CN107732460A - Ka-band fully-polarized ultrathin frequency selective surface and antenna housing - Google Patents
Ka-band fully-polarized ultrathin frequency selective surface and antenna housing Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN107732460A CN107732460A CN201710888994.9A CN201710888994A CN107732460A CN 107732460 A CN107732460 A CN 107732460A CN 201710888994 A CN201710888994 A CN 201710888994A CN 107732460 A CN107732460 A CN 107732460A
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- Prior art keywords
- microcellular structure
- cycle
- antenna
- gaps
- gap
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
- H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
- H01Q15/0013—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/42—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
- H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
- H01Q15/0013—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective
- H01Q15/0026—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective said selective devices having a stacked geometry or having multiple layers
Landscapes
- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
- Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a Ka-band fully-polarized ultrathin frequency selective surface, which comprises a dielectric substrate and metal foil layers attached to the upper surface and the lower surface of the substrate; the metal foil layer of the upper/lower surface comprises an upper/lower periodic microcell structure which is periodically arranged; the unit structure is square and comprises three circular gaps, four metal short circuit gaps are loaded on the circular gaps at the outer side, and the metal short circuit gaps are uniformly distributed on the circular rings; the lower periodic microcell structure corresponds to the upper periodic microcell structure. Wherein. The invention also provides an antenna housing manufactured by adopting the surface, which can be covered in the radiation direction of an antenna system. The all-polarization ultrathin frequency selective surface radome can ensure that the antenna keeps good radiation characteristic in a frequency band of a Ka wave band from 33GHz to 37.5GHz, and can freely receive and transmit communication; meanwhile, the antenna has good out-of-band rejection performance outside the passband, so that the RCS of the antenna is reduced, and the stealth purpose of the antenna is realized.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to material and antenna house technical field, and in particular to a kind of ultra-thin frequency selection table of Ka wave bands complete polarization
Face and antenna house.
Background technology
Frequency-selective surfaces are a kind of artificial cycle materials.By to the several of the metal foil coated in medium substrate surface
What shape is designed to change the electromagnetic property of former medium substrate.By design, frequency-selective surfaces can be realized specific
Frequency range wave transparent and the function in other frequency ranges reflection incoming wave.These frequency-selective surfaces and antenna are combined, can be to day
Line realizes protection physically, plays a part of antenna house, and the radiance for improving antenna and the radar scattering for reducing antenna are cut
Face is stealthy etc. to realize;The reflecting surface in feed antenna working frequency range internal reflection electromagnetic wave, and feed antenna shape can also be made
Into reflector antenna.The frequency-selective surfaces of Ka wave bands are operated in because physical dimension is small, difficulty of processing is big and difficulty of test is big
The problems such as presence, to being designed with certain challenge.
At present, the achievement in research on some existing new Ka audio range frequencies selection surfaces comes out.When it is as antenna house,
In the working band of antenna, frequency-selective surfaces are transparent for antenna, do not influence the radiance of antenna or to day
The radiance of line influences very little;But beyond working band, the frequency-selective surfaces antenna house is by incident electromagnetic wave along incoming wave
Direction reflects back, and hinders electromagnetic wave to pass through.When its part as reflector antenna, the reflection of frequency-selective surfaces is special
Property is fully utilized again.The reflection of electromagnetic wave that reflecting surface emits feed is gone out, and forms plane electromagnetic wave simultaneously in space
By electromagnetic energy transfer to far field.But these achievements in research have certain weak point.Some Ka audio range frequencies selection surface for
Sandwich construction, thickness is big, and weight weight, section is not low, is not suitable for low profile antenna application platform.Though some frequency-selective surfaces
It is so frivolous, but it is not carried out complete polarization characteristic in Ka wave bands.Only when a certain specific direction polarization incident electromagnetic wave irradiates thereon
When, the pass-band performance of the frequency-selective surfaces just characterizes.Therefore prior art above has its limitation in application.
The content of the invention
Be difficult to that complete polarization, Out-of-band rejection are poor, thickness is big for existing Ka audio range frequencies selection skin antenna cover and
A kind of the defects of weight weight, there is provided ultra-thin frequency-selective surfaces antenna house of the complete polarization of only 0.5 millimeters thick.In 30GHz to 40GHz
In frequency band, the frequency-selective surfaces are high wave transmission rate passband from 33GHz to 37.5GHz, are more than 95% with interior wave transmission rate.When any
When the linear polarised electromagnetic wave of polarization is irradiated on the frequency-selective surfaces, its electromagnetic property is held essentially constant.It is real outside passband
- 20dB or so can be reached by surveying Out-of-band rejection.
Concrete technical scheme is as follows:A kind of ultra-thin frequency-selective surfaces of Ka wave bands complete polarization, including one piece by non-conductive material
Medium substrate made of material, and the metal foil layer in medium substrate upper and lower surface attachment;The gold of the upper surface
Belong to the microcellular structure of upper cycle that several horizontal and vertical periodic arrangements are included in layers of foil, wrapped on the metal foil layer of lower surface
Containing several horizontal and vertical periodic arrangement lower cycle microcellular structures;The geometry structure of the up/down cycle microcellular structure
Type is identical;
Upper cycle microcellular structure number is more than or equal to 20*20, lower cycle microcellular structure and upper cycle micro unit
Structure is corresponding.
By such scheme, microcellular structure of described upper cycle is square, including is corroded by circuit board machining process
The three circular gaps gone out, three annulus are donut, and the center of circle is the geometric center of microcellular structure of upper cycle;
Described microcellular structure of lower cycle is square, including three circular gaps, with upper cycle microcellular structure
Corresponding gap alignment.
By such scheme, can also be loaded on the maximum circular gap of internal diameter in the up/down cycle microcellular structure
Four short circuit metal gaps, four short circuit metal gaps are evenly distributed on annulus, and annulus is divided into isometric four sections.
By such scheme, the symmetrical centre in four short circuit metal gaps arrangement cycle microcellular structure over/under
In the X-axis and Y-axis of local coordinate system, wherein the origin of local coordinate system is in the geometry of the up/down cycle microcellular structure
The heart, X-axis are parallel with both sides adjacent in the up/down cycle microcellular structure respectively with Y-axis.
By such scheme, the symmetrical centre in four short circuit metal gaps is arranged in four quadrants of local coordinate system
On angular bisector, wherein the origin of local coordinate system is the geometric center of the up/down cycle microcellular structure, X-axis and Y-axis point
It is not parallel with both sides adjacent in the up/down cycle microcellular structure.
By such scheme, the length in the short circuit metal gap is 0.2~0.5 millimeter.
By such scheme, the inside radius in the circular gap in inner side is 1~1.2 milli in the up/down cycle microcellular structure
Rice, inside and outside semidiameter are 0.15~0.25 millimeter;The inside radius in middle circular gap is 1.4~1.6 millimeters, interior outer radius
Difference is 0.15~0.25 millimeter;The inside radius in outer annular shape gap is 1.8~2 millimeters, and inside and outside semidiameter is 0.15~0.25
Millimeter.
By such scheme, the thickness of the medium substrate is 0.5 millimeter, and the thickness of metal foil is 0.035 millimeter.
By such scheme, the length of side of the up/down cycle microcellular structure is 4~5 millimeters
By such scheme, metal foil layer can select goldleaf or silver foil or any material of copper foil in metal foil.
Present invention also offers a kind of antenna house, the antenna house includes the ultra-thin frequency selection of described Ka wave band complete polarizations
Surface, available for being located in the radiation direction of antenna system.
Using the invention has the advantages that:The ultra-thin frequency-selective surfaces antenna house of complete polarization can make day in the present invention
Line keeps good radiation characteristic in Ka wave bands in frequency band from 33GHz to 37.5GHz, can freely receive and dispatch communication;Meanwhile logical
Band has good Out-of-band rejection performance outside, makes the RCS of antenna reduce, and realizes the stealthy purpose of antenna.
Brief description of the drawings
In order to illustrate more clearly about the embodiment of the present invention or technical scheme of the prior art, below will be to embodiment or existing
There is the required accompanying drawing used in technology description to be briefly described, it should be apparent that, drawings in the following description are only this
Some embodiments of invention, for those of ordinary skill in the art, without having to pay creative labor, may be used also
To obtain other accompanying drawings according to these accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is the floor map of the ultra-thin frequency-selective surfaces of Ka wave bands complete polarization of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the schematic three dimensional views of up/down cycle microcellular structure in the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the geometric configuration one of up/down cycle microcellular structure in embodiment one;
Fig. 4 is the geometric configuration two of up/down cycle microcellular structure in embodiment one;
Fig. 5 is the geometric configuration three of up/down cycle microcellular structure in embodiment one;
Fig. 6 is the simulation result schematic diagram of the transmission coefficient of cellular construction shown in Fig. 3;
Fig. 7 is the simulation result schematic diagram of the transmission coefficient of cellular construction shown in Fig. 4;
Fig. 8 is the simulation result schematic diagram of the transmission coefficient of cellular construction shown in Fig. 5;
Fig. 9 is that TE ripples are with shown in different angle incidence Fig. 5 during cellular construction in embodiment one, the simulation result of transmission coefficient
Schematic diagram;
Figure 10 is that TM ripples are with shown in different angle incidence Fig. 5 during cellular construction in embodiment one, the emulation knot of transmission coefficient
Fruit schematic diagram;
Figure 11 is the experiment porch schematic diagram tested in embodiment two the frequency-selective surfaces antenna house;
Figure 12 is the transmission coefficient result figure that measures when incidence wave is TE ripple and TM ripple, incident angle is 0 degree;
Figure 13 is the transmission coefficient result figure that measures when TE ripples irradiate antenna house with different angle;
Figure 14 is the transmission system that measures when the distance between antenna house and standard horn reception antenna bore face d differences
Number.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in the embodiment of the present invention, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is carried out clear, complete
Site preparation describes, it is clear that described embodiment is only part of the embodiment of the present invention, rather than whole embodiments.It is based on
Embodiment in the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art are obtained every other under the premise of creative work is not made
Embodiment, belong to the scope of protection of the invention.
Embodiment one
As shown in figure 1, a kind of ultra-thin frequency-selective surfaces 10x of Ka wave bands complete polarization is provided in the present embodiment, including one
The medium substrate that block is made from a material that be electrically non-conductive, and the metal foil layer in medium substrate upper and lower surface attachment;Institute
State the microcellular structure 12x of upper cycle that several horizontal and vertical periodic arrangements are included on the metal foil layer of upper surface, following table
Several horizontal and vertical periodic arrangement lower cycles microcellular structure 13x are included on the metal foil layer in face;The cycle up and down
The geometric configuration of microcellular structure is identical;Lower cycle microcellular structure is corresponding with upper cycle microcellular structure.
As shown in Fig. 2 described up/down cycle microcellular structure 12x/13x is square, including processed by circuit board
Technique corrodes the three circular gaps, and three annulus are donut, and the center of circle is up/down cycle microcellular structure
Geometric center;
Three circular gap 14a, 15a and 16a are only included in Fig. 3 in up/down cycle microcellular structure.
Three circular gap 14b, 15b and 16b are included in Fig. 4 in up/down cycle microcellular structure.Wherein internal diameter is maximum
Outer annular shape gap 16b on be loaded with short circuit metal gap 161b, 162b, 163b and 164b.Four short circuit metal gaps
Symmetrical centre Ab, Bb, Cb and Db are respectively in X-axis, Y-axis, in-X-axis and-Y-axis.
Three circular gap 14c, 15c and 16c are included in Fig. 5 in up/down cycle microcellular structure.Wherein internal diameter is maximum
Outer annular shape gap 16c on be loaded with short circuit metal gap 161c, 162c, 163c and 164c.Four short circuit metal gaps
Center Ac, Bc, Cc and Dc are arranged on the angular bisector of four quadrants respectively.
The gap loading position is extremely important, directly determines that the periodic structure is quick to the polarised direction of the line polarization wave of incidence
Whether feel.If the symmetrical centre in short circuit metal gap is on Ab, Bb, Cb and Db position, then the transmission characteristic of the cellular construction
It is the sensitivity function of polarization.If the symmetrical centre in short circuit metal gap is on Ac, Bc, Cc and Dc position, then cellular construction
Transmission characteristic for polarization sensitivity function.
Non-conducting material in the present embodiment is using the RO4350 of Rogers companies, relative dielectric constant 3.66,
Loss angle tangent is 0.004.Metal foil layer selects goldleaf material.
Fig. 6~Fig. 8 is shown when line polarization wave distinguishes incident tri- kinds of cellular constructions of Fig. 3~Fig. 5, and emulation obtains three not
Same transmission curve.As shown in fig. 6, when inciding the first cellular construction shown in Fig. 3, in the frequency band from 30GHz to 40GHz
A wide passband is not formed.One narrower resonance frequency band is near 29GHz.Herein, S21@29GHz=-0.02dB.It is another
Individual resonance frequency band is near 36.8GHz.Herein, S21@36.8GHz=-0.2dB.
As shown in fig. 7, when inciding second of cellular construction shown in Fig. 4, formed in the frequency band from 30GHz to 40GHz
Single passband.Its 3dB passband is from 33GHz to 37.5GHz.But near 34.8GHz, there is a very deep pip will
Passband is divided into two parts.
As shown in figure 8, when inciding the third cellular construction shown in Fig. 5, formed in the frequency band from 30GHz to 40GHz
Single passband.Its 3dB passband is from 33GHz to 37.5GHz.Pip near 34.8GHz disappears.I.e. by four metals
Short-circuit gap 161b, 162b, 163b and 164b evolution are asked to 161c, 162c, 163c and 164c position, the pip
Topic is just improved.
Fig. 7~Fig. 8 shows that the short-circuit gap loading position is extremely important, directly determines the frequency-selective surfaces to entering
Whether is the polarised direction sensitivity for the line polarization wave penetrated.
As shown in figure 9, during the third cellular construction as shown in Figure 5 incident with different angle for horizontal polarized wave (i.e. TE ripples)
Transmission coefficient.When incidence angle is less than 30 °, its transmission coefficient is more than -0.5dB in the frequency band from 33GHz to 37.5GHz.
As shown in Figure 10, it is vertically polarized wave (i.e. TM ripples) with the third incident as shown in Figure 5 cellular construction of different angle
When transmission coefficient.When incidence angle is less than 45 °, its transmission coefficient is more than -0.5dB in the frequency band from 33GHz to 37.5GHz.
When incidence angle is equal to 60 °, occurs a deeper pip near 35.4GHz, passband is divided into two parts.
Embodiment two
Present embodiments provide a kind of antenna house made of the ultra-thin frequency-selective surfaces of the Ka wave bands complete polarization.The frequency
Rate selection surface is using the third cellular construction as shown in Figure 5.The length of side of cellular construction is 4mm.The antenna house is including 625 just
Square unit structure, its size are 100mm × 100mm × 0.5mm.The medium substrate of the antenna house uses Rogers companies
Sheet material, dielectric constant 3.66, loss angle tangent 0.004, thickness be 0.5 millimeter.
Figure 11 show the test platform tested the frequency-selective surfaces antenna house.Test platform includes one
Flat plane antenna cover 2, two Ka wave bands standard horn antennas 31,32, and the vector network analyzer 4 being connected with the antenna.
The working band of two Ka wave bands standard horn antennas 31,32 is 26.5GHz to 40GHz.Wherein 31 be transmitting antenna, and 32 be to connect
Antenna is received, 31 and 32 are connected with two ports of vector network analyzer 4 respectively.Two antennas are by the sensing pair of greatest irradiation direction
Side.Assuming that antenna house can rotate around the centre symmetry line of itself vertical direction, angle, θ is defined to mark the anglec of rotation of antenna house
Degree, when θ=0 °, represents that the plane of antenna house is parallel with the bore face of reception antenna 32.When flat plane antenna cover 2 is around center pair
When claiming line rotation, θ angles change.It is d to define the distance between bore face of antenna house and reception antenna 32 in addition, d value
Represent when the plane of antenna house and the parallel bore face of reception antenna 32, the distance between described two planes.
Figure 12 is that the polarization of two electromagnetic horns is arranged into horizontal polarized wave (TE ripples) simultaneously or is arranged to simultaneously vertical
During polarized wave (TM ripples), irradiate the frequency-selective surfaces antenna house and obtain its transmission coefficient.Two kinds of polarized waves impinge perpendicularly on
On antenna house flat board, i.e. 0 ° of incidence angle θ=.Now, the 3dB passbands measured are from 33GHz to 37.5GHz.
Figure 13 surveys when two electromagnetic horns are arranged into horizontal polarized wave (TE ripples), to change the incident angle θ of incidence wave
The transmission coefficient obtained.Incident angle θ is respectively 0 °, 15 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 °.From the figure, it can be seen that work as incidence angle θ≤30 °
When, transmission coefficient is all higher than -3dB.When incidence angle θ >=45 °, the transmission coefficient in passband is deteriorated.Simulation result in Fig. 8 and
The difference between test result in Figure 12 is mainly as caused by boundary condition difference.With Frequency Simulation Software simulation unit knot
During structure, its boundary condition is master/slave boundary condition.When actually measuring, the border of whole frequency-selective surfaces antenna house is wrapped up
Condition is open free space.
Figure 14 is antenna house plane and reception electromagnetic horn mouth when horizontal polarized wave (TE ripples) vertical incidence (θ=0 °)
Between diametric plane spacing under different conditions, the transmission coefficient measured.Antenna house plane is parallel with receiving electromagnetic horn bore face.Its
In, d=0mm represents that antenna house plane directly fits together with reception electromagnetic horn bore face.It is seen from figure 14 that between
During away from changing, transmission coefficient change is little, therefore transmission coefficient is not the sensitivity function of spacing.In order to reduce antenna house-antenna
The size of integral structure, the integral structure of low section is formed, antenna house can be placed directly against to the bore of electromagnetic horn completely
On face.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of ultra-thin frequency-selective surfaces of Ka wave bands complete polarization, including one piece of medium substrate being made from a material that be electrically non-conductive, and
In the metal foil layer of medium substrate upper and lower surface attachment;Several transverse directions are included on the metal foil layer of the upper surface
With the microcellular structure of upper cycle of longitudinal direction periodic arrangement, several horizontal and vertical weeks are included on the metal foil layer of lower surface
Phase property arrangement microcellular structure of lower cycle;The geometric configuration of the up/down cycle microcellular structure is identical;
Upper cycle microcellular structure number is more than or equal to 20*20, lower cycle microcellular structure and upper cycle microcellular structure
It is corresponding;
The microcellular structure of upper cycle is square, including three circular gaps, three annulus are donut, circle
The heart is the geometric center of microcellular structure of upper cycle;
Described microcellular structure of lower cycle is square, including three circular gaps are corresponding with upper cycle microcellular structure
Gap alignment;
Four short circuit metal seams can also be loaded in the up/down cycle microcellular structure on the maximum circular gap of internal diameter
Gap, four short circuit metal gaps are evenly distributed on annulus, and annulus is divided into isometric four sections.
2. surface as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the symmetrical centre in four short circuit metal gaps is arranged in office
In the X-axis and Y-axis of portion's coordinate system, wherein the origin of local coordinate system is the geometric center of the up/down cycle microcellular structure,
X-axis is parallel with both sides adjacent in the up/down cycle microcellular structure respectively with Y-axis.
3. surface as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the symmetrical centre in four short circuit metal gaps is arranged in office
On the angular bisector of four quadrants of portion's coordinate system, wherein the origin of local coordinate system is the up/down cycle microcellular structure
Geometric center, X-axis is parallel with both sides adjacent in the up/down cycle microcellular structure respectively with Y-axis.
4. surface as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the length in the short circuit metal gap is 0.2~0.5 millimeter.
5. surface as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the circular seam in inner side in the up/down cycle microcellular structure
The inside radius of gap is 1~1.2 millimeter, and inside and outside semidiameter is 0.15~0.25 millimeter;The inside radius in middle circular gap is
1.4~1.6 millimeters, inside and outside semidiameter is 0.15~0.25 millimeter;The inside radius in outer annular shape gap is 1.8~2 millimeters, interior
Outer radius difference is 0.15~0.25 millimeter.
6. surface as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the thickness of the medium substrate is 0.5 millimeter, the thickness of metal foil
Spend for 0.035 millimeter.
7. surface as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that the length of side of the up/down cycle microcellular structure is 4~5 millis
Rice.
8. surface as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that metal foil layer can select goldleaf or silver foil or copper foil.
9. a kind of antenna house, including the ultra-thin frequency-selective surfaces of Ka wave band complete polarizations as described in claim 1~8, the day
Irdome is located in the radiation direction of antenna system.
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CN201710888994.9A CN107732460A (en) | 2017-09-27 | 2017-09-27 | Ka-band fully-polarized ultrathin frequency selective surface and antenna housing |
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CN201710888994.9A CN107732460A (en) | 2017-09-27 | 2017-09-27 | Ka-band fully-polarized ultrathin frequency selective surface and antenna housing |
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN109216931A (en) * | 2018-08-31 | 2019-01-15 | 西安电子科技大学 | Miniaturization low section frequency-selective surfaces based on nested curved structure |
CN111106428A (en) * | 2018-10-26 | 2020-05-05 | 启碁科技股份有限公司 | Antenna structure and electronic device |
CN111900538A (en) * | 2020-08-17 | 2020-11-06 | 上海交通大学 | Ka-band satellite communication antenna housing |
CN112838375A (en) * | 2021-01-04 | 2021-05-25 | 北京环境特性研究所 | Frequency selection structure for X, Ku dual-band transmission |
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CN200986957Y (en) * | 2006-12-12 | 2007-12-05 | 吉林大学 | Dual-bandpass frequency selecting surface film |
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109216931A (en) * | 2018-08-31 | 2019-01-15 | 西安电子科技大学 | Miniaturization low section frequency-selective surfaces based on nested curved structure |
CN111106428A (en) * | 2018-10-26 | 2020-05-05 | 启碁科技股份有限公司 | Antenna structure and electronic device |
CN111900538A (en) * | 2020-08-17 | 2020-11-06 | 上海交通大学 | Ka-band satellite communication antenna housing |
CN112838375A (en) * | 2021-01-04 | 2021-05-25 | 北京环境特性研究所 | Frequency selection structure for X, Ku dual-band transmission |
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