CN107662715B - 一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN107662715B
CN107662715B CN201610602005.0A CN201610602005A CN107662715B CN 107662715 B CN107662715 B CN 107662715B CN 201610602005 A CN201610602005 A CN 201610602005A CN 107662715 B CN107662715 B CN 107662715B
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CN107662715A (zh
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柯红军
夏雨
王国勇
嵇培军
许孔力
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Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology
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Abstract

本发明提出一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙及其制备方法,由若干层柔性抗烧蚀层、若干层柔性抗辐射层和柔性高阻隔层组成,柔性抗烧蚀层和柔性抗辐射层由外而内按S‑F‑S‑F‑…‑S‑F结构交替分布,其中S为柔性抗烧蚀层,F为柔性抗辐射层,柔性高阻隔层位于最内侧,柔性抗烧蚀层、柔性抗辐射层和柔性高阻隔层在安装喷管处用硅橡胶胶黏剂粘结。本发明外层采用柔性抗烧蚀层和柔性抗辐射层交替布置,充分发挥两者之间的协同作用,且柔性抗烧蚀层采用酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶体系,进一步提高了其抗烧蚀性能,在保证耐烧蚀的基础上,有效降低了软裙的总体厚度,总体减厚量为现有结构的1/2~2/3。

Description

一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙及其制备方法,属于耐烧蚀复合材料技术领域。
背景技术
火箭等航天飞行器发动机点火瞬间会喷出高温火焰和燃气流,瞬时温度达到3000K~4000k,发动机防热软裙如图2所示,喷管火焰能够回流烧到的为发动机防热软裙的外部,靠近尾舱设备的为发动机防热软裙的内部,发动机防热软裙安装在发动机尾喷管的喷管法兰和后端盖之间,能有效防止发动机喷焰回流到舱体内部烧毁设备,阻断返回火焰进入舱内,同时为了不影响发动机摆动,柔性软裙要能和发动机一起摆动,为了减小在上升段尾舱因内外空气压差而增加的附加应力,防热软裙需具有较好的柔性及一定的断裂伸长率,保证不阻碍喷管的摆动,出筒后随着摆动喷管一起摆动,同时需要有良好的烧蚀性及燃气流的高阻隔性。
传统的方法是将多层硅橡胶涂覆织物再采用胶黏剂粘结成多层结构,在通过燃气流冲刷后,贴近燃气流表面的几层硅橡胶涂覆织物被烧毁,利用未被烧毁的硅橡胶涂覆织物进行阻隔密封。现有结构一般都是由16~30层厚度为1~2.0mm的硅橡胶层叠合粘结而成,前三分之二一般都会被烧蚀掉,为保证耐烧蚀,叠合层数较多,导致整体厚度较大,一般都在30mm左右,软裙重量太大,会对喷管的摆动造成一定影响,同时单层厚度太大,容易形成龟裂纹,密封性能下降,可靠性低。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术不足,提供一种密封可靠性高、有效降低总体厚度的抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙及其制备方法。
本发明的技术解决方案:一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙,由若干层柔性抗烧蚀层、若干层柔性抗辐射层和柔性高阻隔层组成,柔性抗烧蚀层和柔性抗辐射层由外而内按S-F-S-F-…-S-F结构交替分布,其中S为柔性抗烧蚀层,F为柔性抗辐射层,柔性高阻隔层位于最内侧,柔性抗烧蚀层、柔性抗辐射层和柔性高阻隔层在安装喷管处用硅橡胶胶黏剂粘结;
所述的柔性抗烧蚀层为酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶涂覆纤维织物,酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶中酚醛树脂的质量为硅橡胶体系质量的5%~30%,且由外到内各层中酚醛树脂含量逐层减小;
所述的柔性抗烧蚀层不少于3层,最外层酚醛树脂含量(酚醛树脂含量是指酚醛树脂占硅橡胶体系质量的百分比,硅橡胶体系质量为硅橡胶和硫化剂总量)为25~30%,最内层酚醛树脂含量为5~10%,相邻两层之间含量梯度差不少于2%。柔性抗烧蚀层的总厚度越高,其耐烧蚀性能就越好,但重量也越大,总厚度太高,会影响喷管摆动;单层厚度越厚,单层耐烧蚀性能也好,但厚度太大容易导致表面形成龟裂纹(柔性也会下降),影响气密性及阻隔性。本领域技术人员根据具体的烧蚀性能要求,选择柔性抗烧蚀层的总厚度及单层厚度。
本发明在综合考虑耐烧蚀性能、重量及单层性能,确定了总厚度最佳范围为4mm~10mm,每层最佳厚度为0.2~1.4mm;在最佳范围内,总厚度越厚,烧蚀性能也好。本领域技术人员依据本发明确定的最佳总厚度和单层最佳厚度范围,根据烧蚀性能要求来具体设计柔性抗烧蚀层的层数、厚度。
本发明通过对柔性抗烧蚀层进行梯度设计,靠近热流面酚醛树脂含量高,靠近阻隔层酚醛树脂含量低,最外层酚醛树脂含量高,材料抗烧蚀性能好,高温、高热流冲刷下,酚醛树脂发生裂解炭化成无定形碳,吸收一部分热量,随着热流进一步向内传导,内部的柔性抗烧蚀层又进行一次烧蚀吸热,同时酚醛含量逐层递减,柔性抗烧蚀层的断裂伸长率越高,便于随着热流进行摆动,同时阻隔气密性越好。本发明给出了柔性抗烧蚀层层数及各层酚醛树脂含量最佳设计,使柔性抗烧蚀层在最大限度保证抗烧蚀和阻隔气密性的同时,使其总厚度有效降低。
本发明采用的酚醛树脂没有特殊的种类限制,其耐温等级根据发动机燃气温度确定,可以选择钡酚醛、硼酚醛、钼酚醛等中的一种或几种。本发明在硅橡胶体系中添加适量酚醛树脂,使硅橡胶涂覆织物保持柔性的同时,显著提高抗烧蚀性能,有效减少烧蚀层层数及厚度。
本发明柔性抗烧蚀层采用的改性硅橡胶体系为热硫化型硅橡胶,由于改性硅橡胶体系中添加了不同比例的酚醛树脂,因此,在选择改性硅橡胶的硅橡胶种类时在满足耐温等级要求的同时,保证改性硅橡胶体系的硫化温度不低于酚醛树脂的固化温度。一般可使用甲基硅橡胶、甲基乙烯基硅橡胶等。
硅橡胶硫化剂一般为有机过氧化物或铂络合物加成型催化剂,本领域技术人员根据硅橡胶的种类来选择硫化剂的种类和用量,此为本领域公知技术,在此就不一一赘述。
所述的柔性高阻隔层采用的硅橡胶及硅橡胶胶黏剂采用室温硫化的硅橡胶体系,可以为GD414、742等;也可采用热硫硫化的硅橡胶;只要是能满足耐温等级的种类即可。硅橡胶体系耐温等级根据喷管火焰的热流密度及时间来确定,为本领域公知技术。
所述的柔性抗辐射层为金属薄膜,采用抗辐射性能的金属薄膜,如铝薄膜材料、钛薄膜材料等的一种或几种。金属薄膜越厚,其抗辐射性能越好,但重量越大。本发明综合考虑金属薄膜抗辐射性能和重量影响,确定其最佳厚度为0.02~0.1mm。
柔性抗辐射层主要能降低两层间材料的热传导,把热量向加热面辐射,减缓热量向内层传导的速度,同时热量达到柔性抗辐射层的熔化温度,辐射层熔化带走大量的热量。本发明在相邻柔性抗烧蚀层之间都设置了柔性抗辐射层,在柔性抗辐射层与柔性抗烧蚀层协同作用下,能有效增加抗烧蚀能力,降低了软裙的总体厚度。
所述的柔性高阻隔层为硅橡胶涂覆纤维织物;
柔性高阻隔层主要作用为在高热流摆动作用下,阻隔热流向内部渗透,起到良好的气密作用。为保证其具有良好的延展性,柔性高阻隔层采用分层形式,由于本发明采用的柔性抗烧蚀层(含酚醛树脂提高其烧蚀性能)和柔性抗辐射层交替布置,使柔性高阻隔层的总厚度大大降低,柔性高阻隔层层数一般为3~5层即可满足要求,每层最佳厚度为0.2~1.4mm(单层厚度太大容易导致表面形成龟裂纹,柔性也会下降,影响气密性及阻隔性)。
硅橡胶涂覆纤维织物具有耐热性能优良、热导率小、密度低、阻隔气密性好,且加工工艺简单,采用纤维涂覆机上涂覆硅橡胶胶层即可得到。
本发明采用的纤维织物为本领域常用的耐烧蚀纤维种类,根据发动机燃气温度确定纤维种类,可以为玻璃纤维织物、高硅氧织物、芳纶纤维织物等中一种或几种。
本发明在遭遇燃气流冲刷时,外层为抗烧蚀层,主要起到烧蚀作用,通过在热流作用下,材料本身发生分解、熔化、氧化、炭化等多种吸热的物理化学变化,带走大量的热,从而阻止热流传递到材料内部,柔性抗辐射层主要作用是辐射防热,辐射防热是将热量辐射出去,阻止热量向内部进一步扩展,柔性高阻隔层主要作用为在高热流摆动作用下,阻隔热流向内部渗透,起到良好的气密作用,同时三部分可以根据热流密度及时间进行合理设计,发挥协同作用。
一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙的制备方法,通过以下步骤实现:
第一步,制备酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶树脂体系,
A1.1、将硅橡胶和硫化剂共混,在搅拌机中搅拌均匀,得到硅橡胶体系;
A1.2、将一定量的酚醛树脂分别加入到步骤A1.1得到的硅橡胶体系中,搅拌均匀,得到不同酚醛树脂含量的酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶树脂体系;
第二步,用第一步得到的硅橡胶体系和不同酚醛树脂含量的酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶树脂体系分别双面涂敷纤维织物,硫化后得到硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物和不同酚醛树脂含量的酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物;
硫化工艺根据采用的热硫化型硅橡胶种类而定,由于酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶中添加了不同比例的酚醛树脂,因此,在选择酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶的硅橡胶种类时要保证硅橡胶的硫化温度不低于酚醛树脂的固化温度。
硅橡胶(含有不同酚醛树脂含量的硅橡胶涂敷工艺与硅橡胶涂敷工艺一致)涂敷纤维织物为本领域公知技术,采用纤维涂敷机,以纤维织物为载体在其两面涂敷橡胶,涂覆完进行硫化,其工艺控制为本领域公知技术,本领域技术人员根据选择的硅橡胶种类及硫化剂种类/添加量进行确定,在此就不一一赘述。
第三步,将第二步得到的不同酚醛树脂含量的酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物S与金属薄膜F进行交替铺设,得到S-F-S-F-…-S-F结构,从外而内,酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物的酚醛含量依次递减;
所述的酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物不少于3层,最外层酚醛树脂含量(是指酚醛树脂占硅橡胶体系质量的百分比,硅橡胶体系质量为硅橡胶和硫化剂总量)为25~30%,最内层酚醛树脂含量为5~10%,相邻两层之间含量梯度差不少于2%;
第四步,在最内层的金属薄膜内铺设若干层硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物;
第五层,将所有的酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物、金属薄膜和硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物在边缘使用硅橡胶胶黏剂粘接硫化后,得到抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙。
本发明与现有技术相比的有益效果:
(1)本发明外层采用柔性抗烧蚀层和柔性抗辐射层交替布置,充分发挥两者之间的协同作用,且柔性抗烧蚀层采用酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶体系,进一步提高了其抗烧蚀性能,在保证耐烧蚀的基础上,有效降低了软裙的总体厚度,总体减厚量为现有结构的1/2~2/3;
(2)本发明通过一定含量的酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶制备硅橡胶涂覆纤维织物,首先硅橡胶具有独特的化学稳定性,耐高低温性、耐侯性,燃烧热值低,火焰传播速度较慢,在高温热流状态下,Si-O键会转变成连续抗氧化、绝缘的网络状SiO2灰烬覆盖在表面,有效阻止烧蚀,同时在硅橡胶体系中添加适量酚醛树脂,使硅橡胶涂覆织物保持柔性的同时,显著提高抗烧蚀性能,有效减少烧蚀层层数及厚度;
(3)本发明对柔性烧蚀层中酚醛树脂含量进行梯度设计,即靠近热流面酚醛树脂含量高,靠近阻隔层酚醛树脂含量低,酚醛树脂含量高,材料抗烧蚀性能好,高温、高热流冲刷下,酚醛树脂发生裂解炭化成无定形碳,吸收一部分热量,随着热流进一步向内传导,内部的柔性抗烧蚀层又进行一次烧蚀吸热,同时酚醛含量越小,涂覆织物的断裂伸长率越高,便于随着热流进行摆动,同时阻隔气密性越好;
(4)本发明通过柔性抗烧蚀层与柔性抗辐射层通过硅橡胶粘结剂交替粘结,辐射层主要能降低材料间的热传导,把热量向加热面辐射,减缓热量向阻隔层传导的速度,同时热量达到辐射层的熔化温度,辐射层熔化带走大量的热量;
(5)本发明基于柔性功能层的梯度设计,可以使防热软裙设计更加灵活,各功能层更好的发挥各自作用,实现协同吸热,同时能大大提高整体抗烧蚀性能、气密阻隔性能及可靠性,可以广泛应用于航天飞行器的柔性防热软裙。
附图说明
图1为本发明结构示意图;
图2为软裙安装示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明如图1所示,由若干层柔性抗烧蚀层、若干层柔性抗辐射层和柔性高阻隔层组成,若干层柔性抗烧蚀层、若干层柔性抗辐射层由外而内按S-F-S-F-…-S-F结构交替分布,其中S为柔性抗烧蚀层,F为柔性抗辐射层,柔性高阻隔层位于最内侧,柔性抗烧蚀层、柔性抗辐射层和柔性高阻隔层在边缘处用硅橡胶胶黏剂粘结。
下面结合具体实例对本发明进行详细说明。
实施例1
软裙结构:
柔性抗烧蚀层4层,柔性抗烧蚀层中酚醛树脂含量分别为30%、20%、10%、5%,每层厚度为1.25mm;柔性抗辐射层采用0.05mm的铝箔;柔性高阻隔层3层,每层厚度0.2mm;软裙总厚度为5.8mm。
具体制备工艺如下:
将100份HTV-1甲基乙烯基硅橡胶和5份过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)搅拌混合均匀。在混合物中分别加入0%、5%、10%、20%、30%的酚醛树脂,混合均匀备用。然后选用面密度为200g/m2的玻璃纤维平纹布,在硅橡胶涂覆机上双面涂覆,涂覆完在160~180℃硫化,得到硅橡胶涂覆织物。然后准备厚度为0.05mm的铝箔。在模具上将30%、20%、10%、5%的FQ-180酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶涂覆织物与铝箔交替铺设后,再铺设3层硅橡胶涂覆织物,将所有层粘结,粘结剂采用GD414硅橡胶胶黏剂,粘接后进行室温硫化24h,脱模得到柔性防热裙。
本实施例制备得到的软裙按照GJB2620-96相关国标测试抗烧蚀性及气密性,烧蚀试验条件为:前70秒热流密度为167.47KW/m2,后60秒热流密度为376.81KW/m2,烧蚀后检查发现柔性高阻隔层完好,未见烧蚀,同时气密性完好。
实施例2
软裙结构:
柔性抗烧蚀层3层,柔性抗烧蚀层中酚醛树脂含量分别为30%、15%、10%,厚度1.4mm;柔性抗辐射层采用0.05mm的铝箔;柔性高阻隔层3层,每层厚度0.2;总厚度为4.95mm。
制备工艺同实施例1。
本实施例制备得到的软裙按照GJB2620-96相关国标测试抗烧蚀性及气密性,烧蚀试验条件为:前70秒热流密度为167.47KW/m2,后60秒热流密度为376.81KW/m2,烧蚀后检查发现第一层柔性高阻隔层表面略有烧蚀痕迹,其余两层柔性高阻隔层未见烧蚀,同时气密性完好。
实施例3
软裙结构:
柔性抗烧蚀层5层,柔性抗烧蚀层中酚醛树脂含量分别为25%、20%、15%、10%、5%,厚度1.0mm;柔性抗辐射层采用0.05mm的铝箔;柔性高阻隔层3层,每层厚度0.2mm;总厚度为5.85mm。
制备工艺同实施例1。
本实施例制备得到的软裙按照GJB2620-96相关国标测试抗烧蚀性及气密性,烧蚀试验条件为:前70秒热流密度为167.47KW/m2,后60秒热流密度为376.81KW/m2,烧蚀后检查发现柔性高阻隔层完好,未见烧蚀,同时气密性完好。
实施例4
软裙结构:
柔性抗烧蚀层8层,柔性抗烧蚀层中酚醛树脂含量分别为30%、25%、22%、18%、15%、12%、9%、5%,厚度0.75mm;柔性抗辐射层采用0.05mm的铝箔;柔性高阻隔层3层,每层厚度0.2mm;总厚度为7mm。
制备工艺同实施例1。
本实施例制备得到的软裙按照GJB2620-96相关国标测试抗烧蚀性及气密性,烧蚀试验条件为:前70秒热流密度为167.47KW/m2,后60秒热流密度为376.81KW/m2,烧蚀后检查发现最内侧柔性抗烧蚀层表面略有烧蚀痕迹,柔性高阻隔层完好,未见烧蚀,同时气密性完好。
本发明未详细说明部分为本领域技术人员公知技术。

Claims (10)

1.一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙,其特征在于:由若干层柔性抗烧蚀层、若干层柔性抗辐射层和柔性高阻隔层组成,柔性抗烧蚀层和柔性抗辐射层由外而内按S-F-S-F-…-S-F结构交替分布,其中S为柔性抗烧蚀层,F为柔性抗辐射层,柔性高阻隔层位于最内侧,柔性抗烧蚀层、柔性抗辐射层和柔性高阻隔层一端用硅橡胶胶黏剂粘结,所述的柔性抗辐射层为金属薄膜,所述的柔性高阻隔层为硅橡胶涂覆纤维织物;
所述的柔性抗烧蚀层为酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶涂覆纤维织物,酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶中酚醛树脂的质量为硅橡胶体系质量的5%~30%,且由外到内各层中酚醛树脂含量逐层减小。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙,其特征在于:所述的柔性抗烧蚀层不少于3层,最外层酚醛树脂含量为25~30%,最内层酚醛树脂含量为5~10%,相邻两层之间含量梯度差不少于2%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙,其特征在于:所述的柔性抗烧蚀层的总厚度为4mm~10mm,每层厚度为0.2~1.4mm。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙,其特征在于:所述的柔性抗烧蚀层采用的改性硅橡胶体系为热硫化型硅橡胶,改性硅橡胶体系的硫化温度不低于酚醛树脂的固化温度。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙,其特征在于:所述的柔性抗辐射层为铝薄膜和/或钛薄膜,厚度为0.02~0.1mm。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙,其特征在于:所述的柔性高阻隔层采用分层结构,层数为3~5层,每层厚度为0.2~1.4mm。
7.一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙的制备方法,其特征在于,通过以下步骤实现:
第一步,制备酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶树脂体系,
A1.1、将硅橡胶和硫化剂共混,在搅拌机中搅拌均匀,得到硅橡胶体系;
A1.2、将一定量的酚醛树脂分别加入到步骤A1.1得到的硅橡胶体系中,搅拌均匀,得到不同酚醛树脂含量的酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶树脂体系;
第二步,用第一步得到的硅橡胶体系和不同酚醛树脂含量的酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶树脂体系分别双面涂敷纤维织物,硫化后得到硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物和不同酚醛树脂含量的酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物;
第三步,将第二步得到的不同酚醛树脂含量的酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物S与金属薄膜F进行交替铺设,得到S-F-S-F-…-S-F结构,从外而内,酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物的酚醛树脂含量依次递减;
第四步,在最内层的金属薄膜内铺设若干层硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物;
第五层,将所有的酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物、金属薄膜和硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物的一端使用硅橡胶胶黏剂粘接硫化后,得到抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙的制备方法,其特征在于:所述第三步中酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物不少于3层,最外层酚醛树脂含量为25~30%,最内层酚醛树脂含量为5~10%,相邻两层之间含量梯度差不少于2%。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙的制备方法,其特征在于:所述第三步中酚醛树脂改性硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物每层厚度为0.2~1.4mm。
10.根据权利要求7所述的一种抗烧蚀高阻隔柔性防热软裙的制备方法,其特征在于:所述第四步中硅橡胶涂敷纤维织物为3~5层,每层厚度为0.2~1.4mm。
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