CN107708974A - 将第二物体固定至第一物体 - Google Patents

将第二物体固定至第一物体 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107708974A
CN107708974A CN201680033933.8A CN201680033933A CN107708974A CN 107708974 A CN107708974 A CN 107708974A CN 201680033933 A CN201680033933 A CN 201680033933A CN 107708974 A CN107708974 A CN 107708974A
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China
Prior art keywords
connector
section
opening
foregoing
prominent
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CN201680033933.8A
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English (en)
Inventor
J·迈耶
J·奎斯特
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Woodwelding AG
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Woodwelding AG
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Publication of CN107708974A publication Critical patent/CN107708974A/zh
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/06Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using friction, e.g. spin welding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/08Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using ultrasonic vibrations
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/60Riveting or staking
    • B29C65/601Riveting or staking using extra riveting elements, i.e. the rivets being non-integral with the parts to be joined
    • B29C65/603Riveting or staking using extra riveting elements, i.e. the rivets being non-integral with the parts to be joined the rivets being pushed in blind holes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/02Preparation of the material, in the area to be joined, prior to joining or welding
    • B29C66/022Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping
    • B29C66/0222Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping without removal of material, e.g. cleaning by air blowing or using brushes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/02Preparation of the material, in the area to be joined, prior to joining or welding
    • B29C66/022Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping
    • B29C66/0224Mechanical pre-treatments, e.g. reshaping with removal of material
    • B29C66/02241Cutting, e.g. by using waterjets, or sawing
    • B29C66/02242Perforating or boring
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112Single lapped joints
    • B29C66/1122Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/302Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators
    • B29C66/3022Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators said melt initiators being integral with at least one of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/303Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect
    • B29C66/3032Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30321Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of protrusions belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/303Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect
    • B29C66/3032Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30325Particular design of joint configurations the joint involving an anchoring effect making use of protrusions or cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined making use of cavities belonging to at least one of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/472Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces said single elements being substantially flat
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/474Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces said single elements being substantially non-flat
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/71General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721Fibre-reinforced materials
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/723General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being multi-layered
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/725General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being hollow-walled or honeycombs
    • B29C66/7252General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being hollow-walled or honeycombs hollow-walled
    • B29C66/72525General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being hollow-walled or honeycombs hollow-walled comprising honeycomb cores
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/725General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being hollow-walled or honeycombs
    • B29C66/7254General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being hollow-walled or honeycombs honeycomb structures
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/727General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being porous, e.g. foam
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/74Joining plastics material to non-plastics material
    • B29C66/742Joining plastics material to non-plastics material to metals or their alloys
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/814General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8141General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/81427General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined comprising a single ridge, e.g. for making a weakening line; comprising a single tooth
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/83General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/832Reciprocating joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/8322Joining or pressing tools reciprocating along one axis
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/92Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools
    • B29C66/924Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools
    • B29C66/9241Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force or the mechanical power
    • B29C66/92441Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force or the mechanical power the pressure, the force or the mechanical power being non-constant over time
    • B29C66/92443Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force or the mechanical power the pressure, the force or the mechanical power being non-constant over time following a pressure-time profile
    • B29C66/92445Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools by controlling or regulating the pressure, the force or the mechanical power the pressure, the force or the mechanical power being non-constant over time following a pressure-time profile by steps
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/92Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools
    • B29C66/929Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools characterized by specific pressure, force, mechanical power or displacement values or ranges
    • B29C66/9292Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools characterized by specific pressure, force, mechanical power or displacement values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. pressure diagrams
    • B29C66/92921Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the pressure, the force, the mechanical power or the displacement of the joining tools characterized by specific pressure, force, mechanical power or displacement values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. pressure diagrams in specific relation to time, e.g. pressure-time diagrams
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/95Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94
    • B29C66/951Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94 by measuring or controlling the vibration frequency and/or the vibration amplitude of vibrating joining tools, e.g. of ultrasonic welding tools
    • B29C66/9517Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94 by measuring or controlling the vibration frequency and/or the vibration amplitude of vibrating joining tools, e.g. of ultrasonic welding tools characterised by specific vibration amplitude values or ranges
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16BDEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B3/00Key-type connections; Keys
    • F16B3/005Key-type connections; Keys the key being formed by solidification of injected material
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16BDEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B5/00Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them
    • F16B5/01Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them by means of fastening elements specially adapted for honeycomb panels
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16BDEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B5/00Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them
    • F16B5/04Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them by means of riveting
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2793/00Shaping techniques involving a cutting or machining operation
    • B29C2793/0045Perforating
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/74Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by welding and severing, or by joining and severing, the severing being performed in the area to be joined, next to the area to be joined, in the joint area or next to the joint area
    • B29C65/743Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by welding and severing, or by joining and severing, the severing being performed in the area to be joined, next to the area to be joined, in the joint area or next to the joint area using the same tool for both joining and severing, said tool being monobloc or formed by several parts mounted together and forming a monobloc
    • B29C65/7437Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by welding and severing, or by joining and severing, the severing being performed in the area to be joined, next to the area to be joined, in the joint area or next to the joint area using the same tool for both joining and severing, said tool being monobloc or formed by several parts mounted together and forming a monobloc the tool being a perforating tool
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721Fibre-reinforced materials
    • B29C66/7212Fibre-reinforced materials characterised by the composition of the fibres
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2101/00Use of unspecified macromolecular compounds as moulding material
    • B29K2101/12Thermoplastic materials
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/25Solid
    • B29K2105/253Preform
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29LINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2009/00Layered products
    • B29L2009/003Layered products comprising a metal layer
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29LINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/30Vehicles, e.g. ships or aircraft, or body parts thereof
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16BDEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B17/00Connecting constructional elements or machine parts by a part of or on one member entering a hole in the other and involving plastic deformation
    • F16B17/008Connecting constructional elements or machine parts by a part of or on one member entering a hole in the other and involving plastic deformation of sheets or plates mutually

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Standing Axle, Rod, Or Tube Structures Coupled By Welding, Adhesion, Or Deposition (AREA)
  • Connection Of Plates (AREA)

Abstract

一种将第二物体固定至第一物体的方法,该方法包括步骤:提供包括附接面的第一物体;提供具有基本平坦片部的第二物体;提供连接器,所述连接器包括固态的热塑性材料;将所述第二物体相对于所述第一物体放置使得所述片部贴靠所述附接面并且所述片部的突出部段延伸进入所述第一物体的开口,所述开口具有在所述附接面中的口部,所述突出部段延伸穿过所述口部进入所述开口;当所述突出部段延伸进入所述开口,向所述连接器施加能量,同时所述连接器被相对于所述第一和第二物体放置且延伸穿过所述口部进入所述开口直到所述热塑性材料的流动部变为可流动的并且相对于所述第一物体和所述突出部段流动;和使所述流动部重新固化;其中所述重新固化的流动部将所述突出部段相对于所述开口锁定。

Description

将第二物体固定至第一物体
技术领域
本发明涉及机械工程和制造领域,特别是机械制造,例如汽车工程、飞行器制造、造船、机械制造、玩具制造等。特别涉及将第二物体机械地固定至第一物体的方法。
背景技术
在汽车、航空和其它行业中,已经倾向于弃用钢结构而使用轻型材料,比如铝或镁金属片或聚合物、比如碳纤维增强聚合物或玻璃纤维增强聚合物或未增强的聚合物,例如聚酯、聚碳酸酯等来代替。
这些新型建筑材料元件的一个实例是包括两个外部的相当薄的结构层以及布置在结构层之间的中间层(内衬层)的轻型结构元件,该结构层例如由纤维复合材料(比如玻璃纤维复合材料或碳纤维复合材料)、金属片材制成,或者根据行业由纤维板制成,该中间层例如是纸板蜂窝结构或轻型金属泡沫或聚合物泡沫或陶瓷泡沫等,或分开的距离保持器的结构。这种轻型结构元件可以称为“夹层板”,并且有时被称为“中空芯板(HCB)”,它们机械稳定并且看起来很舒适,而且具有相对低的重量。
这些新材料在结合这些材料的元件方面,尤其是将稍平的物体结合至另一物体方面带来了新的挑战。在汽车、航空、造船和其它行业中,用于此的实例是将增强件(“纵梁”等)结合至稍平的夹层板结构。
为了应对这些挑战,汽车、航空和其它行业已经开始大量使用粘合剂结合。粘合剂结合可以轻而坚固,但是存在不能长期控制可靠性的缺点,因为几乎不可能在没有完全破坏该结合的情况下检测到例如由于脆化的粘合剂而导致的弱化的粘合剂结合。此外,粘合剂结合可能导致制造成本的上升,这是由于材料成本以及由于缓慢的硬化过程而导致的制造过程中的延迟,特别是如果彼此待连接的表面具有一定的粗糙度,并且由此导致不能使用快速硬化的薄层粘合剂。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种将第二物体机械地固定至第一物体的方法,该方法克服了现有技术方法的缺点。尤其是,本发明的目的在于提供一种将第二物体机械地固定至第一物体的方法,以产生尤其是对抗剪切力且机械稳定的机械结合使得该方法适用于将增强件固定至平面物体。此外,本发明的目的是提供一种将第二物体机械地固定至第一物体的方法,该方法具有成本低、高效且快速的优势。
根据本发明的一个方面,提供一种将第二物体机械地固定至第一物体的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
-提供包括附接面的第一物体;
-提供具有基本平坦片部的第二物体;
-提供连接器,所述连接器包括固态的热塑性材料;
-将所述第二物体相对于所述第一物体放置使得所述片部贴靠所述附接面且所述片部的突出部段延伸入所述第一物体的开口,所述开口具有在所述附接面中的口部,该突出部段延伸穿过所述口部进入所述开口;
-当所述突出部段延伸进入所述开口时,在所述连接器被相对于所述第一和第二物体放置且延伸穿过所述口部进入所述开口情况下向所述连接器施加能量,直到所述热塑性材料的流动部变为可流动的并且相对于所述第一物体和所述突出部段流动;和
-使所述流动部重新固化;
-其中所述重新固化的流动部将所述突出部段相对于所述开口锁定。
突出部段延伸入开口这一事实可通过最初提供具有突出部段的第二物体并将第二物体相对于第一物体放置、使得突出部段突入预制的开口中造成。或者,突出部段还可以通过使第二物体相应地变形而在现场制作,同时也已经开始施加能量。在这两种情况下,都存在这样的选项,即第一物体中的开口是预制的或第一物体中的开口是通过将突出部段按压入第一物体的材料中所产生的。
在大多数实施例中,在使向连接器施加能量的步骤中,按压力将被施加至连接器。借由也将能量(如果该能量是机械振动能)耦合输入连接器的超声焊头,该按压力可以直接地或间接地被耦合输入至连接器。按压力连同变为可流动的流动部以及可能连同机械变形(参见下文)一起可使施加按压力的工具(即在机械振动实例中的超声焊头)向前/向远侧运动。向前/向远侧运动将使连接器的与工具接触的至少部分相应地向前/向远侧运动。
在实施例中,该方法包括在能量输入已经停止后将按压力保持一段时间,直到流动部已经充分重新固化。
片部可直接地贴靠至附接面并且与其物理接触。或者,其它部分(比如薄片或薄膜)可被放置在附接面和片部之间。
第一物体可包括形成附接面的由尺寸稳定材料(如金属片、复合材料等)制成的结构层和内衬层或其远侧的空的空间。(在此的内衬层由密度和/或机械强度例如明显低于结构层的密度/机械强度的材料形成)。
在放置步骤之后,该突出部段延伸进入开口并穿过第一(近侧)结构层。在流动步骤中流动部在结构层的部分下方流动。尤其是,第一物体可以是此前讨论过的类型的夹层板。
或者,第一物体可由结构层构成并且例如是金属片物体。甚至可能用结构层和下方相当软的夹层进一步替代方案。
尤其是,如果第一物体由结构层构成,或者如果结构层另外包括延性材料,该方法还可包括使结构层的一部分变形以产生第一物体突出部段,该第一物体突出部段从结构层片表面向远侧突出。尤其是,这样的变形可连同产生(第二物体)突出部段的变形一起发生。
附接面限定出第一物体的附接表面。附接表面可以是平面但也可具有其它形状。例如它可以是弯曲的或具有台阶或相似结构。在环绕开口的口部区域中,它可限定出连续表面,从而在施加能量的步骤期间突出部段和连接器都延伸穿过该表面,且在流动部已经重新固化之后仍然如此。
该方法可包括在相对于第一物体放置第二物体的步骤之前,在第一物体中制造开口(例如,通过冲压、钻孔等)的其它步骤。或者,开口可以是无论如何存在于第一物体中或已经在制造过程中设置好的开口。根据又一个其它替代方案,开口可以通过将第二物体相对于第一物体放置和/或将连接器相对于物体放置而造成,其中在该步骤中,例如第一物体和/或连接器的结构包括相应形状的尖端或刃等,并且该步骤包括施加按压力。这可在施加能量之前或与之同时或二者皆有时完成。
不同的替代方案的组合是可能的,例如通过在第一步骤中在第一物体中冲出弯曲或成角度的冲压线,然后通过第二物体和/或连接器使第一物体的最上层的冲出部段变形以产生开口。
第二物体可以是具有平坦的片部的任何物体。在此“片部”并非意味着必然均匀的厚度。在大多数实施例中,片部将在一个区域中具有限定出的远侧面(在该加工过程中,其贴靠附接面,其间可能有其它物体)和限定出的例如平行的近侧面,以便限定出片部表面,突出部段延伸远离片部表面至远侧并且留下用于连接器的开口(第二物体开口)以使连接器从第二物体的近侧到达远侧并进入第一物体的开口。
在此,突出部段被布置在第二物体开口的附近并且垂直于片部表面突出、突入开口中,使得在连接器从近侧足够深地插入开口时,它将与突出部段(直接或可能间接地)物理接触。在实施例中,在使热塑性材料的流动部变为可流动的步骤中,由于在突出部段和热塑性材料之间产生的热,流动部或其部分可变为可流动的。如果施加的能量是机械能(比如机械振动能),并且产生的热是摩擦热,这尤其适用。
突出部段可以是已变形的部段。这样的已变形的部段可以通过使片部的相应部分变形来形成,例如通过形成切口(例如通过冲压)以及弯曲或其它变形,因此从片部已最初存在的位置留下第二元件开口。在此,已变形的部段仍可与片部是一体的。
尤其是作为已变形的部段的突出部段可由与片部相同的金属片材料制成。
第二物体尤其是其已变形的部段可包括导能结构。例如,已变形的部段可包括朝近侧弯曲的导能部,使得连接器在与已变形的部段接触时首先被压靠至导能部。
导能部也可用作导流元件。导流元件可用于以有针对性的方式分配流动部的流动。由此,例如当组件在使用时可有针对性地增强进入可预期的高负载区域中的流动。另外或作为替代,如果要被流动部渗透的材料部的强度在各个方向是不等的,那么导流结构可影响流动,使得它不仅仅沿阻力尤其小的各个方向流动(而是例如以均衡的方式发生)。
导流元件(导流器)可通过导能部(能量定向器)形成和/或可通过不具有任何明显的导能性能的单独结构形成。
导流器可包括以下中的一个或其组合:
-防止特定横向方向的流动但是不妨碍另一横向方向的流动的结构。例如,第一物体可以形成多个窗(开口),流动部通过它可横向/径向地流动远离插入轴线,用于不同方向的窗具有相同或不同的尺寸。或者第二物体可形成防止沿一个方向流动但能够沿对向方向(参见例如后文所述的图6a和图13)流动的壁。
-从变形部段的基部延伸的突出部,在该加工过程期间,连接器的远端被朝向近侧压靠该基部至少大致到与外流通道的轴位置相对应的轴位置(参见例如后文所述的图19或图21)。
使流动部流动的步骤可包括使突出部段的至少部分嵌入流动部的材料中。嵌入不一定意味着完全环绕流动部。相反,重新固化之后的流动部将至少在某种程度上形成突出部段的的变形(返回)。作用是当剪切力作用于第一和第二物体之间的连接上时,突出部段将防止相应的运动,并且将通过突出部段防止热塑性材料泄出。
根据本发明方法的效果是所获得的连接提供了抵抗作用在第一和第二物体上的轴向相对力(抵抗试图将它们推开的力)的一定的阻力并且提供了抵抗作用在第一和第二物体之间的剪切力的很强的阻力,这是因为连接器的材料阻碍突出部段的回到其初始位置的任何弯曲。即使连接器的热塑性材料本身可具有有限的机械强度,由于第一物体(或由突出部段渗透的结构层)和第二物体的材料的固有强度并且由于这些材料在得到的构造中被互锁的事实,抵抗这样的剪切力的阻力可以很强(在相对力的平面内)。
在实施例中,作为已变形的部段的突出部段可包括一个或多个弯离片部表面的凸片或可包括闭合弓。
代替作为已变形的部段,突出部段可被构造成其它,例如通过在铸造过程中直接从片部从头开始突出而制成。
连接器包括热塑性材料。在实施例中,连接器由热塑性材料构成。
在其它实施例中,连接器除热塑性材料外本身还包括不可液化材料。
在具有不可液化本体的实施例中,该不可液化材料的本体不同于仅是大量颗粒的填料,而是具有限定位置和取向且具有例如连接器体积的至少10%的相当大尺寸的宏观本体,和/或在任何尺寸上具有至少0.1mm的特征尺寸。尤其是,该本体可以是由金属或陶瓷制成。尤其是该本体可以是如具有限定的形状,并且由此给连接器增加了刚度。通过该本体,连接器被限定出至少两个空间分离的区域,即本体区和热塑性塑料区。
这样的不可液化材料的本体可承载用于其它功能的结构,比如螺纹、其它机械连接、接触或穿通等。
在实施例中,本体具有在横向表面上带有至少一个锁定特征的表面,在其嵌入的热塑性材料内,该锁定特征与本体的热塑性材料配合以稳定本体的相对位置。
在实施例中,除了热塑性材料,连接器还包括不可液化材料,热塑性材料至少可布置在与突出部段和/或第一物体的口部相接触的表面部处。或者,热塑性材料可被布置在内部或在内部是可布置的,并且本体可包括窗孔,热塑性材料穿过该窗孔可被按压出以与突出部段接触。
在实施例中,在将能量耦合输入连接器的过程期间和之后,连接器从其近侧延伸穿过第二物体的片部的平面。尤其是,它可延伸穿过片部和附接面之间的剪切面。假如连接器具有不可液化材料的本体(比如芯部),本体可被布置成延伸穿过片部的平面和/或穿过剪切面。
尤其是,连接器可包括近侧头部,其面向远侧的抵接面在围绕突出部段的区域中抵靠片部。
另外或作为替代,连接器可包括台阶部或锥部特征,其中当将连接器推入第二和第一物体中的对准的开口时,台阶部或锥部特征与突出部段接触并且遭阻止抗连接器的进一步推进的物理阻力。在此,至少台阶部或锥部可包括热塑性材料。
此外,如果第一物体包括夹层板,在使能量撞击连接器的步骤期间,连接器的远端可被推抵第二(远侧)结构层的内表面。然后,流动部的部分可处于远端,并且这可在远侧结构层的结构和/或紧邻其近侧的结构中产生连接器的附加锚固。
作为又一替代方案,在向连接器施加能量的步骤中,连接器的远端可被推抵突出部段以使热塑性材料变得可流动。然后,至少连接器的远端包括热塑性材料。
通常,连接器可基本上是销形或螺栓形(即具有轴杆部),具有提及的可选的头部和/或台阶部/锥部。然后,使连接器的轴线大致垂直于片材部和附接面延伸。然而,连接器不一定具有圆形的横截面。相反,它可具有不同的形状,例如细长形、多边形、T形、H形、U形等。
或者,连接器可具有带有基本平坦的面向远侧的抵接面的主体(在上述意义上可用作头部),和从该主体向远侧突出的突出部。在该过程期间,突出部延伸穿过口部进入开口。面向远侧的抵接面可用作由按压力引起的连接器相对于第一物体的运动的止挡面。在该过程之后,抵接面可在突出部段的周围区域中抵接片部。
在一组实施例中,连接器被设置为包括热塑性片部,连接器的该热塑性片部延伸穿过口部进入现场制成(通过按压力的作用使片部变形,同时片部贴靠至第二物体和/或第一物体)的开口中。当使片部变形的按压力作用时,可以施加能量(例如机械振动能)。
在这些实施例的子组中,连接器和第二物体被设置为一个单元件。
施加至连接器的能量可以是机械能,比如机械振动能。为此,连接器可具有近侧的、面向近侧的耦合输入面,其在施加能量的步骤期间与振动的物体(即超声焊头)配合。
流动部的液化在此主要是由振动的第二物体和第一物体表面之间的摩擦造成的,该摩擦对第一物体进行表面地加热。
在一组实施例中,连接器和/或连接器压靠的第二和/或第一物体的部分在按压和振动期间与第一物体直接接触的表面上包括用作为能量定向器的结构比如刃或尖端,例如在超声波焊接中或在比如WO98/42988或WO00/79137或WO2008/080238中描述的“Woodwelding”工艺中已知的能量定向器。
为了将机械振动耦合输入连接器中,连接器可包括耦合输入结构。这样的耦合输入结构可以是用于作为工具的单独的超声焊头的耦合输入面,尤其是由最近侧端面构成的、带有或不带有导向结构(如用于工具的相应突出部的导向孔)的耦合输入面。在替代的实施例中,耦合输入结构可包括将第二物体直接耦合至振动发生装置的接合,该振动发生装置于是用作将振动耦合输入连接器的工具。这样的接合可以例如是螺纹或卡口接合等。因此在这些实施例中,第二物体同时是被耦合至振动发生装置的超声焊头。
不排除其它形式的能量,例如经连接器耦合输入并在第二和/或第一物体的界面处被吸收的辐射能。
第一和第二物体是广义上的结构部件(结构元件),即在机械工程和机械制造的任一领域中使用的元件,例如汽车工程、飞行器制造、造船、建筑施工、机械制造、玩具制造等。通常,第一和第二物体以及连接器将全部是人造的人工物体。因此,不排除在第一和/或第二物体中使用天然材料比如木质材料。尤其是,第二物体可以是“纵梁”或其它机械地加强第一物体的加强件(或反之亦然)。
热塑性材料的流动部是热塑性材料的一部分,该部分在该加工过程中由于机械振动的影响而被液化并流动。流动部不必是一件式的,而是可以包括例如在连接器的远端处和更远侧的位置处彼此分离的部分。
为了对按压力施加反作用力,第一物体可抵靠支撑件(例如非振动支撑件)放置。根据第一选项,这样的支撑件可包括支撑表面,该支撑表面与连接器压靠的点面对面,即该点的远侧。该第一选项可以是有利的,因为即使在第一物体本身不具有足够稳定性来不明显变形甚至不屈服地承受按压力时也可实施结合。然而,根据第二选项,第一物体的远侧可例如通过沿着横向侧或类似方式保持第一物体而外露。第二选项具有的优点在于如果第二物体没有到达远侧,远侧表面将不被加载并将不受影响。
在实施例中,第一物体抵着支撑件放置,在第一物体和支撑件之间没有弹性或易弯曲的元件,使得支撑件刚性地支撑第一物体。
在一组实施例中,第一物体包括可被热塑性材料渗透的材料的一部分。其中,在使流动部流动的步骤中包括使流动部的材料透入可渗透部,借以在重新固化之后,获得连接器和第一物体之间的形状配合连接。
至少在根据本发明的方法的条件下,适用于此的可渗透材料是固态的。它还包括(实际的或潜在的)空间,液化后的材料可以流动或被压入其中以用于锚固。它例如可以是纤维的或多孔的或包括例如是通过适当的加工或涂层(实际的穿透空间)制造的可渗透的表面结构。或者,可穿透材料能够在液化的热塑性材料的静水压力下形成这种空间,这意味着当在环境条件下它可能不可穿透或仅到达非常小的程度。该性能(具有潜在的穿透空间)意味着例如在机械阻力方面的不均匀性。具有该性能的材料的实例是多孔材料,其孔可由被迫离开孔的材料、软材料和硬材料的复合材料或异质材料所填充,其中,组分之间的界面粘附小于由渗透的液化后的材料所施加的力。因此,通常可穿透材料在结构方面(“空的”空间,比如孔、空腔等)或材料组分(可移位材料或可分离材料)方面包含不均匀性。
在具有玻璃纤维复合结构层以及位于它们之间的内衬层的夹层板的实例中,可渗透材料可例如由结构层与内衬层之间的发泡粘合剂比如PU粘合剂构成,和/或由本身可包括空间/孔的内衬层构成。
在本文中,表述“能够例如通过机械振动使其流动的热塑性材料”或简称“可液化的热塑性材料”或“可液化的材料”或“热塑性材料”用于描述包括至少一种热塑性组分的材料,当加热时(特别是当通过摩擦加热时),即当布置在彼此接触并且相对于彼此振动地运动的一对表面(接触面)中的一个表面上时,该材料变成液体(可流动的),其中振动的频率具有如上文论及的性能。在某些情况下,例如如果第一物体本身必须带有大量的负载,那么如果材料的弹性系数大于0.5GPa可能是有利的。在其它实施例中,由于第一物体热塑性材料的振动传导性能在该过程中不起作用,所以弹性系数可能低于该值。
热塑性材料在汽车和航空行业中是众所周知的。对于根据本发明的方法,可以使用特别适用于这些行业的已知的热塑性材料。
适用于根据本发明方法的热塑性材料在室温下(或在该方法实施的温度下)是固态的。它优选包括聚合相(特别是基于C、P、S或Si链),其在临界温度范围以上(例如通过熔融)从固态转变成液态的或可流动的,并且当再次冷却到临界温度范围以下(例如通过结晶)时重新转变成固体,借此固相的粘度比液相的粘度高几个数量级(至少三个数量级)。热塑性材料通常将包括不是共价交联或交联的聚合物组分,交联键在加热至或高于熔融温度范围时可逆地打开。聚合物材料还可以包括填料,例如纤维或颗粒材料,其不具有热塑性或具有包括明显高于基础聚合物的熔融温度范围的熔融温度范围的热塑性。
在本文中,通常“不可液化的”材料是在加工过程中达到的温度、因此特别是在连接器的热塑性材料液化的温度下不会液化的材料。这不排除不可液化的材料在过程中未达到的温度下能够液化的可能性,该温度通常远高于热塑性材料的液化温度或者在过程中热塑性材料被液化的温度(例如至少80℃)。液化温度是结晶聚合物的熔融温度。对于非晶态热塑性塑料,液化温度(本文中也称为“熔融温度”)是高于玻璃化转变温度的温度,在此温度,热塑性材料变成充分可流动的,有时称为“流动温度”(有时定义为可能挤出的最低温度),例如热塑性材料的粘度在此温度降至低于104Pa*s(在实施例中,特别是基本上不含纤维增强的聚合物,低于103Pa*s)。
例如,不可液化材料可以是金属比如铝或钢,木材或硬塑料,例如增强的或未增强的热固性聚合物或增强的或未增强的热塑性材料,其具有相当高于可液化部分的熔融温度/玻璃化转变温度的熔融温度,例如具有至少高出50℃或80℃或100℃的熔融温度和/或玻璃化转变温度。
热塑性材料的具体实施例是:聚醚酮(PEEK),聚酯比如聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)或聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET),聚醚酰亚胺,聚酰胺例如聚酰胺12、聚酰胺11、聚酰胺6或聚酰胺66,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA),聚甲醛或聚碳酸酯聚氨酯,聚碳酸酯或聚酯碳酸酯,或丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯(ABS),丙烯酸酯-苯乙烯-丙烯腈(ASA),苯乙烯-丙烯腈,聚氯乙烯,聚乙烯,聚丙烯和聚苯乙烯,或这些的共聚物或混合物。
除了热塑性聚合物之外,热塑性材料也可包括合适的填料,例如增强纤维,比如玻璃纤维和/或碳纤维。纤维可以是短纤维。长纤维或连续纤维可以特别用于在该过程中未液化的第一和/或第二物体的部分。
纤维材料(如果有的话)可以是任何已知的纤维增强材料,特别是碳、玻璃、凯夫拉、陶瓷,例如莫来石、碳化硅或氮化硅、高强度聚乙烯(大力玛)等。
不具有纤维形状的其它填料也是可能的,例如粉末颗粒。
适用于根据本发明方法的实施例的机械振动或振荡优选地具有在2和200kHz之间的频率(甚至更优选地在10和100kHz之间,或者在20和40kHz之间),和在0.2到20W每平方毫米活性表面的振动能。振动工具(例如超声波)例如被设计成使得其接触面主要在工具轴线(纵向振动)的方向上振荡,并且振幅在1至100微米之间,优选地在30至60微米的范围内。这种优选的振动例如由在超声波焊接中已知的超声波装置产生。
在本文中,术语“近”和“远”用于表示方向和位置,即“近”是指操作者或机器施加机械振动的结合侧,而“远”是相对的侧。本文中近侧上的连接器的加宽部称为“头部”,而远侧的加宽部称为“脚部”。
在本文中,如果近侧被定义为在过程期间接近层的那一侧,则通常术语层的“下方”意味着是指该层的远侧的空间。第一物体的近侧是附接面面向的一侧,术语“在下方”是指结构层的背向侧。因此,术语“在下方”并不意味着在制造过程中在地球重力场中的取向。
附图说明
以下,参照附图描述实施本发明的方式和实施例。照片可能例外,附图是示意性的。在附图中,相同的附图标记表示相同或类似的元件。附图示出:
图1a-1c是在将第二物体固定至第一物体的过程中的两个不同阶段期间,第一物体、第二物体和连接器的构造及细节;
图2-4是在俯视图中第二物体的突出部段实例(从近侧看);
图5是不具有圆形对称性的连接器的横截面;
图6a和6b是在将第二物体固定至第一物体的过程中的两个不同阶段期间,第一物体、第二物体和连接器的另一构造;
图7示出了在该过程结束时,第一物体、第二物体和连接器的又一构造;
图8是示出材料流动的第二物体的俯视图;
图9是具有两个突出部段的第二物体的俯视图;
图10是第一物体和第二物体的替代构造;
图11是对第二物体或第一和第二物体的布置实施变形和可选的冲压步骤的布置;
图12是在将第二物体固定至第一物体的过程中的三个不同阶段期间,第一物体、第二物体和连接器的构造,其中第二物体是金属框架;
图13a是具有闭合突出部段的第二物体的实例的图像;
图13b和13c是在锚固连接器以将第二物体固定至第一物体之前或之后,相对于第一物体放置的图13a的第二物体的图像;
图14是示意性示出具有如图13a所示的第二物体的构造;
图15a和15b是在将第二物体固定至第一物体的过程的两个不同阶段期间,第一物体、第二物体和连接器的另一构造;
图16是第一物体、第二物体和连接器的又一构造;
图17a和17b是在将第二物体固定至第一物体的过程的两个不同阶段期间,第一物体、第二物体和连接器的再一构造;
图18是加工过程曲线图;
图19是形成能量定向器的第二物体;
图20是第二物体和连接器一起形成单元件的实施例;和
图21是形成多个能量定向器和导流器的另一第二物体。
具体实施方式
图1a的构造包括第一物体1,其是具有第一结构层11、第二结构层12和结构层之间的内衬层13的夹层板。第一和第二结构层可包括纤维复合材料,比如连续的玻璃或连续的碳纤维增强树脂。内衬层可以是任何合适的轻型材料,例如蜂窝结构纸板。附加粘合剂可将结构层11、12结合至内衬层。在实例中,使用了基于聚氨酯的略微发泡的粘合剂。在本发明的各个实施例中,粘合剂中可能的孔可有助于锚固。在示出的取向上的上方的面用作为第二物体2的附接面。
第一物体包括从附接面向内延伸且尤其穿过第一结构层的开口15。
第二物体2具有片部21并在所示构造中例如是金属片。突出部段23延伸穿过开口的口部并延伸穿过第一结构层。突出部段例如由通过冲压片部形成的多个凸片形成。例如通过专用工具(在将第一和第二物体放在一起之前或之后)和/或通过将连接器3引入开口15,凸片向下弯离片部平面。
尤其是至少在施加能量的步骤期间,有利的是如果突出部段仅被弯离片部平面至在引入连接器时它仍能提供一定阻力的程度。
连接器3由热塑性材料构成并具有阶梯头部31和从头部向远侧延伸的轴杆部32。在示出的实施例中,轴杆部在远侧尖端33处终止。连接器的长度(在示出的构造中它的近远延伸度)大于第一结构层11和内衬层13的厚度之和,使得在它抵靠第二结构层12的内面时,它仍然突出于开口的口部之上。超声焊头6被用于将机械振动和按压力耦合输入连接器以将连接器锚固在第一和第二物体的组件中并且将第二物体固定至第一物体。按压力的反作用力由支撑件7例如非振动支撑件来施加。振动和按压力的联合作用使部分热塑性材料变为可流动的,并且被压入连接器3周围的结构中。由此,连接器的尺寸改变。在重新固化之后,产生了形状配合连接。
图1b示出了该步骤之后的情形。图1c示出图1b的细节,显示了图1b中区域C。在能量输入已经停止之后,已经重新固化的热塑性材料的流动部35包括在远端的部分和在近侧区域的部分。通过使流动部已经渗入第一物体的结构中,例如形成在内衬层的空间内的多孔泡沫或中空空间,或第一和/或第二结构层(如果有的话)的多孔结构或不均匀性,来以形状配合的方式锚固连接器。而且,通过已经在突出部段23周围流动的流动部35来保持突出部段23在其位置。
图2以俯视图示出了带突出部段的部分第二物体2,其中,突出部段由多个凸片25形成,该凸片通过以十字形或星形方式冲压第二物体的片部形成,然后向下弯曲所得的凸片以产生星形开口26,该开口在过程中将对准第一物体的开口15,并且可以推动连接器通过该开口。
带有基本呈矩形的凸片25的突出部段的替代构造示出在图3中。这样的凸片可通过H形冲压形成,然后通过向下弯曲它们使所得的凸片变形。在图4的变型方案中,在完全向下弯曲凸片之后,开口26不是圆形或方形而是矩形和细长形。例如通过具有相应横截面的轴杆部32,也可相应地选择连接器3的形状。
更一般地说,根据当前发明的方法不仅适于具有圆形对称(例如与螺纹连接相比)的连接器的构造而且适于任何形状(包括但不限于矩形、椭圆形、T形杆形、双T形杆形、H形等)的连接器和相应开口。
另一变型方案示出在图6a中。图6a和6b的实施例是实施例组的实例,其中连接器的远端不必到达第二结构层12并且其因此也适合其中第一物体不是夹层板或其中第二结构层12不能或不必抵抗按压力的构造。相反,在这组实施例中,突出部段23还作为以通过施加振动和按压力使热塑性材料变得可流动的过程中的配合元件/支撑件。突出部段23由相对于片部朝远侧偏移的凸片25形成。第二物体2的材料(例如金属片材)至少在凸片25的区域上足够硬以在连接器3被朝远侧按压进入开口时给按压力造成足够的阻力,同时施加能量。
在所示构造中,连接器由热塑性材料组成并包括远侧能量定向器36。对于该过程,能量例如通过还施加按压力的超声焊头被耦合输入连接器中直至流动部变为可流动的并且被按压力移动。箭头40示出了一个可能的流动方向,虚线箭头41示出了流经凸片25(进一步参见下文)中的可选开口的可能的附加流动。图6b示出了该过程之后的情形。流动部35尤其是通过已经在第一结构层11下方流动而相对于第一物体锁定突出部段23。
图7还示出了在该过程之后不同连接器的变型方案。与先前所述的实施例相比,连接器3不是由热塑性材料组成而是包括不可液化的材料本体,比如芯部38。
在所示实施例中,芯部具有多个凹部形式的上述类型的锁定特征。除了凹部或作为其替代,表面还可包括在芯部和它周围的热塑性材料之间产生形锁合的其它合适特征,例如突出物、开口孔隙率等。这些形锁合特征最初可被嵌入在热塑性材料中(在示出的实例中通过在凹部填充热塑性材料)或它们仅在该加工过程期间通过暂时液化的热塑性材料来填充。该形锁合特征使芯部5稳定在热塑性材料内并使它保持就位。
在实施例中,凹部或脊沿周向延伸以便有助于相对于轴向力的稳定。如果在该过程之后,可从近侧或远侧接近芯部以将一些其它物品紧固到芯部,这可能是特别有利的。
此外,金属芯部具有远侧导向凹部。
金属本体如金属芯部(或另一不可液化材料的芯部/本体)是这样的选项,其不仅存在于如图7示出的图6a/6b的构造,还可存在于在本发明范围内的所有构造,包括所有论及和所有示出的实施例。
图8以部分第二物体2的俯视图示出了(还通过虚线示出第一物体的开口15的位置)热塑性材料在该过程期间的材料流动。箭头40示出了热塑性材料可在三个面内方向流动,即向前(相对于凸片的取向)以及向两侧。如果凸片还包括开口,那么“向后的”流动41也是可能的。
由如示出在图6-8中的连接所带来的固定是不对称的,因为在不同面内方向的相对剪切力被不同的几何形状所吸收。然而,可以提供多个锁定位置,每个包括突出部段,并且为此使用不同类型的突出部段来补偿潜在的不对称性。这例如示出在图9中,其示出了两个突出部段,每个具有一个凸片25,这些凸片沿不同方向取向。因为与现有技术中的具有相似凸片的机械锁定相比,不必存在第一和第二物体相对于彼此的面内运动,突出部段的任意相对取向是可能的。
在图10的实施例中,与如前论及的实施例相比,第一物体1不是夹层板而是单一硬层的物体(比如金属片)或是单一的硬层层压板。第一物体中的开口15可被冲压并且除去相应的材料。或者,如图所示,第一物体也可包括突出部段17。
将第二物体机械地固定至第一物体的过程可以与参阅图6至9的上文所述的过程相类似。此外,如果第一和第二物体的机械强度不足以经受按压力,则可选地可存在阻挡第一物体的突出部段17的支撑件。
图11示出了对第一物体或第一和第二物体的组件(其中第一和第二物体均同时地变形成如图10所示的构造)实施变形步骤或冲压和变形的组合步骤的可能性。为此,提供了与变形模具61配合的变形工具51。为了形成突出部段23或突出部段17、23,相应的片部被放置在变形工具51和变形模具61之间,然后将它们彼此压靠。根据选择,变形工具可包括冲压边缘52且变形工具还可以包括用于容纳冲压边缘的相应凹槽62,使得可同时实施冲压步骤和变形步骤。
根据更进一步的可能性,超声焊头可被用于通过直接在第二物体2的表面上,或经由将相应部段压入模具以产生突出部段(在施加能量之前和/或之后)的连接器3来实施变形步骤。
甚至可能的是,超声焊头实施冲压步骤、变形步骤和锚固步骤这三者。
图12还示出了与图1a至1c之一相似的构造,其中第二物体2是金属框架,片部21是金属框架的一部分。图12的三幅图示出了该步骤的过程(从左到右),即将第一和第二物体1、2以及连接器3相对于彼此定位的步骤,开始机械振动(即向连接器施加能量的初始阶段),以及分别停止机械振动和按压力的阶段。
在图12的左图中,示出的第一结构层11不带开口。根据其材料特性,可以不预制开口而是通过将第二物体的突出部段和/或连接器按压至其中来制造开口。然而,根据几乎用于所有第一结构层材料组分的替代方案,开口可以是预制的。
在图12的中间图中示出了阶梯头部的台阶部与突出部段23配合使得在突出部段和连接器的相互接触中使热塑性材料液化,类似于图1c所示。
通过将突出部段和/或连接器压入第一物体来制造开口的选项和具有阶梯特征(或明显的锥部)与突出部段配合以液化材料的选项不仅应用于图12的实施例,还应用于所有可能的实施例。
图7还示出了局部非振动支撑件7(或砧座),其形成了和连接器被压靠的点面对面的支撑表面,即该点的远侧。
图13a还示出了作为第二物体的金属框架的另一实例。在这个实施例中,突出部段23并非是仅附接在一侧上的凸片而是形成了在远侧突出的闭合弓。这样的形状产生了附加的稳定性。
图13b和13c示出了放置在第一物体的附接面上的第二物体2,其中,第一结构层11由玻璃纤维复合材料制成。图13b示出了锚固连接器之前的情形,图13c示出了之后的情形。
参见图13c,连接器具有从近端起轴向延伸的近侧凹部。这样的凹部可作为导向特征并与超声焊头的相应导向突出部相配合。该特征是又一个可用于本文描述的所有实施例的选项。
图14示出了具有第二物体的构造,其突出部段是闭合弓。左图示出了将第二物体和连接器压入第一物体(带有或不带有预制开口)的步骤,并且中间图示出了在该步骤末期使流动部可流动的步骤。右图示出了在侧视图(旋转90°)中没有超声焊头的中间图的构造以说明热塑性材料在顶层下方相对于弓的方向向两侧流出。
与任何其它实施例一样,其中不需要使连接器压靠第二结构层,图14的构造还适于将第二物体(如金属框架)固定至不同于夹层板的第一物体。
图15a的连接器3适于将具有片部的第二物体2固定至夹层板1或包括由具有一定尺寸刚度的材料制成的至少一个结构层的其它物体。连接器包括主体37和远侧突出的锚固部38。根据片部的材料强度,第二物体可设置开口26,例如形成为狭缝、十字形(都可选为冲压线)等。第一物体1包括开口15,在第二物体2被放置成物理上接触第一物体的面向近侧的表面时,第二物体开口26大致对准该开口15(当然,可以附加地把物体比如箔片等放在第一和第二物体之间)。
在该过程中,连接器首先压靠第一和第二物体的组件,其中突出的锚固部38在开口15的位置上压靠第二物体,以使部分片材材料变形来产生突出部段23(图15b)。同时或之后,机械振动被耦合输入连接器同时保持按压力直至锚固部38的热塑性材料变为可流动的从而形成流动部35。主体37面向远侧的表面39形成抵接面,其限制连接器相对于第一物体运动,使得在其刚接触第二物体的相应的面向近侧的表面时就可停止能量输入。
这种构造的替代方案如图16所示。在图16中,连接器3本身是热塑性、基本平坦且例如是片状的。超声焊头设有突出部段61,它在该过程中使连接器3局部变形,因此在施加机械振动能时使热塑性材料压靠片部材料。
超声焊头还形成了止动面62,其限制超声焊头移入连接器材料的运动,并由此限定出变形程度和材料位移程度。
图16另外示出了在突出部段压靠连接器3的位置处防止片状材料侧向隆起的压垫80。根据材料和参数,这种压垫还可用在其它实施例中,比如图15a和图15b的实施例。
图17a示出类似于图16的布置。作为压垫的补充或替代,提供侧向流动边界81(其例如还可由充分接近超声焊头6的压垫构成)。类似于图16的实施例,第二物体的突出部段示出为仅略微向下(即朝向远侧)弯曲。与这些图所示的相比,突出部段可在该过程开始前比如完全不向远侧突出。
将具有突出部段61的超声焊头6压入连接器材料中同时机械振动作用,这将导致连接器3变形,结果除了流动部变为可流动的且侧向地流动之外,第二物体的(进一步)变形(突出部段进一步朝向远侧弯曲)还包括沿着箭头方向的流动(液化将最初在连接器和第二物体的交界面处开始)。还可发生某些向后的流动(围着由突出部段导致的凹陷139凸出),而流动边界阻碍第二物体的向近侧的侧向流动。
热塑性连接器的在凹陷远侧的材料厚度可以比最初时低,这是由于材料部分已经进入横向方向流动并可能向后流动。
图18示出加工过程曲线图的实例,如图所示按压力91和振动能92与时间t相关。在图18的实例中,假设例如在图12和图15a至17的实施例(没有预制开口)中以及在后文描述的实施例中,发生最初的变形步骤。在该变形步骤期间,按压力可达到第一峰值91.1,随后减少一点。然后,当机械振动能被耦合输入设置中以液化热塑性材料时,按压力再次上升(第二峰值91.2)。在关闭热塑性振动之后,按压力还被保持直至流动部分完全重新固化。
在示出的实施例中,机械振动在变形阶段已经起作用以辅助变形或可能地来软化热塑性材料(尤其是如果如在图16-17和后文所述的实施例中,热塑性材料必须变形)。这是可选的。
虚线91’示出以下可能性,使用附加的砧座7(直接在横向位置的非振动支撑件,在那里连接器被压靠到第一/第二物体),按压力可能上升至相当高的值,例如但不仅在如图12的实施例的情形中,第一物体也被锚固在第二物体的突出部段的远侧。
图19示出作为选项可应用于以上所所的所有实施例的可选特征。即,第二物体在该过程期间与热塑性材料接触位置处设有至少一个导能结构28。这样的导能结构可以变形的金属片部形式设置,如果第二物体包括这样的金属片部。尤其是,这样的导能部可在该过程期间定位在第二物体产生按压力的反作用力的位置,连接器通过该按压力被压靠至第二物体。
图19中的导能结构28和开口26的位置一起具有双重功能。除了用作所述的能量定向器之外,它还用于以有针对性的方式分配流动部的流动。即使要被流动部穿透的材料的强度在两个侧面不相等,并且如果因此没有流动方向装置的流动部将仅朝向一侧(具有较少阻力的一侧)流动,由于第二物体的结构,例如,流动部将流出至两个/所有横向方向(流出至图19中的左侧和右侧)。
更一般地,由第二物体材料形成的结构可作为能量定向器或导流器,或既作为能量定向器也作为导流器。第二物体可以是它们((多个)能量定向器、(多个)导流器、(多个)能量定向器和(多个)导流器的组合)或它们的任意组合中的一个。
这也示意性地示出在图21中,其中,第二物体被示出具有还具备导流性能的第一能量定向器28.1、被定位成使得它们不具有明显的导流性能的第二能量定向器28.2以及不具有明显导能性能的导流器29(由宽的中央隆起形成)。
在图21中,开口26的紧邻远侧的片部还具有导能和导流性能,它们指向连接器将被压靠至第二物体的近侧方向。
第一能量定向器28.1和第二能量定向器28.2之间的区别是它们的轴向位置(沿着近远轴线的位置)。第二能量定向器基本被定位在形成外流通道的开口26的远侧,然而在连接器材料大体从近侧方向被压靠至第二物体、远侧部分由此变为可流动时,第一能量定向器28.1和隆起29延伸到这样的轴线位置,在那里它们将导向至一个通道(例如图21中的左开口)的部分与导向至另一通道(例如图21中的右开口)的部分隔开。
图20示出图16和图17a的实施例的变型,其中第二物体2和连接器3一起通过最初彼此固定形成为单元件。该单元件由热塑性连接器3和金属片的层压板形成,热塑性连接器形成第一层,金属片作为形成第二层的第二物体2。第二物体可设置有如前所述的(多个)第二物体开口。

Claims (36)

1.一种将第二物体固定至第一物体的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
-提供包括附接面的第一物体;
-提供具有基本平坦片部的第二物体;
-提供连接器,所述连接器包括固态的热塑性材料;
-将所述第二物体相对于所述第一物体放置,使得所述片部贴靠所述附接面且所述片部的突出部段延伸入所述第一物体的开口,所述开口具有在所述附接面中的口部,所述突出部段延伸穿过所述口部进入所述开口;
-当所述突出部段延伸入所述开口时,在所述连接器相对于所述第一和第二物体放置且延伸穿过所述口部进入所述开口的情况下向所述连接器施加能量,直到所述热塑性材料的流动部变为可流动的并相对于所述第一物体和所述突出部段流动;和
-使流动部分重新固化;
-其中重新固化的所述流动部将所述突出部段相对于所述开口锁定。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括在放置步骤之前制造所述开口的步骤或包括使用预制开口。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,所述开口至少部分通过将所述第二物体相对于所述第一物体放置或通过将所述连接器相对于所述第一物体和第二物体放置的步骤来制造。
4.根据前述任一权利要求所述的方法,其中,所述突出部段是与所述片部一体的变形部段且通过将所述片部的相应部段变形成自片部表面向远侧突出来形成。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中,所述突出部段包括弯离所述片部的一个或多个凸片。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的方法,其中,所述突出部段包括远离所述片部成环状的闭合弓。
7.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,所述第二物体包括邻近所述突出部段的第二物体开口,使得所述连接器能够穿过所述第二物体开口进入所述第一物体的所述开口,并由此与所述突出部段接触。
8.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,所述能量是机械振动能。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中,所述连接器包括耦合输入结构,其中所述方法包括在施加能量的步骤期间将振动的超声焊头压靠至所述耦合输入结构。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中,所述耦合输入结构包括面向近侧的耦合输入面。
11.根据权利要求8至10任一所述的方法,其中,所述第二物体包括能量定向器,其中在向所述连接器施加能量的步骤中而所述连接器被相对于所述第一和第二物体放置时,所述连接器与所述能量定向器物理接触。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述能量定向器是所述第二物体的变形部段。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的方法,其中,所述能量定向器位于所述突出部段并属于所述突出部段。
14.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,所述第一物体包括热塑性材料可渗透的部分,其中使流动部流动的步骤包括使所述流动部的材料渗入所述可渗透的部分,由此在重新固化之后在所述连接器和所述第一物体之间形成形状配合连接。
15.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,使所述流动部流动的步骤包括使所述流动部的材料流向所述第一物体的包括所述附接面的结构层的远侧。
16.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,所述第二物体的所述片部包括金属片。
17.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,所述第一物体包括夹层板,该夹层板包括近侧外部结构层、远侧外部结构层和位于所述结构层之间的内衬层,其中所述内衬层是由比所述近侧结构层和远侧结构层的一种或多种材料更软和/或更轻的材料制成。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,包括在施加能量的步骤期间将所述连接器的远端压靠在所述远侧结构层的内表面。
19.根据权利要求18的方法,其中,使所述流动部流动包括使可流动材料渗入所述远侧结构层的结构和/或渗入与所述远侧结构层近侧紧邻的结构中。
20.根据权利要求1至16的任一项所述的方法,其中,所述第一物体是金属片或尺寸刚性层的层压板。
21.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,包括使所述第一物体的一部分变形以产生第一物体突出部段的步骤,所述第一物体突出部段从第一物体片表面向远侧突出。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法,包括通过变形工具将所述部分压靠在远侧直到所述部分抵靠变形模具来使所述部分变形。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法,其中,所述变形工具或所述变形模具或二者包括冲压边。
24.根据权利要求21至23中任一项所述的方法,包括使所述第二物体的部分变形以产生所述突出部段,同时使所述第一物体的所述部分变形。
25.根据权利要求21至24中任一项所述的方法,包括使用超声焊头用于变形。
26.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,所述连接器由所述热塑性材料构成。
27.根据权利要求1至25中任一项所述的方法,其中,除了热塑性材料之外,所述连接器还包括不可液化材料的本体。
28.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,放置和使所述流动部流动的步骤被实施,从而使所述流动部重新固化的步骤期间使所述本体延伸穿过所述附接面和所述片部之间的剪切面。
29.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,所述连接器包括轴杆部和在其近侧的近侧头部,在使所述流动部重新固化之后,所述近侧头部的面向远侧的抵接面抵靠所述开口周围区域内的所述片部的近侧面。
30.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,使所述流动部流动的步骤包括使所述突出部段的至少部分被嵌入在所述流动部的材料中。
31.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,所述突出部段被成形为提供至少一定阻力以阻挡将所述连接器的轴杆部引入所述开口。
32.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,所述流动部具有250℃或更低的液化温度。
33.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,包括在所述第二物体相对于所述第一物体被放置时通过按压力使所述第二物体的部分变形而产生所述突出部段的步骤。
34.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,包括通过将所述第二物体的所述突出部段压靠所述第一物体的表面而形成所述开口。
35.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,所述连接器具有带有大体平坦的面向远侧的抵接面的主体和从所述主体向远侧突出的突出部。
36.根据前述任一项权利要求所述的方法,其中,所述连接器具有热塑性片部,其中所述方法包括通过按压力将所述片部的材料向远侧按压入所述开口而使所述热塑性片部变形。
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