CN107761094B - Method for preparing gradient structure cladding layer on aluminum alloy surface by adopting composite process - Google Patents
Method for preparing gradient structure cladding layer on aluminum alloy surface by adopting composite process Download PDFInfo
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- CN107761094B CN107761094B CN201710898064.1A CN201710898064A CN107761094B CN 107761094 B CN107761094 B CN 107761094B CN 201710898064 A CN201710898064 A CN 201710898064A CN 107761094 B CN107761094 B CN 107761094B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
- C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
- C23C24/103—Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
- C22C32/001—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F3/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by special physical methods, e.g. treatment with neutrons
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preparing a cladding layer with a gradient structure on the surface of aluminum alloy by adopting a composite process, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: 1) preparing an aluminum alloy substrate; 2) preparing cladding powder; 3) preparing a sample to be cladded; 4) preparing before laser cladding; 5) laser cladding; 6) and (5) vibration creep aging treatment. The method can overcome the defects of air holes, cracks, collapse, loss and shedding and uneven tissues of the laser cladding layer on the surface of the aluminum alloy, and can improve the metallurgical bonding force, the wear resistance, the corrosion resistance, the impact resistance and the oxidation resistance of the laser cladding layer on the surface of the aluminum alloy.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a surface treatment technology, in particular to a method for preparing a gradient structure cladding layer on an aluminum alloy surface by adopting a composite process.
Background
Aluminum and aluminum alloy are one of the most widely used materials in nonferrous metals, and the aluminum alloy has a plurality of excellent properties such as small density, easy processing, low thermal expansion coefficient, high thermal conductivity, high specific stiffness and specific strength, and is widely applied in daily production and life. However, the aluminum alloy itself has certain defects and shortcomings, and is easily damaged in the forms of spot corrosion, crevice corrosion and the like in the environment with chloride ions and alkaline medium; meanwhile, the aluminum alloy has low hardness, high friction coefficient and limited heat resistance, is easy to be strained and difficult to lubricate, so that the wear resistance of the aluminum alloy is poor, and the application range of the aluminum alloy is limited to a great extent.
In order to improve the performance of aluminum alloy, many surface treatment techniques have been invented to compensate for some of the performance defects of aluminum alloy while trying to improve the strength and toughness of aluminum alloy, and these methods include: rare earth conversion coating, micro-arc oxidation, ion implantation, vapor deposition, electroplating, anodic oxidation, laser surface strengthening, surface ceramization, and the like. However, although these techniques can effectively improve the surface corrosion resistance, heat resistance or wear resistance of the aluminum alloy, the obtained modified layer is relatively thin, usually only a few to hundreds of micrometers, and the modified layer and the matrix mainly belong to a mechanical bonding interface or a diffusion bonding interface, most of the modified layer have low bonding strength and are easy to crack and fall off, so the corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the modified layer are quite limited, and the defects can be overcome by adopting laser cladding. The laser cladding layer has the advantages of large thickness, fine crystal grains, compact structure, excellent performance and higher application and research values.
Cracks are the most common and most destructive metallurgical defects in the laser cladding process, and a plurality of researchers at home and abroad carry out deep research on the formation mechanism and put forward a plurality of solutions, but the cracks of the laser cladding cannot be eliminated, so that the application of the laser cladding technology is restricted.
Due to the characteristics of rapid heating and rapid cooling in the cladding process, the solidified cladding layer and the matrix have larger stress, which is a main reason for cladding cracking. Therefore, how to eliminate the stress of the cladding layer and the substrate is the main means and method for solving the cracking. The ultrasonic vibration has the advantages of simple operation equipment, no pollution, low energy consumption and the like, and can obviously improve the metal solidification structure, reduce the internal air hole impurities and residual stress, improve the strength, enhance the plasticity and the like, thereby greatly improving the cladding layer structure, being beneficial to eliminating the cladding layer stress and reducing and eliminating the cracking. In recent years, some researchers find that the ultrasonic vibration assisted laser cladding can well inhibit the cracks of the cladding layer, and obtain certain research results on the basis. In addition, the vibration creep age forming technology is a new technology developed for better application of creep age forming in recent years, namely, the vibration is introduced into the creep age forming of metal, so that the residual stress can be further eliminated, and the stress cracking can be reduced.
The large difference of the thermal expansion coefficients of the cladding material and the base material is also another important reason for cracking of the cladding layer, and the reduction of the thermal expansion coefficients of the cladding material and the base material is beneficial to reducing cracking.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a method for preparing a gradient-structure cladding layer on the surface of an aluminum alloy by adopting a composite process. The method can overcome the defects of air holes, cracks, collapse, loss and shedding and uneven tissues of the laser cladding layer on the surface of the aluminum alloy, and can improve the metallurgical bonding force, the wear resistance, the corrosion resistance, the impact resistance and the oxidation resistance of the laser cladding layer on the surface of the aluminum alloy.
The technical scheme for realizing the purpose of the invention is as follows:
a method for preparing a gradient structure cladding layer on an aluminum alloy surface by adopting a composite process comprises the following steps:
1) preparing an aluminum alloy substrate: within 5 minutes before and after cladding powder is pressed, one surface of the aluminum alloy substrate is polished to be rough by using coarse sand paper with the granularity of 200-300, surface oxide skin is removed, and the aluminum alloy substrate is cleaned by using acetone;
2) preparing cladding powder: the cladding powder comprises transition layer powder, middle layer powder and hardened layer powder which are sequentially stacked from bottom to top, wherein the transition layer powder is a mixture of 60% of Al powder, 35% of Ni60 self-fluxing alloy powder and 5% of rare earth oxide, the thickness of the mixture is 0.2 mm-0.3 mm, and the transition layer powder is in contact with an aluminum alloy substrate;
the intermediate layer powder is a mixture of 95% of Ni60 self-fluxing alloy powder and 5% of rare earth oxide, and the thickness of the mixture is 0.2 mm-0.3 mm;
the hardened layer powder is 75% Ni60% of self-fluxing alloy powder, 5% of rare earth oxide and 20% of Al2O3The thickness of the mixture is 0.2 mm-0.3 mm;
the purity of the powder is not less than 99.9 percent, the particle size of the powder is 20-100 mu m, and the chemical components of Ni60, namely the mass fraction and the percentage are as follows: c0.7-1.0, Si3.0-3.5, Fe4.0-5.0, B3.5-4.5, Cr15-20, Ni 65-75;
fully mixing the transition layer powder, the middle layer powder and the hardened layer powder for 24 hours respectively through a ball mill, and then putting the mixture into a 70 ℃ heat preservation box for heat preservation for later use;
3) preparing a sample to be clad: the method comprises the following steps of flatly laying transition layer powder, middle layer powder and hardened layer powder on an aluminum alloy substrate in sequence from bottom to top by adopting a powder presetting method, putting the aluminum alloy substrate and the powder laid on the aluminum alloy substrate as a whole into a tabletting mold cleaned by acetone, compacting by using an oil press, forming cladding powder into a sheet shape, taking out the whole of the tabletting of the cladding powder and the aluminum alloy substrate as a sample to be clad, and putting the sample into a drying box at 70 ℃ for later use, wherein the average pressure on the tabletting of the cladding powder is more than 150 MPa;
4) preparing before laser cladding: installing an ultrasonic vibrating plate on laser cladding equipment, fixing the sample to be clad obtained in the step 3) on the ultrasonic vibrating plate, placing the sample to be clad in an argon protection reaction vessel, introducing argon into the argon protection reaction vessel, and cladding under the protection of argon to prevent the oxidation of the cladding process;
5) laser cladding: when laser cladding is carried out on a sample to be clad by adopting laser cladding equipment, firstly carrying out ultrasonic vibration according to ultrasonic vibration parameters, and then adjusting laser cladding parameters for laser cladding to obtain a clad sample;
6) vibration creep aging treatment: and carrying out vibration creep aging treatment on the cladding sample according to the vibration creep aging process parameters to obtain a finished product.
The tabletting mold in the step 3) is a tabletting mold with a heater, and the temperature of the tabletting mold is maintained at 50-70 ℃.
The laser cladding parameters in the step 5) are as follows: laser power: 4kW-5 kW; laser spot diameter: 5mm-6 mm; laser scanning speed: 600mm/min-800 mm/min; the lap joint rate: 15 to 25 percent.
The ultrasonic vibration parameters in the step 5) are as follows: the ultrasonic vibration frequency is more than 25000 Hz; the ultrasonic vibration amplitude is 20-50 μm.
The vibration creep aging process parameters in the step 6) are as follows: the vibration frequency is 4000Hz-8000 Hz; the exciting force is 30kN-50 kN; vibration time: 3h-4 h; aging temperature: 140-180 ℃; aging time: 12h-20 h.
The method combines the gradient design of the components of the cladding alloy material with the ultrasonic vibration of the cladding process and the vibration creep aging compound process after cladding to obtain the gradient-controllable transition interface between the substrate and the cladding layer, the components, the tissues and the performance on the transition interface are in controllable gradient distribution, the interface stress is effectively relaxed, the method is used for eliminating the cracks of laser cladding, and the method has wide development prospect.
The method adopts aluminum and aluminum alloy as base materials, utilizes a composite process of ultrasonic vibration assisted laser cladding and vibration creep aging to prepare the cladding layer with the gradient structure, is a novel process technology with multiple disciplines crossed, realizes good metallurgical bonding between the cladding layer and the base materials, greatly reduces the defects of the metal structure of the cladding layer, and improves the bonding force, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance of the materials.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following examples, but is not limited thereto.
Example (b):
a method for preparing a gradient structure cladding layer on an aluminum alloy surface by adopting a composite process comprises the following steps:
1) preparing an aluminum alloy substrate: within 5 minutes before the cladding powder is pressed, one surface of the aluminum alloy substrate is polished to be rough by using coarse sand paper with the granularity of 200-300, surface oxide skin is removed, and the aluminum alloy substrate is cleaned by using acetone, wherein the sample base material of the aluminum alloy substrate is 6061 aluminum alloy, and the size of the sample base material is 120mm multiplied by 80mm multiplied by 25 mm;
2) preparing cladding powder: the cladding powder comprises transition layer powder, middle layer powder and hardened layer powder which are sequentially stacked from bottom to top, wherein the transition layer powder is a mixture of 60% of Al powder, 35% of Ni60 self-fluxing alloy powder and 5% of rare earth oxide, the thickness of the mixture is 0.2 mm-0.3 mm, and the transition layer powder is in contact with an aluminum alloy substrate;
the intermediate layer powder is a mixture of 95% of Ni60 self-fluxing alloy powder and 5% of rare earth oxide, and the thickness of the mixture is 0.2 mm-0.3 mm;
the hardened layer powder is 75% of Ni60 self-fluxing alloy powder, 5% of rare earth oxide and 20% of Al2O3The thickness of the mixture is 0.2 mm-0.3 mm;
the purity of the powder is not less than 99.9 percent, the particle size of the powder is 20-100 mu m, and the chemical components of Ni60, namely the mass fraction and the percentage are as follows: c0.7-1.0, Si3.0-3.5, Fe4.0-5.0, B3.5-4.5, Cr15-20, Ni 65-75;
fully mixing the transition layer powder, the middle layer powder and the hardened layer powder for 24 hours respectively through a ball mill, and then putting the mixture into a 70 ℃ heat preservation box for heat preservation for later use;
3) preparing a sample to be clad: the method comprises the following steps of flatly laying transition layer powder, middle layer powder and hardened layer powder on an aluminum alloy substrate in sequence from bottom to top by adopting a powder presetting method, putting the aluminum alloy substrate and the powder laid on the aluminum alloy substrate as a whole into a tabletting mold cleaned by acetone, compacting by using an oil press, forming cladding powder into a sheet shape, taking out the whole of the tabletting of the cladding powder and the aluminum alloy substrate as a sample to be clad, and putting the sample into a drying box at 70 ℃ for later use, wherein the average pressure on the tabletting of the cladding powder is more than 150 MPa;
4) preparing before laser cladding: installing an ultrasonic vibrating plate on laser cladding equipment, fixing the sample to be clad obtained in the step 3) on the ultrasonic vibrating plate, placing the sample to be clad in an argon protection reaction vessel, introducing argon into the argon protection reaction vessel, and cladding under the protection of argon to prevent the cladding process from being oxidized, wherein the laser cladding equipment is numerical control laser cladding equipment in the embodiment;
5) laser cladding: when laser cladding is carried out on a sample to be clad by adopting laser cladding equipment, firstly carrying out ultrasonic vibration according to ultrasonic vibration parameters, and then adjusting laser cladding parameters for laser cladding to obtain a clad sample;
6) vibration creep aging treatment: and carrying out vibration creep aging treatment on the cladding sample according to the vibration creep aging process parameters to obtain a finished product.
The tabletting mold in the step 3) is a tabletting mold with a heater, and the temperature of the tabletting mold is maintained at 50-70 ℃, in this case 65 ℃.
The laser cladding parameters in the step 5) are as follows: laser power: 4kW-5 kW; laser spot diameter: 5mm-6 mm; laser scanning speed: 600mm/min-800 mm/min; the lap joint rate: 15% -25%, the laser cladding parameters in this example are: laser power: 4.5kW, laser spot diameter: 5.5 mm; laser scanning speed: 750 mm/min; the lap joint rate: 20 percent.
The ultrasonic vibration parameters in the step 5) are as follows: the ultrasonic vibration frequency is more than 25000 Hz; the ultrasonic vibration amplitude is 20-50 μm.
The vibration creep aging process parameters in the step 6) are as follows: the vibration frequency is 4000Hz-8000 Hz; the exciting force is 30kN-50 kN; vibration time: 3h-4 h; aging temperature: 140-180 ℃; aging time: 12h-20h, and the vibration creep aging process parameters in the embodiment are selected as the following frequency: 6000 Hz; exciting force: 30 kN; vibration time: 3 h; aging temperature: 150 ℃; aging time: and (5) 15 h.
Tests show that by adopting the method, the surface hardness of the laser cladding layer subjected to composite treatment can reach 1600HV, the thickness of the cladding layer is about 0.8mm, the cladding layer is metallurgically bonded with an aluminum alloy matrix, the microstructure has no defects such as pores, inclusions, cracks and the like, and the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the cladding layer are respectively improved by 8.2 and 12.5 times compared with the cladding layer obtained by simply carrying out laser cladding.
Claims (1)
1. A method for preparing a gradient structure cladding layer on the surface of an aluminum alloy by adopting a composite process is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) preparing an aluminum alloy substrate: within 5 minutes before and after cladding powder is pressed, one surface of the aluminum alloy substrate is polished to be rough by using coarse sand paper with the granularity of 200-300, surface oxide skin is removed, and the aluminum alloy substrate is cleaned by using acetone;
2) preparing cladding powder: the cladding powder comprises transition layer powder, middle layer powder and hardened layer powder which are sequentially stacked from bottom to top, wherein the transition layer powder is a mixture of 60% of Al powder, 35% of Ni60 self-fluxing alloy powder and 5% of rare earth oxide, and the thickness of the mixture is 0.2 mm-0.3 mm;
the intermediate layer powder is a mixture of 95% of Ni60 self-fluxing alloy powder and 5% of rare earth oxide, and the thickness of the mixture is 0.2 mm-0.3 mm;
the hardened layer powder is 75% of Ni60 self-fluxing alloy powder, 5% of rare earth oxide and 20% of Al2O3The thickness of the mixture is 0.2 mm-0.3 mm;
the purity of the powder is not less than 99.9 percent, the particle size of the powder is 20-100 mu m, and the chemical components of Ni60, namely the mass fraction and the percentage are as follows: c0.7-1.0, Si3.0-3.5, Fe4.0-5.0, B3.5-4.5, Cr15-20, Ni 65-75;
fully mixing the transition layer powder, the middle layer powder and the hardened layer powder for 24 hours respectively through a ball mill, and then putting the mixture into a 70 ℃ heat preservation box for heat preservation for later use;
3) preparing a sample to be clad: the method comprises the following steps of flatly laying transition layer powder, middle layer powder and hardened layer powder on an aluminum alloy substrate in sequence from bottom to top by adopting a powder presetting method, putting the aluminum alloy substrate and the powder laid on the aluminum alloy substrate as a whole into a tabletting mold cleaned by acetone, compacting by using an oil press, forming cladding powder into a sheet shape, taking out the whole of the tabletting of the cladding powder and the aluminum alloy substrate as a sample to be clad, and putting the sample into a drying box at 70 ℃ for later use, wherein the average pressure on the tabletting of the cladding powder is more than 150 MPa;
4) preparing before laser cladding: installing an ultrasonic vibrating plate on laser cladding equipment, fixing the sample to be clad obtained in the step 3) on the ultrasonic vibrating plate, and placing the sample to be clad in an argon protection reaction vessel, wherein argon is introduced into the argon protection reaction vessel;
5) laser cladding: when laser cladding is carried out on a sample to be clad by adopting laser cladding equipment, firstly carrying out ultrasonic vibration according to ultrasonic vibration parameters, and then adjusting laser cladding parameters for laser cladding to obtain a clad sample;
6) vibration creep aging treatment: performing vibration creep aging treatment on the cladding sample according to the vibration creep aging process parameters to obtain a finished product;
the tabletting mold in the step 3) is a tabletting mold with a heater, and the temperature of the tabletting mold is maintained at 50-70 ℃;
the laser cladding parameters in the step 5) are as follows: laser power: 4kW-5 kW; laser spot diameter: 5mm-6 mm; laser scanning speed: 600mm/min-800 mm/min; the lap joint rate: 15% -25%;
the ultrasonic vibration parameters in the step 5) are as follows: the ultrasonic vibration frequency is more than 25000 Hz; the ultrasonic vibration amplitude is 20-50 μm;
the vibration creep aging process parameters in the step 6) are as follows: the vibration frequency is 4000Hz-8000 Hz; the exciting force is 30kN-50 kN; vibration time: 3h-4 h; aging temperature: 140-180 ℃; aging time: 12h-20 h.
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