CN107791642A - 导电土工膜及制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种导电土工膜及制备方法,该导电土工膜包括:导电层及至少一层防渗层;所述导电层含有导电填料,所述导电填料为炭黑粉、石墨粉、石墨烯、碳纳米管、碳纤维中的至少一种。该导电土工膜铺设完成后,能够进行大面积渗漏检测。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于防水卷材技术领域,更具体地,涉及导电土工膜及制备方法。
背景技术
土工膜在诸如垃圾填埋场、隧道、水渠、水库、污水处理池、污水池、水电大坝等防渗防水工程都有广泛的应用。土工膜在生产、运输和工程施工过程中,都可能产生肉眼看不到的细小孔洞或裂缝,这些缺陷会成为渗漏点,给整个防渗、防水工程的防渗、防水效果带来负面影响,严重影响工程质量。目前在土工膜铺设完成后,常用电火花渗漏检测方法进行大面积渗漏检测,由于土工膜通常都是电绝缘体,需要在铺设好的土工膜下埋入电极,通过在土工膜上施加电压,移动探测设备探测有回路的位置来查找并定位渗漏点。但是存在着由于接地体不良而导致检测不出破洞和渗漏点的问题。
专利文献CN103103993B以及CN104558743A公开了一种导电聚乙烯土工膜及其制备方法,导电层设在最下面一层,都是通过在聚乙烯原料中添加导电炭黑色母粒制备的。现有技术中导电层的制备,通常需要添加多达15%,甚至50%的导电炭黑。导电炭黑是一种近似球形的粉体填料,大量导电炭黑的添加不仅增加了生产成本,往往也会造成材料力学性能的下降(L.Cui,et al.Eur.Polym.J.2007,43:5097-5106)。
作为世界上最薄也是最坚硬的纳米材料,具有极高的电导率和高强度,二维片状的石墨烯纳米片几乎是完全透明的,它只吸收2.3%的光,同时不透水气,具有很好的阻隔性能。将石墨烯应用在土工膜中被认为是土工合成材料未来的发展趋势,将赋予土工膜良好的电导性、高强度和更好的阻隔性能,高强度意味着添加石墨烯的土工膜可以变得更轻更薄。石墨烯具有比导电炭黑高得多的电导率,这就意味着添加极少量的石墨烯纳米片就可以同时提高土工膜的导电性和强度。
另一方面,现有技术还只限于HDPE、LLDPE等聚乙烯导电土工材料,随着新的土工材料的出现,导电土工材料有必要从聚乙烯扩展到更宽广的材料领域。专利文献CN106891593A公开了一种新型的热塑性聚烯烃土工复合材料,这种热塑性聚烯烃土工复合材料包括复合的热塑性聚烯烃层和土工织物层,该复合材料兼具橡胶的高柔韧性、延伸性和耐久性以及热塑性塑料优异的熔融加工特性,具有比HDPE更好的柔韧性,具有比LLDPE更好的耐老化性能。这种新型的热塑性聚烯烃土工复合材料不含任何增塑剂,其耐紫外光老化性能优异、抗穿刺强度高、耐顶破强度高、耐静水压高、热焊接性能优异,可直接暴露应用于大坝、水库、堤岸、围堰、水渠等新建和维修水利水电工程的防渗。目前并无该类热塑性聚烯烃导电土工复合材料的报道,非常不利于该类新型土工复合材料的大面积定位渗漏检测。
因此,有必要研发一种能够在土工膜铺设完成后,能够进行大面积渗漏检测的导电土工膜及制备方法。
发明内容
本发明提出了一种导电土工膜及制备方法,该导电土工膜铺设完成后,能够进行大面积渗漏检测。
为了实现上述目的,根据本发明的一方面提供了一种导电土工膜,包括:导电层及至少一层防渗层;所述导电层含有导电填料,所述导电填料包括石墨烯、碳纳米管、碳纤维中的至少一种。
根据本发明的另一方面提供了一种导电土工膜制备方法,包括:
将导电填料与原料树脂熔融共混,挤出制得导电层;
将防渗层与所述导电层共挤结合制得所述导电土工膜。
根据本发明的再一方面提供了一种导电土工膜制备方法,包括:
将土工织物浸渍于导电涂料中,烘干制得导电层;
将所述导电层与防渗层进行热压结合制得所述导电土工膜。
本发明的有益效果在于:本发明的导电土工膜,最下层具有良好的导电性,使得通常很难被检测的区域,比如斜坡、渗漏/工程细节、褶皱处等,现在也可以轻松地进行电火花测试。本发明的导电土工膜,最下层具有良好的导电性能,而上层则具有良好的绝缘性能,同时其物理性能在具有可导电性能外都没有受到影响,能保持甚至加强土工膜的各项理化性能。
本发明的其它特征和优点将在随后具体实施方式部分予以详细说明。
附图说明
通过结合附图对本发明示例性实施方式进行更详细的描述,本发明的上述以及其它目的、特征和优势将变得更加明显,其中,在本发明示例性实施方式中,相同的参考标号通常代表相同部件。
图1示出了根据本发明一个实施例的导电土工膜结构示意图。
附图标记说明:
1、第一防渗层;2、第二防渗层;3、导电层。
具体实施方式
下面将更详细地描述本发明的优选实施方式。虽然以下描述了本发明的优选实施方式,然而应该理解,可以以各种形式实现本发明而不应被这里阐述的实施方式所限制。相反,提供这些实施方式是为了使本发明更加透彻和完整,并且能够将本发明的范围完整地传达给本领域的技术人员。
根据本发明的一方面提供了一种导电土工膜,包括:导电层及至少一层防渗层;所述导电层含有导电填料,所述导电填料包括石墨烯、碳纳米管、碳纤维中的至少一种。
具体地,导电土工膜,由依次排布的至少一层防渗层和一层导电层组成,防渗层和导电层结合在一起,防渗层的厚度为0.1~10mm,导电层位于防渗层下,导电层的厚度为0.01~2mm,上述导电层的电阻值为103~104欧姆,上述防渗层为绝缘层,绝缘层的外绝缘面电阻值>108欧姆。
根据本发明一种具体实施方式,所述导电填料还可以包括炭黑粉和/或石墨粉。所述炭黑粉和/或石墨粉的含量优选不超过10wt%。
作为优选方案,所述防渗层由高密度聚乙烯、线性低密度聚乙烯及热塑性聚烯烃材料中的至少一种制备而成。
作为优选方案,所述导电层为将导电涂料涂于土工织物上制得。
作为优选方案,所述导电涂料包括导电填料、连接料、以及任选的溶剂;其中,
所述连接料为聚氨酯、丙烯酸树脂、环氧树脂、聚酯树脂和醇酸树脂中的至少一种;
所述溶剂为水、甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、仲丁醇、异丁醇、丙酮、丁酮、N-十二烷基吡咯烷酮、N-环己基吡咯烷酮、异丙醇、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、N-辛基吡咯烷酮、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、氯仿、二甲亚砜、环己酮和N-甲基甲酰胺中的至少一种。
本发明中,“任选的溶剂”是指可以根据需要,选择包括溶剂或不包括溶剂。
作为优选方案,以质量份数计,导电填料为1-10份,连接料为80-120份,溶剂为0-60份。
作为优选方案,所述导电层由导电填料与原料树脂熔融共混制备而成。
作为优选方案,所述导电层由导电色母料与原料树脂熔融共混制备而成,其中所述导电色母料由导电填料及母料树脂制备而成;
其中,以质量分数计,导电色母料为10-50份,原料树脂为50-90份;
其中,以质量分数计,导电色母料中导电填料为1-10份,母料树脂为90-99份。
具体地,导电层可以是导电土工织物,或者是由导电填料与原料树脂热加工共混制备得到。导电土工织物是在土工织物上涂上导电涂料制备。
具体地,导电土工膜的结构及制备方法:导电土工膜由至少2层构成,从上往下依次为至少一层防渗层和导电层。防渗层与导电层通过热压或者共挤结合。
具体地,本发明中的导电土工膜,可应用于垃圾填埋场、矿山、污水处理厂、水库、水电大坝、工业加工设施和其他储液池等位置。其最下层为导电层,具有导电功能,而其它防渗层则是由高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)和/或热塑性聚烯烃等防渗材料组成的层,不具有导电功能。在导电土工膜的铺设施工过程中,土工膜的导电层朝下,这样在采用电火花渗漏检测方法进行大面积渗漏检测时,下表层带有高电压,而上层为由高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)和/或热塑性聚烯烃等防渗材料组成的防渗层,是绝缘材料,能充分保护渗漏检测者免受漏电造成的人身伤害。另外因为导电层位于最下层,不存在接地不良的问题,既可以提高渗漏部位的定位能力,又可以节省检测费用和时间,提高检测效率,提高施工质量。
本发明的导电土工膜,由于最下层具有良好的导电性,使得通常很难被检测的区域,比如斜坡、渗漏/工程细节、褶皱处等,也可以轻松地进行电火花测试。
本发明的导电土工膜,最下层具有良好的导电性能,而上层具有良好的绝缘性能,同时其物理性能在具有可导电性能外都没有受到影响,能保持甚至加强土工膜的各项理化性能。
根据本发明的另一方面提供了一种导电土工膜的制备方法,该制备方法包括:
将导电填料与原料树脂熔融共混,挤出制得导电层;
将防渗层与所述导电层共挤结合制得所述导电土工膜。
具体地,将导电填料与原料树脂熔融共混,经挤出机挤出后导电填料均匀分散在导电层中形成三维的导电网络,挤出的导电层与另一台挤出机挤出的防渗层经共挤而结合在一起,形成最终的导电土工膜。
根据本发明的再一方面提供了一种导电土工膜制备方法,该制备方法包括:
将土工织物浸渍于导电涂料中,烘干制得导电层;
将所述导电层与防渗层进行热压结合制得所述导电土工膜。
具体地,将导电涂料涂于土工织物之中,形成的导电土工织物中导电涂料中的导电填料均匀分散在导电层中形成三维的导电网络,形成的导电土工织物再与防渗层经热压而结合在一起,形成最终的导电土工膜。
通过以下实施例对本发明进行进一步说明。实施例中的所有组分均可以商业购买。
实施例1
本实施例公开了一种聚乙烯导电土工膜,如图1所示,从上至下依次由第一防渗层1、第二防渗层2和导电层3结合而成。上述第一防渗层1的厚度为1.0mm,第二防渗层2的厚度为0.95mm,导电层3的厚度为0.05mm。上述第一防渗层1由普通高密度聚乙烯制成,第二防渗层2由线性低密度聚乙烯制成,导电层3由含有石墨烯纳米片的高密度聚乙烯制成。
上述第一防渗层1、第二防渗层2和导电层3是采用共挤加工工艺结合在一起的。第一防渗层1采用普通HDPE原料由一台挤出机挤出,第二防渗层2采用普通LLDPE原料由另一台挤出机挤出,导电层3采用含有石墨烯纳米片的HDPE母料与普通HDPE原料经混料、加热后由第三台挤出机挤出。第一防渗层、第二防渗层与导电层经共挤后复合在一起。
上述导电层由普通HDPE与含石墨烯纳米片的导电母料制成,其配比为HDPE占70%,导电母料占30%。上述的含石墨烯纳米片的导电母料由HDPE和石墨烯纳米片制成,其配比为HDPE占95%,石墨烯纳米片占5%。
实施例2
本实施例公开了一种聚乙烯导电土工膜,由上层的防渗层和下层的导电层结合而成。上述防渗层的厚度为1.0mm,导电层的厚度为1.0mm。上述防渗层由普通高密度聚乙烯制成,导电层由含有石墨烯纳米片的聚酯无纺布制成。
本实施例中导电层通过将聚酯无纺布在添加有石墨烯的导电涂料的装置中连续浸渍3min,经80℃烘干、定型制成。
上述的导电涂料由石墨烯纳米片、短切碳纤维、水性环氧树脂和水组成,其配比为1:5:100:50。
防渗层与导电层的复合由以下方法制备:
HDPE原料由一台挤出机熔融挤出得到高温熔体,然后将挤出物输送至压延辊间,将导电聚酯无纺布经放卷、调偏等工序送入到上述压延辊间并与上述高温熔体共同经热压复合,待冷却后收卷即得HDPE防渗层与导电层复合在一起的导电土工膜。
实施例3
本实施例公开了一种热塑性聚烯烃导电土工膜,由上层的防渗层和下层的导电层结合而成。上述防渗层的厚度为1.0mm,导电层的厚度为1.0mm。上述防渗层由热塑性聚烯烃树脂制成,导电层由含有石墨烯纳米片的聚酯无纺布制成。
本实施例中导电层通过将聚酯无纺布在添加有石墨烯的导电涂料的装置中连续浸渍3min,经80℃烘干、定型制成。
上述的导电涂料由石墨烯、碳纳米管、醇酸树脂组成,其配比为1:2:100。
防渗层与导电层的复合由以下方法制备:
热塑性聚烯烃树脂由一台挤出机熔融挤出得到高温熔体,然后将挤出物输送至压延辊间,将导电聚酯无纺布经放卷、调偏等工序送入到上述压延辊间并与上述高温熔体共同经热压复合,待冷却后收卷即得热塑性聚烯烃防渗层与导电层复合在一起的导电土工膜。
实施例4
本实施例公开了一种热塑性聚烯烃导电土工膜,由上层的防渗层和下层的导电层复合而成。上述防渗层的厚度为1.9mm,导电层的厚度为0.1mm。上述防渗层由热塑性聚烯烃树脂制成,导电层由含有石墨烯纳米片的热塑性聚烯烃树脂制成。
上述防渗层采用热塑性聚烯烃树脂经挤出机挤出,导电层采用含有石墨烯纳米片的热塑性聚烯烃树脂母料与热塑性聚烯烃树脂原料经过混料和加热后由另一台挤出机共挤出。防渗层与导电层经共挤后复合在一起。
上述导电层由热塑性聚烯烃树脂与含石墨烯纳米片的导电母料制成,其配比为热塑性聚烯烃树脂占80%,导电母料占20%。上述的含石墨烯纳米片的导电母料由热塑性聚烯烃树脂和石墨烯纳米片制成,其配比为热塑性聚烯烃树脂占95%,石墨烯纳米片占5%。
对比例1
聚乙烯土工膜,从上至下依次由第一防渗层、第二防渗层和第三层结合而成。上述第一防渗层的厚度为1.0mm,第二防渗层的厚度为0.95mm,第三层的厚度为0.05mm。上述第一防渗层由普通高密度聚乙烯制成,第二防渗层由线性低密度聚乙烯制成,第三层由含有导电炭黑的高密度聚乙烯制成。
上述第一防渗层、第二防渗层和第三层是采用共挤加工工艺结合在一起的。第一防渗层采用普通HDPE原料由一台挤出机挤出,第二防渗层采用普通LLDPE原料由另一台挤出机挤出,第三层采用含有导电炭黑的HDPE母料与普通HDPE原料经混料、加热后由第三台挤出机挤出。第一防渗层、第二防渗层与第三层经共挤后复合在一起。
上述第三层由普通HDPE与含导电炭黑的母料制成,其配比为HDPE占70%,母料占30%。上述的含导电炭黑的母料由HDPE和导电炭黑制成,其配比为HDPE占95%,导电炭黑占5%。
对比例2
聚乙烯土工膜,从上至下依次由第一防渗层、第二防渗层和第三层结合而成。上述第一防渗层的厚度为1.0mm,第二防渗层的厚度为0.95mm,第三层的厚度为0.05mm。上述第一防渗层由普通高密度聚乙烯制成,第二防渗层由线性低密度聚乙烯制成,第三层由普通高密度聚乙烯制成。上述第一防渗层、第二防渗层和第三层是采用共挤加工工艺复合在一起的。
对比例3
由上下两层复合而成的一种热塑性聚烯烃土工膜,上层的厚度为1.9mm,下层的厚度为0.1mm。上下两层均由热塑性聚烯烃树脂,经挤出机共挤后复合在一起。
测试例
将实施例1-4和对比例1-3制得的土工膜经过裁切制成标准样条和样片,进行性能测试,测试结果见表1。
测试条件及测试方法如下:
断裂强度和断裂延伸率按照GB/T328.9-2007《建筑防水卷材试验方法第5部分:高分子防水卷材拉伸性能》中的方法A进行试验,拉伸速率500mm/min。
土工膜上表面的硬度按照GB/T2411-2008塑料和硬橡胶使用硬度计测定压痕硬度测试。
土工膜的导电层/最下层的表面电阻率按照GB/T1410-2006《固体绝缘材料体积电阻率和表面电阻率试验方法》进行测定。
表1性能测试结果
从表1的表面电阻率测试结果可以看出,实施例1-4的导电层的最下层表面电阻率最高为1.2×106Ω/□,远小于对比例中的表面电阻率,四个实施例中的导电层均可在高电压下作为导体,用于电火花渗漏检测中土工膜渗漏点的定位。
同时,从表1还能看到,四个实施例中的HDPE和热塑性聚烯烃土工膜都比相应的对比例具有更高的断裂强度,显示出更好的力学性能。例如,通过对比实施例1和对比例1可以看到,添加相同量的导电填料,跟导电炭黑相比,石墨烯纳米片大大提高了土工膜的断裂强度,且仍然有较高的断裂延伸率,表现出很好的柔韧性。另一方面,对比例1中添加导电炭黑的土工膜其最下层的表面电阻率2.5×1012Ω/□,仍然是绝缘体;而在实施例1中,添加同样量石墨烯纳米片的土工膜其导电层的表面电阻率为6.5×105Ω/□,已经不再是绝缘体了。
本发明公开的导电土工膜包括但不限于HDPE和热塑性聚烯烃材料,与HDPE土工膜相比,热塑性聚烯烃土工膜具有相对较低的硬度和相对较高的断裂延伸率,表现出更好的柔韧性和施工性,更能适应不平整的基层及其变形,可以根据不同的施工环境予以选择。
以上已经描述了本发明的各实施例,上述说明是示例性的,并非穷尽性的,并且也不限于所披露的各实施例。在不偏离所说明的各实施例的范围和精神的情况下,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说许多修改和变更都是显而易见的。
Claims (10)
1.一种导电土工膜,其特征在于,所述导电土工膜包括:导电层及至少一层防渗层;所述导电层含有导电填料,所述导电填料包括石墨烯、碳纳米管、碳纤维中的至少一种。
2.根据权利要求1所述的导电土工膜,其特征在于,所述导电填料还包括炭黑粉和/或石墨粉。
3.根据权利要求1所述的导电土工膜,其特征在于,所述防渗层由高密度聚乙烯、线性低密度聚乙烯及热塑性聚烯烃材料中的至少一种制备而成。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任意一项所述的导电土工膜,其特征在于,所述导电层为将导电涂料涂于土工织物上制得。
5.根据权利要求4所述的导电土工膜,其特征在于,所述导电涂料包括导电填料、连接料、以及任选的溶剂;其中,
所述连接料为聚氨酯、丙烯酸树脂、环氧树脂、聚酯树脂和醇酸树脂中的至少一种;
所述溶剂为水、甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、仲丁醇、异丁醇、丙酮、丁酮、N-十二烷基吡咯烷酮、N-环己基吡咯烷酮、异丙醇、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、N-辛基吡咯烷酮、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、氯仿、二甲亚砜、环己酮和N-甲基甲酰胺中的至少一种。
6.根据权利要求5所述的导电土工膜,其特征在于,以质量份数计,导电填料为1-10份,连接料为80-120份,溶剂为0-60份。
7.根据权利要求1-3中任意一项所述的导电土工膜,其特征在于,所述导电层由导电填料与原料树脂熔融共混制备而成。
8.根据权利要求1-3中任意一项所述的导电土工膜,其特征在于,所述导电层由导电色母料与原料树脂熔融共混制备而成,其中所述导电色母料由导电填料及母料树脂制备而成;
其中,以质量分数计,导电色母料为10-50份,原料树脂为50-90份;
其中,以质量分数计,导电色母料中导电填料为1-10份,母料树脂为90-99份。
9.权利要求1-8中任意一项所述的导电土工膜的制备方法,其特征在于,该制备方法包括:
将导电填料与原料树脂熔融共混,挤出制得导电层;
将防渗层与所述导电层共挤结合制得所述导电土工膜。
10.权利要求1-8中任意一项所述的导电土工膜制备方法,其特征在于,该制备方法包括:
将土工织物浸渍于导电涂料中,烘干制得导电层;
将所述导电层与防渗层进行热压结合制得所述导电土工膜。
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