CN107658858A - A kind of Vehicular power protective circuit - Google Patents
A kind of Vehicular power protective circuit Download PDFInfo
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- CN107658858A CN107658858A CN201710884312.7A CN201710884312A CN107658858A CN 107658858 A CN107658858 A CN 107658858A CN 201710884312 A CN201710884312 A CN 201710884312A CN 107658858 A CN107658858 A CN 107658858A
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
- H02H9/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage
- H02H9/045—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage adapted to a particular application and not provided for elsewhere
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
- B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
- B60R16/03—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for
- B60R16/033—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for characterised by the use of electrical cells or batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
- H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to power technique fields, more particularly to a kind of Vehicular power protective circuit, and diode D1 and decompression voltage regulator have been sequentially connected in series between power supply and load；Detection and boosting compensation circuit are parallel with the both ends of the diode D1.The goal of the invention of the present invention is to provide a kind of Vehicular power protective circuit solve existing vehicle power impulse waveform and threaten solution costly, it is necessary to which dimensional space is big；The power supply chip for meeting to require may be selected few, it is impossible to be fully solved the technical problems such as the shock problem of high-voltage pulse.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to power technique fields, more particularly to a kind of Vehicular power protective circuit.
Background technology
Current most automobile power supply system is made up of automobile current generator and battery, and battery is in automobile starting
Starter provides electric power, helps engine normally to start；After engine start starter will with disengaged engine, and with
Electric power system departs from.Engine operating drives generator operation, boost charge is carried out to battery, to vehicle-mounted together with battery
All electric module for power supply.It is complicated yet with environment inside car, in engine, the interaction of generator and battery
During, the connection of other load equipments and disconnection can all produce various power pulses and disturb.For these impulse disturbances,
Automobile Electronic Industry has formulated the standard of special test pulse, such as ISO7637, and some of which pulse is easily to machine inside electricity
Cause to damage or influence the steady operation of system in road.Concrete condition is as follows：
(1) battery supply moment overvoltage
Engine is continuously powered during running at high speed to battery and vehicle-mounted total system, abnormal
In the case of, because of cable aging, or loose contact etc., the connection of battery is disconnected, power input produces a huge pulse, is
ISO7637 pulse 5A waveforms, as shown in figure 1,12V power-supply systems, can reach 87V, 24V systems can reach
174V, this pulse energy is huge, and lethality is serious, the regular damage of circuit of general vehicle entertainment system especially primary power source.
(2) cell voltage moment is fallen
In power pulse, the situation of power supply can be regular appearance Voltage Drop, such as ISO7637 pulse 4, such as Fig. 2 institutes
Show, engine start instantaneous power falls, the interference of power supply short interruption isopulse, is system the falling because of voltage of rear class, leads
Cause is frequently restarted, and influences norma functional operation.
In order to solve the threat of such impulse waveform, generally there are two methods：
Scheme one：Power input prime increase Transient Suppression Diode (TVS pipe)+Large Copacity filter capacitor.This kind of two pole
High-voltage pulse positive effect of the pipe for moment, directly clamped fixed voltage value can be arrived, but it is expensive, and size is big, it is impossible to
Meet the mini-plants such as small-size product demand, such as ADAS, TBOX；Large Copacity filter capacitor accumulation of energy is big, plays during Voltage Drop
The effect of voltage stabilizing, this scheme works is obvious, but capacitance is bigger, it is necessary to which dimensional space is also very big.
Scheme two：Prime increase LC filter circuits+primary power source is from the higher power supply chip of pressure voltage.Although in chi
Very little to improve but also very harsh for rear class power supply chip requirements of type selecting, chip has selected pressure voltage higher in itself
Power supply chip, cost also increase much, and the chip type selecting based on the program can not be fully against moment arteries and veins as type 5A
Hit in a state of excitement, limitation is brought to design.
Existing solution is costly, it is necessary to which dimensional space is big；The power supply chip for meeting to require may be selected few, it is impossible to complete
Complete solution is determined the shock problem of high-voltage pulse.
The content of the invention
The goal of the invention of the present invention is to provide a kind of Vehicular power protective circuit solve existing vehicle power impulse wave
Shape threatens solution costly, it is necessary to which dimensional space is big；The power supply chip for meeting to require may be selected few, it is impossible to be fully solved
The technical problems such as the shock problem of high-voltage pulse.
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, the present invention uses following technical scheme：A kind of Vehicular power protective circuit, in electricity
Diode D1 and decompression voltage regulator have been sequentially connected in series between source and load；Be parallel with the both ends of the diode D1 detection and
Boosting compensation circuit.
Preferably, the decompression voltage regulator includes electric charge mercury circuit, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1, triode Q2, diode D2, resistance
R1, resistance R2, resistance R3, resistance R4, voltage comparator U1 and reference power supply Vref；The D poles of the metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1 and electric charge mercury electricity
The positive pole on road is respectively connected to the negative pole of the diode D1；The negative pole of the G poles of the metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1 and the electric charge mercury circuit is therewith
Between access the resistance R1；The S poles of the metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1 are grounded by the resistance R3 and resistance R4；The diode D2's is negative
Pole and the negative pole of triode Q2 C poles access electric charge mercury circuit, the positive pole of the diode D2 access with triode Q2 E poles
Metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1 S poles；The positive pole of the voltage comparator U1 is accessed between the resistance R3 and resistance R4, negative pole access benchmark electricity
Source Vref, output end access the B poles of the triode by resistance R2；The extremely described decompression voltage regulators of S of the metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1
Output end.
Preferably, detection and the boosting compensation circuit includes resistance R5, resistance R6, voltage comparator U2, switch control
Module, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5, inductance L3 and electric capacity C2；The output end of the decompression voltage regulator by the resistance R5 and
Resistance R6 is grounded；The negative pole of the voltage comparator U2 is accessed between the resistance R5 and resistance R6, negative pole access reference power supply
Vref, output end access the PIN1 inputs of the switch control module；The PIN2 output ends of the switch control module and
PIN3 output ends are respectively connected to the G poles of the metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5 and metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4；The D poles of the metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4 are connect by the inductance L3
Enter the output end of the decompression voltage regulator, S poles ground connection；The inductance L3 and metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4 D is accessed in the S poles of the metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5
Between pole, D poles are grounded by electric capacity C2, and are connected with the output end of the decompression voltage regulator, as the detection and boosting
The output end of compensation circuit.
Preferably, the switch control module is MCU or power supply process chip.
Preferably, during the switch control module work, switch control module controls PIN2 pin to export low level first,
PIN3 pin export high level, and metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4 conductings, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5 cut-offs, electric current passes through inductance L3, with metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4 generation electric currents I；Tightly
Then about after 1~5ms, switch control module control PIN2 pin output high level, PIN3 pin output low level, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4 cut-offs,
Metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5 is turned on, and inductance L3 is because inductance current I to be existed, electric current pass through L3 and Q5, directly to late-class circuit charging pressure-boosting,
Complete boosting compensation.
Protection circuit is replaced with diode D1 in the present invention, mainly plays the anti-pressure protection to vehicle power；Decompression is steady
Volt circuit instead of high-power LC filter circuits and high-power TVS pipe, on the basis of lowering and stabilizing blood pressure effect is realized, also avoid making
Component is encapsulated with big, to reduce size and reduce height；Detection and boosting compensation circuit instead of the storage of big encapsulation Large Copacity
Energy electric capacity, avoids the protection device using specific function, reduces product cost, and obtains metastable power input, electricity
Source impulse disturbances are effectively suppressed, and the alternative of rear level power supply increases.
Brief description of the drawings
In order to illustrate more clearly about the embodiment of the present invention or technical scheme of the prior art, the present invention will be implemented below
The required accompanying drawing used is briefly described in the description of example or prior art.It should be evident that drawings in the following description
Only part of the embodiment of the invention, for those of ordinary skill in the art, is not paying creative labor
Under the premise of, other accompanying drawings can also be obtained according to these accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is vehicle power ISO7637 pulse 5A waveforms；
Fig. 2 is vehicle power ISO7637 pulse 4A waveforms；
Fig. 3 is the circuit connection diagram for the scheme that existing solution impulse waveform threatens；
Fig. 4 is that circuit of the embodiment of the present invention connects block diagram；
Fig. 5 is circuit connection diagram of the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 6 is decompression voltage regulator figure of the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 7 is detection of the embodiment of the present invention and the compensation circuit figure that boosts.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in the embodiment of the present invention, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is carried out clear, complete
Site preparation describes.Obviously, described embodiment is only part of the embodiment of the present invention, rather than whole embodiments.It is based on
Embodiment in the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art are obtained every other under the premise of creative work is not made
Embodiment, belong to the scope of protection of the invention.
Existing vehicle power impulse waveform threatens solution costly, it is necessary to which dimensional space is big；Meet desired electricity
Source chip may be selected few, it is impossible to be fully solved the technical problems such as the shock problem of high-voltage pulse.
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, Fig. 4-5 are referred to, the present embodiment provides a kind of Vehicular power protective circuit,
Diode D1 and decompression voltage regulator have been sequentially connected in series between power supply and load, detection and boosting are parallel with diode D1 both ends
Compensation circuit.And it is in series with power conversion chip U5 detecting and boosting between compensation circuit and load.
Protection circuit is replaced with diode D1 in the present embodiment, mainly plays the anti-pressure protection to vehicle power；Decompression
Mu balanced circuit instead of high-power LC filter circuits and high-power TVS pipe, avoid using big encapsulation component, to reduce size simultaneously
Reduce height；Detection circuit and compensation circuit of boosting instead of the storage capacitor of big encapsulation Large Copacity.
Specifically, referring to Fig. 6, decompression voltage regulator includes electric charge mercury circuit, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1, triode Q2, diode
D2, resistance R1, resistance R2, resistance R3, resistance R4, voltage comparator U1 and reference power supply Vref；Metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1 D poles and electric charge
The positive pole of mercury circuit is respectively connected to diode D1 negative pole；Metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1 G poles and the negative pole of electric charge mercury circuit therewith between access electricity
Hinder R1；Metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1 S poles are grounded by resistance R3 and resistance R4；The C poles access electric charge of diode D2 negative pole and triode Q2
The negative pole of mercury circuit, the S poles of diode D2 positive pole and triode Q2 E poles access metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1；Voltage comparator U1 positive pole
Access between resistance R3 and resistance R4, negative pole access reference power supply Vref, output end accesses the B poles of triode by resistance R2；
The output end of metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1 S extremely decompression voltage regulators.
Wherein the chip solution of existing comparative maturity is can be selected in electric charge mercury circuit or discrete device circuit is built；Reference power supply
Reference voltage Vref is provided as comparison amplifier, default setting 1V, because reference voltage is sufficiently small, can be carried by rear level power supply
Powered for stable power supply, the influence of fluctuations of level power supply before being substantially not subject to.
Above-mentioned decompression voltage regulator operation principle is as follows：
On-vehicle battery positive pole inputs from power inlet, by one-way conduction diode D1, into decompression voltage regulator mould
Block.When supply voltage is working properly, power supply provides energy for electric charge mercury circuit, and electric charge mercury circuit produces high level driving MOS
Pipe Q1 is turned on, and power supply provides power supply by Q1 for rear class；When high-voltage pulse mutation occurs for supply voltage, power supply still turns on
Metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1, in the rear class of power supply, voltage comparator U1 positive pole R4 electric resistance partial pressure transient rise, passes through CL Compare Logic through R3
Computing, comparator U1 export high level, triode Q2 conductings, and metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1 ends, and level power supply reduces after power supply, and final stabilization exists
In the power range of restriction, the effect of lowering and stabilizing blood pressure is realized.
Fig. 7 is referred to, detection and boosting compensation circuit include resistance R5, resistance R6, voltage comparator U2, switch control mould
Block, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5, inductance L3 and electric capacity C2；The output end of decompression voltage regulator is grounded by resistance R5 and resistance R6；
Between voltage comparator U2 negative pole access resistance R5 and resistance R6, negative pole access reference power supply Vref, output end access switch
The PIN1 inputs of control module；The PIN2 output ends and PIN3 output ends of switch control module are respectively connected to metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5 and MOS
Pipe Q4 G poles；Metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4 D poles access the output end of decompression voltage regulator, S poles ground connection by inductance L3；Metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5 S poles
To access between inductance L3 and metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4 D poles, D poles are grounded by electric capacity C2, and are connected with the output end of decompression voltage regulator,
Output end as the compensation circuit that detects and boost.
For power supply after decompression voltage regulator, the power supply of output is the under-voltage power supply to normal voltage, in said structure,
Switch control module can use the power supply process chip of MCU or scheme maturation.
Above-mentioned detection and boosting compensation circuit operation principle are as follows：
When supply voltage is normal, power supply passes through resistance R5, R6 partial pressure, is exported by the computing of operational amplifier CL Compare Logic
Low level, now switch control module do not work；When supply voltage occurs under-voltage, power supply passes through resistance R5, R6 partial pressure, passes through
High level is exported after operational amplifier, now switch control module starts mode of operation.
When switch control module works, switch control module controls PIN2 pin to export low level first, and the output of PIN3 pin is high
Level, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4 conductings, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5 cut-offs, electric current pass through L3, and high current I is produced with Q4；And then about 1~5ms (switch frequencies
200KHz~1MHz may be selected in rate) after, switch control module control PIN2 pin output high level, PIN3 pin output low level, MOS
Pipe Q4 end, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5 conducting, because inductance L3 will have inductance current I, the current value keep it is constant, electric current by L3 with
Q5, directly to late-class circuit charging pressure-boosting, under-voltage circuit obtains boosting compensation.
By the decompression voltage regulator of front stage circuits, after compensation circuit of boosting, power conversion chip U5 can obtain one
Metastable power input, it need not now consider further that the impact that whether can meet instantaneous pressure pulse, it is not required that increase
Electric capacity is amplified as under-voltage compensation, so as to the relatively easy transformation for realizing power supply.
The Vehicular power protective circuit that the present embodiment provides avoids, using large-sized TVS pipe is encapsulated greatly, filter capacitor, subtracting
The bulk of few component；The protection device using specific function is avoided, reduces product cost；Power pulse has disturbed
Effect suppresses, and the alternative of rear level power supply increases.
Embodiments described above, the restriction to the technical scheme protection domain is not formed.It is any in above-mentioned implementation
Modifications, equivalent substitutions and improvements made within the spirit and principle of mode etc., should be included in the protection model of the technical scheme
Within enclosing.
Claims (5)
- A kind of 1. Vehicular power protective circuit, it is characterised in that：Diode D1 and drop have been sequentially connected in series between power supply and load Press mu balanced circuit；Detection and boosting compensation circuit are parallel with the both ends of the diode D1.
- A kind of 2. Vehicular power protective circuit according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The decompression voltage regulator includes Electric charge mercury circuit, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1, triode Q2, diode D2, resistance R1, resistance R2, resistance R3, resistance R4, voltage comparator U1 With reference power supply Vref；The D poles of the metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1 and the positive pole of electric charge mercury circuit are respectively connected to the negative pole of the diode D1； The negative pole of the G poles of the metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1 and the electric charge mercury circuit therewith between access the resistance R1；The S of the metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1 is extremely logical Cross resistance R3 and resistance the R4 ground connection；The negative pole of the diode D2 is negative with triode Q2 C poles access electric charge mercury circuit Pole, the S poles of the positive pole of the diode D2 and triode Q2 E poles access metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1；The positive pole of the voltage comparator U1 connects Enter between the resistance R3 and resistance R4, negative pole access reference power supply Vref, output end accesses the triode by resistance R2 B poles；The output end of the extremely described decompression voltage regulators of S of the metal-oxide-semiconductor Q1.
- A kind of 3. Vehicular power protective circuit according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：Detection and boosting the compensation electricity Road includes resistance R5, resistance R6, voltage comparator U2, switch control module, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5, inductance L3 and electric capacity C2； The output end of the decompression voltage regulator is grounded by the resistance R5 and resistance R6；The negative pole access of the voltage comparator U2 Between the resistance R5 and resistance R6, negative pole access reference power supply Vref, output end accesses the PIN1 of the switch control module Input；The PIN2 output ends and PIN3 output ends of the switch control module are respectively connected to the metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5's and metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4 G poles；The D poles of the metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4 access the output end of the decompression voltage regulator, S poles ground connection by the inductance L3；It is described Metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5 S poles are accessed between the D poles of the inductance L3 and metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4, and D poles are grounded by electric capacity C2, and steady with the decompression The output end connection of volt circuit, as the detection and the output end of boosting compensation circuit.
- A kind of 4. Vehicular power protective circuit according to claim 3, it is characterised in that：The switch control module is MCU or power supply process chip.
- A kind of 5. Vehicular power protective circuit according to claim 4, it is characterised in that：The switch control module work When, switch control module controls PIN2 pin to export low level, PIN3 pin output high level, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4 conductings, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5 first Cut-off, electric current pass through inductance L3, and electric current I is produced with metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4；And then about after 1~5ms, switch control module control PIN2 Pin exports high level, and PIN3 pin output low level, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q4 cut-offs, metal-oxide-semiconductor Q5 conductings, inductance L3 is due to that perceptual electricity will be present I is flowed, electric current passes through L3 and Q5, directly to late-class circuit charging pressure-boosting, completes boosting compensation.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710884312.7A CN107658858B (en) | 2017-09-26 | 2017-09-26 | A kind of Vehicular power protective circuit |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201710884312.7A CN107658858B (en) | 2017-09-26 | 2017-09-26 | A kind of Vehicular power protective circuit |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN107658858A true CN107658858A (en) | 2018-02-02 |
| CN107658858B CN107658858B (en) | 2019-05-17 |
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| CN201710884312.7A Active CN107658858B (en) | 2017-09-26 | 2017-09-26 | A kind of Vehicular power protective circuit |
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2016001363A1 (en) * | 2014-07-04 | 2016-01-07 | Valeo Vision | Step-up/step-down converter with a protective circuit |
| CN205178879U (en) * | 2015-12-08 | 2016-04-20 | 北京英赛德佳科技有限公司 | DC power supply with wide input voltage range |
| CN205901586U (en) * | 2016-08-17 | 2017-01-18 | 中国航空无线电电子研究所 | Voltage pre -stabilizing circuit with prevent joining conversely function |
-
2017
- 2017-09-26 CN CN201710884312.7A patent/CN107658858B/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2016001363A1 (en) * | 2014-07-04 | 2016-01-07 | Valeo Vision | Step-up/step-down converter with a protective circuit |
| CN205178879U (en) * | 2015-12-08 | 2016-04-20 | 北京英赛德佳科技有限公司 | DC power supply with wide input voltage range |
| CN205901586U (en) * | 2016-08-17 | 2017-01-18 | 中国航空无线电电子研究所 | Voltage pre -stabilizing circuit with prevent joining conversely function |
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| CN107658858B (en) | 2019-05-17 |
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