晶结构GaN纳米线顶部的Au颗粒可以判断,孪晶结构GaN纳米线的生长机制是气-液-固(VLS)生长机制。通过对单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线HRTEM图像(b)的进一步分析,我们可以进一步确定,GaN纳米线是孪晶结构,并且两个对称的晶畴都是单晶结构。
参照图4,从基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器在不同波长光照下的I-V特性曲线可以看出,本发明的紫外光电探测器在没有光照和500nm光照条件下都显示出很小的电流,1.3nA(5V偏压)。当光照达到400nm时,电流有着微弱的增加。然而,进一步降低入射波长至370nm时,电流显著增加。最大光电流出现在当光照波长为360nm时,光电流可达到246nA(5V偏压),显示出探测器较大的光电流增益及良好的紫外光响应特性。
参照图5,从基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的光电流与入射光波长的关系曲线(a)以及光响应度与入射光波长的关系曲线(b)可以看出,光电流的最大值和光响应度的最大值都出现在360nm光照条件下,其最大光响应度可达到1.74×107A/W。并且,探测器只对UV-A紫外光波段有相应,对UV-B、UV-A和可见光波段几乎没有响应。显示出本发明的紫外光电探测器非常优异的UV-A选择特性。
参照图6,从基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器在不同入射光功率的I-V特性曲线可以看出,随着入射光功率的增加光电流也逐渐增加,表明本发明的紫外光电探测器对UV-A波长的光的强弱非常敏感。通过计算,本发明的紫外光电探测器的外量子效率高达6.08×109%,探测灵敏度高达2.82×1014Jones。
参照图7,从基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的开关特性曲线可以看出,本发明的紫外光电探测器的光、暗电流稳定、响应时间快(144ms)、开光重复性高、光暗电流比值大(大于两个数量级),显示出极其优异的光电信号转换特性和开关特性。
参照图8,从基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的光电流与时间的关系曲线可以看出,在4000s的光照时间内,探测器的光电流几乎没有衰减,光电流的波动范围小于7%。显示出极为优异的光电流稳定性。
实施例结果表明,相比于传统的紫外光电探测器,本发明的基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外探测器有着超高的外量子效率、响应度和探测灵敏度,对UV-A波长的紫外光选择性好。其制作工艺简单、成本低、有利于在纳米器件领域广泛应用。
以上所述,仅为本发明中的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉该技术的人在本发明所揭露的技术范围内,可轻易想到的变换或替换,都应涵盖在本发明的包含范围内。因此,本发明的保护范围应该以权利要求书的保护范围为准。
Claims (7)
1.一种基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器,其特征在于,自下至上依次包括Si衬底(1)、SiO2绝缘层(2),SiO2绝缘层(2)上设置单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线(3)、金属电极(4),金属电极(4)分别覆盖在单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线(3)的两端,且形成欧姆接触。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器,其特征在于:所述的孪晶结构GaN纳米线(3)的晶体结构为孪晶,并且孪晶面平行于纳米线的轴向方向;所述的孪晶结构GaN纳米线(3)长度为100纳米至1毫米,直径为10纳米至10微米。
3.根据权利要求1所述的基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器,其特征在于:所述的金属电极(4)为Ag、Ti/Au、Cr/Au、Ni/Au、Ti/Al/Ti/Au或Ti/Al/Ni/Au;所述的金属电极(4)厚度为20至200纳米,金属电极(4)的间距为100纳米至1毫米。
4.一种权利要求1所述的基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
步骤1:将用于生长GaN纳米线的基底依次置于丙酮溶液、酒精溶液和去离子水中超声清洗,每步清洗5~15分钟,清洗后用氮气吹干;
步骤2:利用沉积的方法在基底上沉积一层Au薄膜;
步骤3:将装有Ga2O3粉末的石英坩埚放置高温管式炉的中央,再将沉积有Au薄膜的基底放至高温管式炉的下游位置;然后,向管式炉中通入惰性气氛来去除管式炉腔体中残余的氧气;
步骤4:将高温管式炉的腔体加热,当温度升至900℃±20℃时关闭惰性气氛并通入NH3气;继续升温,直到温度升至孪晶结构GaN纳米线生长所需的温度;恒温一定时间后停止加热,关闭NH3气,通入惰性气氛,使管式炉自然冷却至室温,得到孪晶结构GaN纳米线阵列;
步骤5:利用物理剥离的方法将孪晶结构GaN纳米线阵列从基底转移至酒精溶液,超声震荡4~6分钟;然后,利用旋涂的方法将纳米线转移并分散至SiO2绝缘层;
步骤6:利用光刻和电子束蒸发的方法在单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线两端制备一层金属电极,形成最终的基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器。
5.根据权利要求4所述的基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的制备方法,其特征在于:所述的沉积的方法为电子束蒸发、热蒸发或磁控溅射,Au薄膜的厚度为3至20纳米。
6.根据权利要求4所述的基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的制备方法,其特征在于:所述的基底为蓝宝石或者硅片,所述的惰性气氛为氩气或者氮气。
7.根据权利要求4所述的基于单根孪晶结构GaN纳米线的紫外光电探测器的制备方法,其特征在于:所述的孪晶结构GaN纳米线的生长温度为1050至1150℃,NH3气的气体流量为180~220mL/min,恒温一定时间为25~35min。
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