CN107817967A - Quantum random number generator based on SFP transceivers - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of quantum random number generator based on SFP transceivers, including：SFP, there is the exit end of transmitting optical signal, receive the incidence end of optical signal and the output end of output digit signals；Interference device, for receiving the optical signal of SFP exit ends, the randomness that the randomness of laser phase to SFP incidence ends, is converted to intensity is sent after interference；FPGA, for carrying out digital collection and post processing to the data signal of SFP output ends, ultimately generate quantum random number.In the present invention, light source part of the prior art and the probe portion after interference are integrated, using the SFP of integral structure, utilize the Distributed Feedback Laser source emissioning light signal built in SFP, received after interference using SFP incidence end, and corresponding opto-electronic conversion and analog-to-digital conversion process are carried out inside SFP, then data signal is sent to FPGA via output end；Product structure is simplified on the whole, is advantageous to improve integrated level, is reduced volume.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Technique on Quantum Communication field, more particularly to a kind of quantum random number hair based on SFP transceivers
Raw device.
Background technology
Random number has important application in many fields of modern society, in lottery industry, authentication, scientific algorithm, password
A series of key areas such as system, the random number of high quality is indispensable.Existing main flow generating random number scheme is based on
Computer software, it generates a series of new random numbers by mathematical function on the basis of seed file (one group of random number)
Number.Such random number is commonly referred to as pseudo random nuber, because substantially it does not have any randomness.Pseudo random nuber extensively should
With having benefited from its almost nil cost and relative program can be with simple application into each practical application scene.But just due to
Its essential nonrandomness, huge risk will be faced using pseudo random nuber in any safety-related field, especially worked as
The epoch that modern Computing ability is rapidly leaped.Therefore true random number is applied in security fields by the peace for the system that is greatly improved
Quan Xing.Traditionally, remove above-mentioned pseudo random nuber also can obtain random number, such as circuit heat by measuring classical physics noise source
Noise.But in theory of classical physics and any randomness is not present, the randomness of classical physics noise source comes from system
Complexity rather than its it is intrinsic there is any randomness, therefore true random number can not be referred to as based on this random number.It is and such
Physical resource generating random number speed is partially slow, and statistical property is bad, thus never by large-scale use.
In physics, quantum-mechanical theory be it is intrinsic include randomness, therefore by measuring quantum physics phenomenon
True random number can be obtained, this is also the unique channel for obtaining true random number at present.Quantum physics phenomenon will be typically based on
Randomizer be referred to as quantum random number generator, and since being suggested, quantum random number generator is also constantly
Development.Quantum random number generator based on laser phase random fluctuation is considered to be most closely positioned at the quantum random number of the marketization
Scheme.Its scheme is succinct, and the device of use is all universal optical device thus cost economy, while the speed for generating random number can
To be up to tens Gbps and system is reliable and stable.
Consideration based on security, pseudo random nuber by quantum random number substitute by be a certainty trend.Referring to Fig. 1,
The course of work of quantum random number generator in the prior art based on laser phase random fluctuation is：
1. external Distributed Feedback Laser sends continuous laser.
2. laser is interfered into interference device.
3. the laser after interference is measured using photoelectric detection module.
4.FPGA data acquisition module carries out digital sample to obtain original random number to the electric signal that measurement obtains.
5. original random number obtains quantum random number by post-processing module.
6. the quantum random number of generation is output to corresponding random number by port and uses equipment.
Quantum random number generator is the important basic device in quantum information field, because the technology is emerging field,
Therefore existing main research and development and concern direction are stability and the life of quantum random number of quantum random number generator work
Into speed, but structure it is simplified, reduce cost and miniaturization in terms of lack correlative study, which prevent quantum random number hair
The further genralrlization of raw device and application.
The content of the invention
The present invention provides a kind of structure and simplified, the smaller quantum random number generator of volume.
A kind of quantum random number generator based on SFP transceivers, it is characterised in that including：
SFP, there is the exit end of transmitting optical signal, receive the incidence end of optical signal and the output of output digit signals
End；
Interference device, for receiving the optical signal of SFP exit ends, sent after interference to SFP incidence ends, by laser phase
Randomness be converted to the randomness of intensity；
FPGA, for carrying out digital collection and post processing to the data signal of SFP output ends, it is random to ultimately generate quantum
Number.
In the present invention, light source part of the prior art and the probe portion after interference are integrated, used
The SFP of integral structure, using the Distributed Feedback Laser source emissioning light signal built in SFP, SFP incidence end is utilized after interference
Receive, and corresponding opto-electronic conversion and analog-to-digital conversion process are carried out inside SFP, then send data signal via output end
To FPGA；Product structure is simplified on the whole, is advantageous to improve integrated level, is reduced volume, reduces equipment cost.
Preferably, the SFP includes light emitting devices, and light-receiving and processing unit；
The light emitting devices uses Distributed Feedback Laser；Light-receiving and processing unit include the flash ranging handled successively signal
Device, trans-impedance amplifier and limiting amplifier are measured, wherein optical measurement instrument is based on PIN photodiode form or based on APD light
Electric diode form.
It is connected preferably, being additionally provided with the FPGA to export the port output module of quantum random number.
Port output module form such as can use network interface, USB interface, optical port.
With regard to SFP and FPGA itself, prior art can be used, in order to adapt in randomizer of the present invention
SFP design feature, is improved for interference device, preferably, the interference device is beam splitter, the beam splitter bag
Two incidence ends and corresponding two exit end are included, wherein：
First incidence end is connected by the first optical fiber with SFP exit ends；
First exit end is connected by the second optical fiber with the second incidence end；
Second exit end is connected with SFP incidence ends, and the optical signal from the first incidence end and the second incidence end is after interference
Exported by second exit end to SFP incidence ends；
Time delay optical fiber is configured with least one of first optical fiber and the second optical fiber.
Optionally, first exit end reflects light output end, second exit end to be corresponding with the first incidence end
Light output end is transmitted to be corresponding with the first incidence end.
In this programme, the optical signal transmission and interference between SFP, production are completed only with a beam splitter can
Product structure is further simplified.
In the scheme of other interference devices, preferably, the interference device includes two beam splitters, wherein SFP goes out
The optical signal for penetrating end output is divided into two-way via the first beam splitter, wherein inputting the second beam splitting with another way after delay all the way
Device simultaneously interferes, to SFP incidence ends after interference.
In the scheme of other interference devices, preferably, the interference device includes circulator, beam splitter and two
Faraday rotation mirror, wherein：
Circulator first port connects SFP exit ends；
The optical signal of circulator second port output is divided into two-way through beam splitter, respectively enters corresponding faraday rotation
Tilting mirror, and time delay optical fiber is wherein at least configured with all the way；
Optical signal after each faraday rotation mirror reflection returns along original optical path closes beam interferometer through the beam splitter, then passes through successively
Exported by circulator second port, the port of circulator the 3rd to SFP incidence ends.
Preferably, the beam splitter in interference device is polarization-maintaining beam splitter, the optical fiber used in interference device is to protect
Polarisation is fine.
The technology of the present invention effect is：
1. by the use of SFP itself Distributed Feedback Laser as light source, without external Distributed Feedback Laser, structure is simplified, has been saved
About cost.
2.SFP small volumes, technology maturation itself, be advantageous to the further volume for reducing quantum random number generator, simultaneously
Improve the stability of a system.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of quantum random number generator in the prior art；
The structural representation of Fig. 2 quantum random number generators of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is SFP structural representation；
Fig. 4 is the structural representation of randomizer in embodiment 1；
Fig. 5 is the structural representation of randomizer in embodiment 2；
Fig. 6 is the structural representation of randomizer in embodiment 3.
Embodiment
Referring to Fig. 2, quantum random number generator includes in the embodiment of the present invention：
SFP, there is the exit end of transmitting optical signal, receive the incidence end of optical signal and the output of output digit signals
End；It has light source/detecting function concurrently.
Interference device, for receiving the optical signal of SFP exit ends, sent after interference to SFP incidence ends；
FPGA, for receiving the data signal of SFP output ends and generating quantum random number.It can be divided into data inside FPGA to adopt
Collect module and post-processing module；
Port output module, is connected with post-processing module, and quantum random number exports via port caused by post-processing module
Module (such as network interface, USB interface, optical port) inputs follow-up random number and uses equipment.
Mainly it is made up of referring to Fig. 3, SFP two large divisions：Light emitting devices, and light-receiving and processing unit.
Light emitting devices includes corresponding light source and drive circuit；Light-receiving and processing unit mainly include optical measurement instrument
(opto-electronic conversion), trans-impedance amplifier (amplification electric signal) and limiting amplifier (analog-to-digital conversion).
Light emitting devices is preferably Distributed Feedback Laser (distributed feedback laser), and Distributed Feedback Laser is the ideal interfered
Light source；Optical measurement instrument is preferably based on PIN photodiode or APD photodiodes (avalanche mode photodiodes) form.
Embodiment 1
Referring to Fig. 4, the basis enterprising step refining interference of quantum random number generator in the present embodiment in Fig. 1
Device, wherein interference device use the beam splitter with four ports, and beam splitter is preferably using in polarization-maintaining beam splitter and scheme
Required fiber selection polarization maintaining optical fibre.
Interference device specific configuration and annexation are further discussed below below in conjunction with the course of work.
When quantum random number generator works, including：
1. the Tx ports to SFP add a fixed level, the Distributed Feedback Laser built in SFP is set to be sent surely through its exit end
Fixed continuous laser.
2.DFB laser enters the incidence end (port 1) of beam splitter.
3. reflection end (port 3) corresponding to another incidence end (port 2) of beam splitter and port 1 is connected with fiber delay line
Connect.
4. port 4 of the laser through beam splitter after interference is emitted, the incidence end for subsequently entering SFP carries out photodetection.
Measurement module built in 5.SFP converts optical signals to electric signal, then electric signal is amplified and single-bit
Analog-to-digital conversion.
6.SFP output signal enters FPGA, and the high-frequency clock inside FPGA carries out digital collection to input signal and obtained
Original random number data.
In order to determine suitable compression ratio, this step needs first to gather a large amount of original random number data progress Stochastic analysis
(the measure of merit part seen below).
The processing mode of multiple XOR can also be used to handle initial data.
7. the Toeplitz-hashing programs for being programmed into FPGA in advance are compressed and extracted to initial data, obtain most
Whole quantum random number.
8. quantum random number exports (such as network interface, USB interface, optical port) by various ports, subsequently input accordingly with
Machine number uses equipment.
Embodiment 2
Referring to Fig. 5, the basis enterprising step refining interference of quantum random number generator in the present embodiment in Fig. 1
Device, wherein interference device use two beam splitters, and each beam splitter is preferably using the required light in polarization-maintaining beam splitter and scheme
Fibre selects polarization maintaining optical fibre.
Interference device specific configuration and annexation are further discussed below below in conjunction with the course of work.
When quantum random number generator works, including：
1. the Tx ports to SFP add a fixed level, the Distributed Feedback Laser built in SFP is set to be sent surely through its exit end
Fixed continuous laser.
1. laser is divided into the beam laser of identical two via the first balance beam splitting beam splitter (BS1).
2. liang beam laser enters the second balance beam splitter (BS2) and interfered after being transmitted respectively via optical fiber.Two-way optical fiber
Length difference so that two beam laser at different moments interfere.Above-mentioned two balances beam splitter and optical fiber constitutes often
The MZI interferometers seen.
3. the incidence end of laser into the SFP after interference measure.
The subsequent step and embodiment 1 of the present embodiment are identical, reference can be made to step 5~8 in embodiment 1.
Embodiment 3
Referring to Fig. 6, the basis enterprising step refining interference of quantum random number generator in the present embodiment in Fig. 1
Device, wherein interference device use circulator, beam splitter and two faraday rotation mirrors, and beam splitter preferably uses polarization-maintaining beam splitting
Required fiber selection polarization maintaining optical fibre in device and scheme.
Interference device specific configuration and annexation are further discussed below below in conjunction with the course of work.
When quantum random number generator works, including：
1. the Tx ports to SFP add a fixed level, the Distributed Feedback Laser built in SFP is set to be sent surely through its exit end
Fixed continuous laser.
2. laser enters the port 1 of three fiber port circulators, then it is emitted from port 2.
3. laser is divided into the beam laser of identical two via the first balance beam splitting beam splitter (BS).
4. liang beam laser transmits (wherein all the way through delay) via optical fiber respectively, then respectively via corresponding first and the
Prolong optical fiber after two faraday rotation mirrors (FM1 and FM2) reflection and return to BS and interfered.Because the length of two sections of optical fiber is different,
Therefore laser at different moments interferes.It can automatically be compensated when laser transmits in a fiber and produced using faraday rotation mirror
Polarization skew.
5. the incidence end that port 2, port 3 of the laser after interference successively through three fiber port circulators enter SFP is carried out
Measurement.
The subsequent step and embodiment 1 of the present embodiment are identical, reference can be made to step 5~8 in embodiment 1.
Quantum random number generator principle
Based on the quantum random number generator of laser phase randomness, its general principle is spontaneous radiation.Swash for continuous
The electric field of light can be described with below equation
Wherein A is amplitude, ω be frequency andFor the fluctuation of phase.The τ times fixed by fiber delay line prolong
Lag
The two beam laser after delay and without delay are interfered, the square intensity after it is interfered is
Constant term is have ignored herein,By interference so that the fluctuation of phase be converted into
The fluctuation of light intensity, and the fluctuation of light intensity then can simply be measured by broadcasting and TV detector.Real randomness comes fromThis contains classical fluctuation and the quantum fluctuation (quantum fluctuation as caused by spontaneous radiation as caused by classical noise
By Gaussian distributed) two parts.Master is accounted in phase fluctuation by quantum fluctuation by allowing Distributed Feedback Laser to be operated in Near Threshold
Lead status, but simultaneously because inevitably certain association be present between the random number of the influence generation of classical fluctuation, can not
Pass through the Randomness test of routine, it is therefore desirable to which true random number is extracted by further last handling process.
Above-mentioned interference formula is used to describe the interference scheme in embodiment 2 and embodiment 3, and for embodiment 1, its structure
Relatively easy but interventional procedures are complicated compared with the former, but as the essence of randomness with such scheme is, therefore be no longer described in detail.
The randomness of initial data is assessed using minimum entropy, its calculation formula is
N represents the value of sample, i.e., is divided data in units of n-bit.Given according to the result of calculation of minimum entropy
To provide minimum entropy rate, calculation formula l=H∞(X)/n, show to carry the quantum that can be extracted from each original bit random
The upper limit of bit.
Measure of merit
To show the reliability of scheme, specific experiment is carried out to each embodiment and data have been carried out accordingly
Analysis.Mainly scheme is analyzed by the data of following three aspects：1. the minimum entropy of initial data；2. number after post processing
According to minimum entropy；3. the result of statistical test.
For embodiment 1, the minimum entropy of its initial data is as shown in the table
| n | Minimum entropy rate (initial data) | Minimum entropy rate (post processing data) |
| 1 | 0.837680193 | 0.999968147 |
| 2 | 0.681031144 | 0.999936964 |
| 3 | 0.664931504 | 0.999904251 |
| 4 | 0.630478646 | 0.999812051 |
| 5 | 0.657811791 | 0.999834876 |
| 6 | 0.674639878 | 0.999745208 |
| 7 | 0.684794855 | 0.999632498 |
| 8 | 0.655774098 | 0.999582662 |
| 9 | 0.675624979 | 0.999216714 |
| 10 | 0.677261662 | 0.998911089 |
Table .1
The Parameter Conditions that above-mentioned data obtain are：SFP band a width of 1.25Gb/s, FPGA sample frequency are 500Mbps,
The size of test data is 1.5Gb.For the difference (n) of sample bits number, the data of minimum entropy have fluctuated, but all exist
More than 0.6 (to show the reasonability of test data size, further lifts test data to 8Gb, the result of calculation of minimum entropy is only
There is slight change).Therefore in later use Toeplitz-Hashing last handling process, 60% is carried out to initial data
Compression processing (output data is the 60% of initial data), the data obtained after processing are as shown in table .1, different sample bits numbers
Minimum entropy rate very close 1, show that the obtained data of post processing have removed classical correlation to obtain the amount of completely random
Sub- random number.Influence of the FPGA sample frequencys to data, lifting sample frequency to 1.25GHz are further analyzed in an experiment
Afterwards, the minimum entropy of initial data is decreased obviously, and shows over-sampling be present, therefore 500MHz sample rate is reasonably to select.Together
When SFP bandwidth analysis is shown, using influence unobvious of the SFP of 2.5Gb/s bandwidth to initial data, therefore from cost
Angle sees that the SFP of 1.25Gb/s bandwidth is the more preferably selection of scheme.
For the randomness of data after further checking post processing, using current general random number statistical test program come
Data after post processing are carried out with strict Randomness test.The test program of use has two kinds：
1. the random number test program that NBS provides, abbreviation NIST tests；
2.AlphabitBattery Test, it is currently the only a kind of exclusively for the random of hardware random number generator design
Property test software.
Test result shows that the data after post processing can pass through above-mentioned test, and test result see the table below
| Sub- test event | P values | Ratio |
| Frequency | 0.406499 | 990/1000 |
| Block Frequency | 0.020548 | 984/1000 |
| Cumulative Sums* | 0.419021 | 991/1000 |
| Runs | 0.304126 | 987/1000 |
| Longest Run | 0.719747 | 992/1000 |
| Rank | 0.492436 | 986/1000 |
| FFT | 0.861264 | 987/1000 |
| Nonoverlapping Template* | 0.000850 | 984/1000 |
| Overlapping Template | 0.101311 | 990/1000 |
| Universal | 0.282626 | 989/1000 |
| Approximate Entropy | 0.186566 | 988/1000 |
| Random Excursions* | 0.111669 | 604/615 |
| Random Excursions Variant* | 0.036137 | 609/615 |
| Serial* | 0.371941 | 991/1000 |
| Linear Complexity | 0.715679 | 990/1000 |
Table .2
Table .2 gives the NIST concrete outcomes (test data size is 1Gb) of test, and the sub- test event with * can provide
Multiple P values, a wherein worst class value is only gived in table.To be tested by NIST needs to meet two conditions：It is 1. all
The P values of son test are not less than 0.0001；2. the ratio passed through however be less than predetermined value.The group number that 1000 groups of tests pass through in table .2
Not less than 980 groups, and the ratio that 615 groups of tests pass through is not less than 601 groups.Table .2 result shows that the data after post processing are smooth
Passed through NIST tests.
Table .3
Table .3 gives Alphabit Battery Test test result (test data size is 1Gb), with No. *
Sub- test event can provide multiple P values but wherein worst value is only provided in table.Will be by test, the P values of test per height
Must be in section [0.001,0.999], therefore table .3 shows that the data after post processing pass through test.
The test data of experiment of embodiment 2 is given below, table .4 illustrates the minimum entropy contrast of data before and after post processing, institute
There is parameter and above-mentioned identical.
| n | Minimum entropy rate (initial data) | Minimum entropy rate (post processing data) |
| 1 | 0.994981456 | 0.999951123 |
| 2 | 0.746511952 | 0.999942123 |
| 3 | 0.717614325 | 0.999898204 |
| 4 | 0.651577131 | 0.999865107 |
| 5 | 0.673336656 | 0.9997986 |
| 6 | 0.652173162 | 0.999721117 |
| 7 | 0.65620207 | 0.99950246 |
| 8 | 0.608201799 | 0.999241837 |
| 9 | 0.648742092 | 0.998990979 |
| 10 | 0.640978523 | 0.998390052 |
Table .4
Table .5 gives the NIST results of test
Table .5
In table .5 599 groups of test need to by 585 groups, remaining and it is above-mentioned identical, and test file size is also 1Gb.Table
.5 the data after the as shown by data post processing provided pass through NIST tests.
Table .6 gives the Alphabit Battery results of test
| Sub- test event | P values |
| Multinomial Bits Over (L=2) * | 0.99 |
| Multinomial Bits Over (L=4) * | 0.06 |
| Multinomial Bits Over (L=8) * | 0.98 |
| Multinomial Bits Over (L=16) * | 0.90 |
| Hamming Indep (L=16) | 0.68 |
| Hamming Indep (L=32) | 0.13 |
| Hamming Corr | 0.40 |
| RandomWalk1 H (L=64) | 0.23 |
| RandomWalk1 M (L=64) | 0.47 |
| RandomWalk1 J (L=64) | 0.58 |
| RandomWalk1 R (L=64) | 0.59 |
| RandomWalk1 C (L=64) | 0.91 |
| RandomWalk1 H (L=320) | 0.32 |
| RandomWalk1 M (L=320) | 0.25 |
| RandomWalk1 J (L=320) | 0.25 |
| RandomWalk1 R (L=320) | 0.82 |
| RandomWalk1 C (L=320) | 0.04 |
Table .6
Data after as shown by data post processing can pass through test.
Because the scheme of embodiment 3 is essentially identical substantially with embodiment 2, therefore repeat no more.
Disclosed above is only embodiments of the invention, but the present invention is not limited to this, those skilled in the art
Various changes and modification can be carried out to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.Obviously these changes and modification are equal
It should belong in the protection domain protection of application claims.In addition, although used some specific terms in this specification, but this
A little terms merely for convenience of description, are not formed any specifically limited to the present invention.
Claims (8)
- A kind of 1. quantum random number generator based on SFP transceivers, it is characterised in that including：SFP, there is the exit end of transmitting optical signal, receive the incidence end of optical signal and the output end of output digit signals；Interference device, for receiving the optical signal of SFP exit ends, sent after interference to SFP incidence ends, by laser phase with Machine is converted to the randomness of intensity；FPGA, for carrying out digital collection and post processing to the data signal of SFP output ends, ultimately generate quantum random number.
- 2. the quantum random number generator as claimed in claim 1 based on SFP transceivers, it is characterised in that the SFP bags Include light emitting devices, and light-receiving and processing unit；The light emitting devices uses Distributed Feedback Laser；Light-receiving and processing unit include the photo measure dress handled successively signal Put, trans-impedance amplifier and limiting amplifier, wherein optical measurement instrument are based on PIN photodiode form or based on APD photoelectricity two Pole pipe form.
- 3. the quantum random number generator as claimed in claim 1 based on SFP transceivers, it is characterised in that be additionally provided with The FPGA connections are to export the port output module of quantum random number.
- 4. the quantum random number generator as claimed in claim 1 based on SFP transceivers, it is characterised in that the interference Device is beam splitter, and the beam splitter includes two incidence ends and corresponding two exit end, wherein：First incidence end is connected by the first optical fiber with SFP exit ends；First exit end is connected by the second optical fiber with the second incidence end；Second exit end is connected with SFP incidence ends, and the optical signal from the first incidence end and the second incidence end is after interference by this Second exit end is exported to SFP incidence ends；Time delay optical fiber is configured with least one of first optical fiber and the second optical fiber.
- 5. the quantum random number generator as claimed in claim 4 based on SFP transceivers, it is characterised in that described first Exit end reflects light output end to be corresponding with the first incidence end, and second exit end transmits to be corresponding with the first incidence end Light output end.
- 6. the quantum random number generator as claimed in claim 1 based on SFP transceivers, it is characterised in that the interference Device includes two beam splitters, and the optical signal of wherein SFP exit ends output is divided into two-way via the first beam splitter, wherein passing through all the way The second beam splitter is inputted with another way after delay and interfered, to SFP incidence ends after interference.
- 7. the quantum random number generator as claimed in claim 1 based on SFP transceivers, it is characterised in that the interference Device includes circulator, beam splitter and two faraday rotation mirrors, wherein：Circulator first port connects SFP exit ends；The optical signal of circulator second port output is divided into two-way through beam splitter, respectively enters a corresponding Faraday rotation Mirror, and time delay optical fiber is wherein at least configured with all the way；Optical signal after each faraday rotation mirror reflection returns along original optical path closes beam interferometer through the beam splitter, then successively via ring Shape device second port, the port of circulator the 3rd are exported to SFP incidence ends.
- 8. the quantum random number generator based on SFP transceivers as described in claim 4,6 or 7, it is characterised in that interference Beam splitter in device is polarization-maintaining beam splitter, and the optical fiber used in interference device is polarization maintaining optical fibre.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201711063647.9A CN107817967B (en) | 2017-11-02 | 2017-11-02 | SFP (Small form-factor pluggable) based integrated quantum random number generator |
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