CN107762597A - 用于在组合的废气后处理系统中优化NOx排放的方法 - Google Patents

用于在组合的废气后处理系统中优化NOx排放的方法 Download PDF

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CN107762597A
CN107762597A CN201710703118.4A CN201710703118A CN107762597A CN 107762597 A CN107762597 A CN 107762597A CN 201710703118 A CN201710703118 A CN 201710703118A CN 107762597 A CN107762597 A CN 107762597A
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CN107762597B (zh
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A.魏德斯贝格
T.格拉勒
T.策贝迪茨
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于在组合的废气后处理系统中优化NOx排放的方法。所述组合的废气后处理系统包括NOx存储催化器、SCR催化器和废气再循环装置。所述方法包括如下步骤：在组合的废气后处理系统的上游获知（40）NOx未处理排放（NOx_未处理）。同时，在组合的废气后处理系统的下游执行测量（41）NOx值（NOx_已处理）。将两个NOx值（NOx_未处理；NOx_已处理）相互比较（42），以便确定（43）NOx目标值（NOx_目标）。此外，由成本因子（45、46、47、48、49）计算成本函数（50），并且借助成本函数（50）以尽可能小的成本来优化（51）NOx目标值（NOx_目标）。

Description

用于在组合的废气后处理系统中优化NOx排放的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于在组合的废气后处理系统中优化NOx排放的方法。此外，本发明涉及一种计算机程序，当计算机程序在计算器上运行时，所述计算机程序实施根据本发明的方法的每个步骤，本发明还涉及一种机器可读的存储介质，所述机器可读的存储介质存储计算机程序。最后，本发明涉及一种电子控制器，所述电子控制器被设定用于实施根据本发明的方法。
背景技术
现在，为了对机动车的内燃机的废气进行后处理而使用多个不同的系统，以便减少废气的不期望的组成部分的排放。NOx存储催化器、SCR催化器（Selective CatalyticReduction：选择性催化还原）和废气再循环装置尤其属于这些系统，通过所述系统减少了废气中的氮氧化物（NOx）的份额。系统彼此独立地运行，并且最优的运行点的确定大多手动地、借助描绘了内燃机运行点的特性曲线族来确定。因此，针对每个部件独立地形成用于减少NOx排放的目标值。
在SCR方法中，将在商业上也以AdBlue®公知的尿素-水-溶液（HWL）导入到富氧的废气中。在SCR催化器中，HWL反应为氨，氨随后与氮氧化物化合，由此形成水和氮气。此外，当在废气中存在空气过量时，在稀的废气的情况下，氮氧化物存储在NOx存储催化器中。内燃机的运行条件短时间地如此接通，使得在废气中存在空气缺乏，因此存在浓的废气。现在，所存储的氮氧化物能够减少为无害的氮气，其随后能够得到排放。在废气再循环装置中，已处理的废气的部分又引导到内燃机的进气管中，在进气管中所述部分与空气/燃料混合物混合。
发明内容
本方法在组合的废气后处理系统中优化了NOx排放。组合的废气后处理系统包括NOx存储催化器、SCR催化器和废气再循环装置。显然地，能够由本领域技术人员根据应用和成本因子添加一些部件。来自与组合的废气后处理系统连接的内燃机的废气引导通过两个催化器，并且在其中分别得到处理，以便减少废气中的氮氧化物（NOx）的份额。废气再循环装置被设定用于：将废气的一部分引导到内燃机的进气管中。
在方法开始时，在组合的废气后处理系统的上游获知废气中的NOx未处理排放。NOx未处理排放优选地能够通过在组合的废气后处理系统的上游的NOx传感器测量。根据另一方面，NOx未处理排放能够建模，其中内燃机的运行状态得到注意。同时，在废气穿过废气后处理系统之后，在另一测量中确定NOx值。
针对组合的废气后处理装置，由NOx未处理排放和废气后处理后的NOx值之间的比较确定NOx目标值。该NOx目标值说明了应该减少的氮量。NOx目标值优选由用于废气再循环装置的、NOx存储催化器的和SCR催化器的目标值组成，这些目标值以特定的比例存在。特别优选地，用于废气再循环装置的、NOx存储催化器的和SCR催化器的目标值通过其各自的效率计算出。这提供如下优点：当前的和/或将来的运行点在选择NOx目标值时得以考虑。
可选地，影响氮氧化物份额的减少的更长期的事件能够通过在确定NOx目标值时的边界条件得以考虑。颗粒过滤器的按计划的再生和/或车辆内部的诊断例如属于此。NOx目标值能够因此更准确地确定。
根据所述方法的另一步骤，由废气后处理的各个部件的成本因子计算成本函数。NOx目标值最后借助成本函数如此优化，使得在运行期间产生尽可能小的总成本。在此优选地，废气再循环装置的、NOx存储催化器的和SCR催化器的目标值的比例通过成本函数优化，其中特别优选地，用于废气再循环装置的、NOx存储催化器的和SCR催化器的成本能够单独地注意，并且在成本函数中组合。结果是在考虑到成本因子和运行条件的情况下动态地优化。
成本因子优选包括动态的影响因子。内燃机的CO2排放和颗粒排放尤其属于此，通过内燃机的运行参数要么促进CO2排放，要么促进NOx排放。动态的影响因子此外包括系统的老化以及燃料填充水平和SCR催化器的还原剂填充水平，它们直接影响NOx的处理。如果燃料填充水平很小，那么废气再循环装置的、NOx存储催化器的和SCR催化器的目标值的比例能够有利于SCR催化器来移动，以便最小化基于NOx存储催化器的再生而导致的燃料消耗。在另一方面，如果还原剂填充水平很小，氮能够更多地存储在NOx存储催化器中。
本发明的另一方面涉及将多个废气后处理策略考虑到NOx目标值的优化中。这引起：NOx目标值的优化多次被计算，并且从中能够描绘出优化函数。这提供如下优点：能够针对当前存在的运行条件和成本因子找到最优的废气后处理策略。可选地，将来的废气后处理策略能够以考虑到路段信息的方式得以预告。因为不同的路段、例如高速公路和城市交通需要不同的运行条件，所以废气后处理策略能够针对不同的运行条件适当地提前调节。
在所述方法的进一步的进程中，能够执行组合的废气后处理装置后的NOx值的控制。能够基于该NOx值动态地调整NOx目标值。
计算机程序被设定用于：尤其是当计算机程序在计算器或控制器上执行时，执行方法的每个步骤。所述计算机程序能够实现在传统的电子控制器中应用所述方法，而不必对此进行结构上的改变。为此，计算机程序存储在机器可读的存储介质上。
通过将计算机程序装载在传统的电子控制器上得到根据本发明的电子控制器，所述电子控制器被设定用于：借助根据本发明的方法控制曲轴的定位。
附图说明
本发明的实施例在附图中示出，并且在随后的描述中详细阐述。其中：
图1示意性地示出了组合的废气后处理系统，其能够借助根据本发明的方法的实施例控制；并且
图2示出了根据本发明的方法的实施例的流程图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了排气系1，其与内燃机2连接。内燃机产生废气，废气通过排气系1导出。此外，图1示出了组合的废气后处理系统10，其布置在排气系1中并且被设定用于处理排气系1中的废气。为此，组合的废气后处理系统10包括NOx存储催化器11、SCR催化器12和废气再循环装置13，基于所述NOx存储催化器、SCR催化器和废气再循环装置减少了废气中的氮氧化物（NOx）。这些部件的准确的功能原理应该在此没有得到详细描述，以便不离开本发明的焦点。
废气从内燃机2通过排气系1流到组合的废气后处理系统10中，在那里，氮氧化物份额由于NOx存储催化器11和SCR催化器12而减少。通过废气再循环装置13，已处理的废气的一部分引导回内燃机2中。这通过废气再循环阀14控制，废气再循环阀布置在废气再循环装置13和排气系1上。废气的剩余的部分通过排气系1离开废气后处理系统10。
要注意到的是，部件NOx存储催化器11、SCR催化器12和废气再循环阀14不必强制性地以所说明的顺序布置在排气系1中。废气再循环阀14尤其是能够在另外的实施例（未示出）中也布置在NOx存储催化器11的上游。
此外，两个NOx传感器30和31布置在排气系1中。第一NOx传感器30布置在内燃机2和废气后处理系统10之间并且被设定用于：测量内燃机2的NOx未处理排放NOx_未处理。第二NOx传感器31布置在废气后处理系统10的下游，并且在那里测量已处理的废气的NOx值NOx_已处理。两个NOx传感器30和31与控制器3连接，并且给控制器提供关于废气的NOx含量的信息。此外，控制器3被设定用于：控制组合的废气后处理系统10和内燃机2。
图2示出了根据本发明的方法的实施例的流程图。第一NOx传感器30执行NOx未处理排放NOx_未处理的测量40，所述NOx未处理排放由内燃机2排放。后来，第二NOx传感器31在组合的废气后处理系统10的下游同样执行废气后处理后的废气的NOx值NOx_已处理的测量41。两个NOx值NOx_未处理和NOx_已处理转送给控制器3，控制器实施两个NOx值NOx_未处理和NOx_已处理的比较42。通过比较42两个NOx值NOx_未处理和NOx_已处理来确定43NOx目标值NOx_目标。更长期的事件44、像例如在500至1000km时颗粒过滤器的按计划的再生和/或在100km时车辆内部的诊断考虑作为在确定43NOx目标值NOx_目标时的边界条件。
废气再循环装置13的效率WAGR、NOx存储催化器11的效率WNSC、SCR催化器12的效率WSCR依赖于内燃机的运行点并且能够通过运行点计算出。
（公式1）
如在公式1中示出的那样，NOx目标值NOx_目标由用于废气再循环装置13的目标值AGR_目标、用于NOx存储催化器11的目标值NSC_目标和用于SCR催化器12的目标值SCR_目标组成。通过因子a、b和c，目标值AGR_目标、NSC_目标和SCR_目标相互成比例地存在。在此，目标值AGR_目标、NSC_目标和SCR_目标依赖于各自的效率WAGR、WNSC或WSCR，由此，当前的和/或将来的运行点被考虑到。存在将NOx目标值NOx_目标通过因子a、b和c分配到目标值AGR_目标、NSC_目标和SCR_目标上的多种可能性。在根据本发明的方法中指明了一种成本优化的解决方案。
动态的影响因子，如CO2排放45、颗粒排放46、系统的老化47以及燃料填充水平48和还原剂填充水平49被描绘为成本函数50中的成本因子。所述成本函数描绘了组合的废气后处理装置10的废气再循环装置13的、NOx存储催化器11的和SCR催化器12的成本的总和。在另外的步骤51中，NOx目标值NOx_目标借助成本函数50如此优化，使得所述NOx目标值能够以尽可能小的成本实现。更准确地说，如此调整因子a、b和c，使得产生的成本函数——并且相应地使得总成本——最小化。
为此，不同的废气后处理策略52得到应用，并且NOx目标值NOx_目标的优化51多次得到执行，直到最后通过比较53找到最优的NOx目标值NOx_目标。最后，最优的NOx目标值在优化函数54中得到描绘。
废气后处理策略52能够在此通过路段信息55预报，因为在不同的路段条件下优选使用不同的废气后处理策略52。在一种实施方式中，将来的废气后处理策略52的预告能够通过“电子地平线”计算出。在另一种实施方式中，将来的废气后处理策略52通过以前的运行参数如速度、负荷等外推出。
最后，执行废气后处理后的废气的NOx值NOx_已处理的持续控制56。NOx目标值于是基于废气后处理后的废气的该NOx值NOx_已处理动态地调整。

Claims (12)

1.用于在组合的废气后处理系统（10）中优化NOx排放的方法，所述组合的废气后处理系统包括NOx存储催化器（11）、SCR催化器（12）和废气再循环装置（13），所述方法包括如下步骤：
-在所述组合的废气后处理系统（10）的上游获知（40）NOx未处理排放（NOx_未处理）；
-在所述组合的废气后处理系统（10）的下游测量（41）NOx值（NOx_已处理）；
-比较（42）所述NOx未处理排放（NOx_未处理）和废气后处理后的NOx值（NOx_已处理），以便确定（43）NOx目标值（NOx_目标）；
-由成本因子（45、46、47、48、49）计算成本函数（50）；
-借助所述成本函数（50）以尽可能小的成本来优化（51）所述NOx目标值（NOx_目标）。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，通过所述组合的废气后处理系统（10）的废气再循环装置（13）的目标值（AGR_目标）、NOx存储催化器的目标值（NSC_目标）和SCR催化器（11）的目标值（SCR_目标）的比例来优化（51）NOx目标值（NOx_目标）。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述废气再循环装置的目标值（AGR_目标）通过所述废气再循环装置的效率（WAGR）获知，所述NOx存储催化器的目标值（NSC_目标）通过所述NOx存储催化器的效率（WNSC）获知，所述SCR催化器（11）的目标值（SCR_目标）通过所述SCR催化器（11）的效率（WSCR）获知。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，通过在所述组合的废气后处理系统（10）上游的第一NOx传感器（30）的测量来获知（40）NOx未处理排放（NOx_未处理）。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，针对与所述组合的废气后处理系统（1）连接的内燃机（2）通过建模来实现NOx未处理排放（NOx_未处理）的获知（40）。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，成本因子包括如下：
-内燃机（2）的CO2排放（45）；
-内燃机（2）的颗粒排放（46）；
-所述废气后处理系统（10）的老化（47）；
-燃料填充水平（48）；
-所述SCR催化器（12）的还原剂填充水平（49）。
7. 根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，将多个废气后处理策略（52）一同考虑到计算中，由此， NOx目标值（NOx_目标）的优化（51）多次被计算，直到通过比较（53）找到最优的NOx目标值（NOx_目标），并且从中能够描绘出优化函数（54）。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，考虑到路段信息（55），以便预告将来的废气后处理策略（52）。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，执行所述组合的废气后处理装置后的NOx值（NOx_已处理）的控制（56），并且基于所述NOx值动态地调整NOx目标值（NOx_目标）。
10.计算机程序，所述计算机程序被设定用于：执行根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的方法的每个步骤。
11.机器可读的存储介质，在所述机器可读的存储介质上存储有根据权利要求10所述的计算机程序。
12.电子控制器（3），所述电子控制器被设定用于：借助根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的方法在组合的废气后处理系统（10）中优化NOx排放。
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