CN107746729A - 一种垃圾和污泥全气化发电工艺 - Google Patents

一种垃圾和污泥全气化发电工艺 Download PDF

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CN107746729A
CN107746729A CN201710838615.5A CN201710838615A CN107746729A CN 107746729 A CN107746729 A CN 107746729A CN 201710838615 A CN201710838615 A CN 201710838615A CN 107746729 A CN107746729 A CN 107746729A
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林英雄
赵水木
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Fujian Environmental Protection Science And Technology Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种垃圾和污泥全气化发电工艺,采用无害全气化发电技术,工艺系统集:破袋、分选、磁选、破碎、粉碎、低温、中温、高温、无氧、贫氧、烘干、破壁、脱水、搅拌、聚合、成型、炭化、料化、蒸发、干燥、干馏、热解、分解、裂解、萃取、雾化、液化、蒸化、交换、催化、氧化、还原、熔融、玻化、固化、气化、保温、调温、净化、调质、燃气、发电、循环、自控等集“44化”的多学科高新技术于一体;采用该方法对垃圾处理彻底,处理后的能源再利用程度高,可以高效率处理生活垃圾和城市污泥。

Description

一种垃圾和污泥全气化发电工艺
技术领域
本发明涉及生活垃圾和污泥的处理技术领域,尤其涉及一种垃圾和污泥全气化发电工艺。
背景技术
随着城市的发展和生活水平的提高,人类产生了大量的工业和生活垃圾(市政污泥)等生物质。目前主要的传统处理方式比如填埋、焚烧、堆肥,都存在着占用宝贵土地、产生严重损害人类健康的(渗漏液、二噁英、重金属、雾霾、硫氧化物、氮氧化物、PM2.5等有害物)二次污染问题、生态平衡问题和国计民生问题。
过去由于有更多的生活垃圾填埋场和缺乏环保意识、限制了无害贫氧全气化这种技术的快速发展。现在随着对绿色能源需求的提升,社会对环境问题认识的普遍性,加上“垃圾和污泥围城”的严峻形势,且利用成熟的无害贫氧全气化技术,可产生能源及处理废物时机已经成熟。传统的生活垃圾和污泥处理技术不是全封闭的,其燃烧、填埋、堆肥等产生的二次污染依然很严重。同时,还存在以下问题:生活垃圾和污泥处理速率慢,有烟囱排放的焚烧法需3天左右处理转换、并产生渗漏液,处理能力有限,处理不彻底,处理物不能充分再利用;生活垃圾和污泥处理的能源再利用水平低。基于这一背景,近年来发达国家都在研究新的彻底的生活垃圾和市政污泥的污染处理方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于:针对上述存在的问题,提供一种垃圾和污泥无害全气化发电工艺,具有不设烟囱不排放、不产生严重损害人类健康的渗漏液、二噁英、重金属、雾霾、硫氧化物、氮氧化物、PM2.5等有害物的二次污染问题。
该垃圾和污泥全气化发电工艺具体步骤为:
(1)对生活垃圾进行分选、磁选、破碎、粉碎,得到小粉粒成品原料以及废液;
(2)将步骤(1)中取得的小粉粒成品原料进行烘干、炭化处理,得到半成品的燃料;
(3)将步骤(2)中取得的半成品燃料进行搅拌、料化、成型处理,得到成品燃料;
(4)将步骤(3)中取得的成品燃料在1000℃-1300℃条件下进行负压贫氧热解全气化,同时加入全气化剂,将大分子有机物彻底分解,得到以H2和CO为主的半成品合成燃气;
(5)对步骤(4)中取得的以H2和CO为主的半成品合成燃气进行净化调质,得到成品燃气;
(6)将经过存储并有压力的成品燃气送入燃气发电机进行发电,输出电力。
进一步的,步骤(1)中产生的废液在1000℃-1300℃条件下进行负压贫氧热解全气化反应,形成无害熔融玻璃化灰。
进一步的,步骤(6)中燃气发电机产生的尾气余热通过余热发电装置进行发电,输出电力。
进一步的,通过余热发电装置产生的尾气余热余热连接无氧高温脱水碳化器。
贫氧无害全气化技术工艺,其贫氧全气化反应技术设备全部国产化,贫氧全气化反应器气化效率≥99.82%、热反应效率≥98.82%;贫氧全气化反应过程中不产生固体炭颗粒副产物、可冷凝物及焦油副产物、不结渣,真正实现无害贫氧全气化反应技术。
有益效果:
1.本发明技术结构紧凑,可将生活垃圾(污水处理厂污泥)中小型、分布式处置制成炭料,集中冷、热、电、汽、气五联产投资建设,占地少、运营成本低、总投资低(相比传统直接焚烧法的1/3以上)、总节能高(相比传统直接焚烧法的45%以上)。可同时适用于处理具有一定热值的工业、农业、林业生物质垃圾(工业淤泥)的处理处置。
2.占用宝贵土地资源以处置100t/d生活垃圾(污水处理厂污泥)生物质约10亩左右(而传统的有烟囱排放直接焚烧法则占约50亩左右)。
3.燃气应用:处理100t/d生活垃圾(污水处理厂污泥)全气化能产燃气72900Nm3、热量73018593kcal/d、未调质热值1315-1555kcal/m3,可满足日产10万块砖的烧结砖厂燃料供给;也可满足内燃发电机发电45000-55000度所需燃气。
4.由于该无害贫氧全气化技术路线没有焦油这个困扰传统半气化工艺的难题,每公斤含水率15%的城市生活垃圾筛上物可产热值为每立方标米热值2700-3000kcal的可燃气体900-1000m3,可发电1200-1500kW/h。
5.全气化发电过程(除点火启动外)不用外热源、向节能和环保要效益,利用多级发电,热能循环再利用,系统整体经济效益显著提高。
6.生活垃圾和污泥当天处理调质转换成相当于标准煤热值5000-6500大卡的炭料;每吨全气化发电量600-1000度以上。
7.建设期短、用地率低、总投资低、运行费低、回报率高、投资回收快,建设期1年、运行吨成本100元人民币左右、投资回收期4年(含建设期)。
如以秸秆生物质为原料,每吨干燥的秸秆加≤20%的水份可产生1200-1300立方标米可燃气,可发电1400-1500kW/h。相对蒸汽发电循环,发电效率可从20%左右提高到32%以上,投资回报期可缩短到2-3年。由于热值高,没有焦油问题,合成气品质优于传统干馏热解技术。
8.据不完全统计,目前中国城市生活垃圾(末统计污水处理厂污泥)年产已达1.5亿吨以上,并以每年8%左右递增。历年来填埋的垃圾蓄量达60亿吨以上,占地5亿m2以上。处理1吨生活垃圾和市政污泥产生的燃气可获300-550元的效益,十年内垃圾产出总量约20亿吨,填埋可取量有20亿吨左右,可取价值达1.2万亿元,按30%的占有率计,有3600亿的经济效益,还可以从旧填埋场获得宝贵的土地资源。
附图说明
图1为本发明的流程示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的详细说明,应当理解,本发明的结构并不仅限于以下实施例:
步骤1:对生活垃圾通过破袋分选筛选磁选器进行分选、磁选、破碎、粉碎,得到小粉粒成品原料以及废液;
步骤2:将步骤(1)中取得的小粉粒成品原料通过无氧高温脱水碳化器进行烘干、碳化处理,得到半成品的燃料;
步骤3:将步骤(2)中取得的半成品燃料通过物料均混双压成型器进行搅拌、料化、成型处理,得到成品燃料;
步骤4:将步骤(3)中取得的成品燃料通过贫氧全气化反应器在1300℃条件下进行负压贫氧热解全气化,同时加入全气化剂,将大分子有机物彻底分解,得到以H2和CO为主的半成品合成燃气,其中氢气含量在5%-25%左右;
步骤5:对步骤(4)中取得的以H2和CO为主的半成品合成燃气通过燃气净化稳压调质器进行净化调质,得到成品燃气;
步骤6:将经过存储并有压力的成品燃气送入燃气发电机进行发电,输出电力,优选的,燃气发电机采用燃气发电机组,单机功率300-2500kw不等,发电机设备规模根据一定范围内的资源可由多台机组并联组成。
步骤7;步骤6中产生的余热废气温度高达450-600℃,因此可以通过微燃气发电机组或蒸汽发电机组中发电,单机功率100-300kw不等,发电设备规模根据一定范围内的资源可以由多台机组并联组成。
进一步的,将步骤7后产生的废气余热可以用于步骤2中无氧高温脱水炭化器进行热回收。
进一步的,步骤4中的贫氧全气化反应器工作产生的余热,可以用于步骤2中的无氧高温脱水炭化器进行热回收。
进一步的,步骤1中产生的废液可以通过步骤4中的贫氧全气化反应器进行热解全气化反应,得到无害熔融玻璃化灰,生成的无害玻璃化灰通过管道集中收集,用于制砖等建材。
在本实施例中,生活垃圾等生物质料进入破袋分选筛选磁选器,在破袋分选筛选磁选器中与刀片、齿圈间的相互碰撞、摩擦、剪切进行交替粉碎,然后进行导流分级后进入粉粒收集器,经过破袋分选筛选磁选器粉碎筛粉完的小粉粒成品原料进入无氧高温脱水炭化器中,破袋分选筛选磁选器处理剩余的废液通过管道流入贫氧全气化反应器中。进入无氧高温脱水炭化器的成品原料经过脱水烘干、炭化处理,形成半成品的燃料,进入物料均混双压成型器中。经过均混双压成型器的混合、固型处理,制得成品燃料。成品燃料进入贫氧全气化反应器中进行贫氧全气化反应,在1300℃温度条件下进行负压贫氧热解全气化,同时加入一定量全气化剂,将大分子有机物彻底分解,产出物以H2和CO为主的优质合成燃气。贫氧全气化反应器中产生的无害熔融玻璃化灰通过集中收集管道可用来制砖等建材,半成品燃气经过燃气净化稳压调质器净化调质后的成品燃气进入一级燃气内燃发电机中进行发电输出电力。一级燃气内燃发电机产生的含热尾气通过排烟管道进入二级微燃余热发电机进行二级发电。二级微燃余热发电机发电对外输出电力,产生的余热尾气通过烟气管道与无氧高温脱水炭化器连接再利用。
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理和主要特征和本发明的优点。本领域的技术人应该了解,本发明不受上述实施例的限制,上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明的原理,在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下,本发明还会有各种变化和改进,这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明范围内。本发明要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。

Claims (4)

1.一种垃圾和污泥全气化发电工艺,其特征在于包括如下操作步骤:
(1)对垃圾和污泥进行分选、磁选、破碎、粉碎,得到小粉粒成品原料以及废液;
(2)将步骤(1)中取得的小粉粒成品原料进行烘干、炭化处理,得到半成品的燃料;
(3)将步骤(2)中取得的半成品燃料进行搅拌、料化、成型处理,得到成品燃料;
(4)将步骤(3)中取得的成品燃料在1000℃-1300℃条件下进行负压贫氧热解全气化,同时加入全气化剂,将大分子有机物彻底分解,得到以H2和CO为主的半成品合成燃气;
(5)对步骤(4)中取得的以H2和CO为主的半成品合成燃气进行净化调质,得到成品燃气;
(6)将经过存储并有压力的成品燃气送入燃气发电机进行发电,输出电力。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种垃圾和污泥全气化发电工艺,其特征在于所述步骤(1)中产生的废液在1000℃-1300℃条件下进行负压贫氧热解全气化反应,形成无害熔融玻璃化灰。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种垃圾和污泥全气化发电工艺,其特征在于所述步骤(6)中燃气发电机产生的尾气余热通过余热发电装置进行发电,输出电力。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种垃圾和污泥全气化发电工艺,其特征在于通过余热发电装置产生的尾气余热余热连接无氧高温脱水炭化器。
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