CN107633185A - A kind of method and electronic equipment for protecting storage device data safety - Google Patents

A kind of method and electronic equipment for protecting storage device data safety Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107633185A
CN107633185A CN201710860039.4A CN201710860039A CN107633185A CN 107633185 A CN107633185 A CN 107633185A CN 201710860039 A CN201710860039 A CN 201710860039A CN 107633185 A CN107633185 A CN 107633185A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
storage device
data
password
electronic equipment
unlocking pin
Prior art date
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Pending
Application number
CN201710860039.4A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
融志强
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Lenovo Beijing Ltd
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Lenovo Beijing Ltd
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Publication date
Application filed by Lenovo Beijing Ltd filed Critical Lenovo Beijing Ltd
Priority to CN201710860039.4A priority Critical patent/CN107633185A/en
Publication of CN107633185A publication Critical patent/CN107633185A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Abstract

This application discloses a kind of method and electronic equipment for protecting storage device data safety, storage device is provided with electronic equipment, methods described includes:When the storage device enters off-position, at least part data in the storage device are locked using the password previously generated, the password is used to unlock the data being in the lock state in the storage device when the storage device enters and connects electricity condition.The application passes through when the storage device of electronic equipment carries out off-position; the data in storage device are locked using the password previously generated; thus storage device is into when connecing electricity condition; only the electronic equipment with unlocking pin could unlock the data being in the lock state in storage device; and then even if storage device is stolen; there is no the data that password can not be equally had access in storage device, thus protect the data safety of storage device, improve Information Security.

Description

A kind of method and electronic equipment for protecting storage device data safety
Technical field
The application is related to technical field of data security, more particularly to a kind of method and electricity for protecting storage device data safety Sub- equipment.
Background technology
With the development of technology, all kinds of storage devices are also with rapid changepl. never-ending changes and improvements.Wherein, it is proud to rise storage device (Optane Memory it is) a kind of equipment newly released, essence is non-volatile memories agreement (the Non-Volatile Memory of M.2 interface Express, NVMe) storage device, but the conventional memory device and cost is relatively low because read or write speed matches in excellence or beauty, electronics is set Used for Optane memory generally are configured into virtual memory by driving to operating system, and reach biography in displaying The effect for storage device of uniting.
But this storage device after a power failure the inside data will not lose and preserve always, can have storage device The situation that the data stored after stolen are compromised, cause Information Security relatively low.
The content of the invention
The purpose of the application is to provide a kind of method and electronic equipment for protecting storage device data safety, existing to solve Have after storage device is stolen in technology and leaking data occurs, cause the technical problem that Information Security is relatively low.
This application provides a kind of method for protecting storage device data safety, applied to electronic equipment, the electronics is set Standby to be above provided with storage device, methods described includes:
When the storage device enters off-position, using the password previously generated in the storage device at least Partial data is locked, and the password is used to unlock when the storage device enters and connects electricity condition to be located in the storage device In the data of lock-out state.
The above method, it is preferable that basic input output system (Basic of the password storage in the electronic equipment Input Output System, BIOS) memory cell in.
The above method, it is preferable that the password is generated based on default random algorithm.
Present invention also provides the method for another protection storage device data safety, applied to electronic equipment, the electricity Storage device is provided with sub- equipment, methods described includes:
When the storage device enters and connects electricity condition, the unlocking pin of the storage device is obtained;
Based on the unlocking pin, the data being in the lock state in the storage device are unlocked.
The above method, it is preferable that based on the unlocking pin, unlock the number being in the lock state in the storage device According to, including:
The unlocking pin is compared with the preset password of the storage device, if the unlocking pin with it is described Preset password is consistent, then unlocks the data being in the lock state in the storage device.
The above method, it is preferable that based on the unlocking pin, unlock the number being in the lock state in the storage device According to, including:
The unlocking pin is compared with the preset password of the storage device, if the unlocking pin with it is described Preset password is inconsistent, then resets the storage device.
The above method, it is preferable that the replacement storage device, including:
Delete all data being in the lock state in the storage device.
The above method, it is preferable that the unlocking pin for obtaining the storage device, including:
The unlocking pin of the storage device is obtained from the BIOS of electronic equipment memory cell.
Present invention also provides a kind of electronic equipment, including storage device and BIOS, wherein:
The BIOS is used for when the storage device enters off-position, using the password previously generated to the storage At least part data in equipment are locked, and the password is used for when the storage device enters and connects electricity condition described in unblock The data being in the lock state in storage device.
Above-mentioned electronic equipment, it is preferable that the BIOS includes:Memory cell, the memory cell are described for storing Password.
Above-mentioned electronic equipment, it is preferable that the BIOS is additionally operable to be in advance based on the default random algorithm generation password.
Present invention also provides another electronic equipment, including storage device and BIOS, wherein:
The BIOS is used for the unlocking pin for when the storage device enters and connects electricity condition, obtaining the storage device, And the unlocking pin is based on, unlock the data being in the lock state in the storage device.
Above-mentioned electronic equipment, it is preferable that the BIOS is specifically used for:By the pre- of the unlocking pin and the storage device If password is compared, if the unlocking pin is consistent with the preset password, unlocks and be in the storage device The data of lock-out state.
Above-mentioned electronic equipment, it is preferable that the BIOS is specifically used for:By the pre- of the unlocking pin and the storage device If password is compared, if the unlocking pin and the preset password are inconsistent, the storage device is reset.
Above-mentioned electronic equipment, it is preferable that the BIOS resets the storage device, is specially:Delete the storage device In all data for being in the lock state.
Above-mentioned electronic equipment, it is preferable that the BIOS is specifically used for obtaining the storage device from its memory cell Unlocking pin.
From such scheme, the method and electronic equipment of a kind of protection storage device data safety that the application provides, By when the storage device of electronic equipment carries out off-position, being entered using the password previously generated to the data in storage device Row locking, thus storage device is into when connecing electricity condition, and only the electronic equipment with the password could unlock storage device In the data that are in the lock state, and then even if storage device is stolen, no password can not be equally had access in storage device Data, thus protect the data safety of storage device, improve Information Security.
Brief description of the drawings
In order to illustrate more clearly of the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present application, make required in being described below to embodiment Accompanying drawing is briefly described, it should be apparent that, drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, for For those of ordinary skill in the art, without having to pay creative labor, it can also be obtained according to these accompanying drawings His accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 is a kind of flow chart of the method for protection storage device data safety that the embodiment of the present application one provides;
Fig. 2 is a kind of flow chart of the method for protection storage device data safety that the embodiment of the present application two provides;
Fig. 3 is the structural representation for a kind of electronic equipment that the embodiment of the present application three provides;
Fig. 4 is the structural representation for a kind of electronic equipment that the embodiment of the present application four provides.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in the embodiment of the present application, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present application is carried out clear, complete Site preparation describes, it is clear that described embodiment is only some embodiments of the present application, rather than whole embodiments.It is based on Embodiment in the application, those of ordinary skill in the art are obtained every other under the premise of creative work is not made Embodiment, belong to the scope of the application protection.
With reference to figure 1, a kind of realization stream of the method for the protection storage device data safety provided for the embodiment of the present application one Cheng Tu, the method in the present embodiment are applied to electronic equipment, and the computer, server or rack for being such as provided with storage device are set Standby, storage device here can be optane memory equipment, such as be based on non-volatile memories agreement Non-Volatile Memory express (NVMe) storage device, or, storage device can also be the equipment of other storage agreements.
In the present embodiment, this method may comprise steps of:
Step 101:Whether monitoring storage device enters off-position, if it is, performing step 102.
Wherein, off-position refers to:Between electronic equipment sleep, shutdown or disconnection and power supply where storage device Connection so that storage device enters off-position, and in the power-off state, storage device is no longer accessed by any equipment.
Step 102:Using the password previously generated, at least part data in storage device are locked.
Wherein, the password previously generated here can be that the processing on electronic equipment is in advance based on default algorithm life Into such as hard drive password (Hard Disk Drive Password, HDD Password), and generating the electricity of password here Sub- equipment refers to legal safe electronic equipment for storage device, for example, validated user arrives storage device configurations On server, server is exactly legal safe electronic equipment for storage device, and illegally will if there is someone After storage device disassembles in violation of rules and regulations from server, it is assembled on rack, this rack is exactly for storage device Illegal unsafe electronic equipment.
It should be noted that carrying out locking using password in the data in storage device is entered when storage device powers off OK, that is, when electronic equipment is slept, shut down or powered off, the data in storage device are locked, and only had Possessing the electronic equipment of legal password could be unlocked to the data locked in storage device, and then access storage device In data.If storage device is assembled on other electronic equipments after illegally being dismantled from legal electronic equipment, other Electronic equipment does not have password to unlock the data in storage device, cannot access data yet, thus protects storage to set Data safety in standby.
Wherein, when the data in storage device lock, the basic input and output on electronic equipment can be passed through System (Basic Input Output System, BIOS) realizes that even electronic equipment is in off-position, BIOS is still It can so be operated, for example, when electronic equipment is slept, shut down or powered off, the BIOS in electronic equipment is to storage At least part data in equipment are locked.
, can be with it should be noted that BIOS is using password at least part data in storage device when being locked Data of the data in storage device in specific storage region either in the storage region of whole are locked or to depositing The specific data of data structure or the data of all data structures are locked in storage equipment.
From such scheme, a kind of method for protection storage device data safety that the embodiment of the present application one provides, lead to Cross when the storage device of electronic equipment carries out off-position, the data in storage device are carried out using the password previously generated Locking, thus storage device is into when connecing electricity condition, and only the electronic equipment with the password could be unlocked in storage device Data being in the lock state, and then even if storage device is stolen, the number that no password can not be equally had access in storage device According to thus protecting the data safety of storage device, improve Information Security.
In one implementation, password used in electronic equipment can be stored in advance in the memory cell of electronic equipment In, as BIOS nonvolatile random access memory (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory, NVRAM) in, For example, password is stored in advance in BIOS NVRAM, when storage device is in off-position, BIOS takes close from NVRAM At least part data in storage device are locked, only possess the legal electronic equipment of this password by code using password, The BIOS of password is such as stored with, the password could be utilized to be unlocked the data being in the lock state in storage device, ability Data are conducted interviews, thus protect the data safety in storage device.
It should be noted that it is manual also to avoid the need for user in BIOS memory cell for password storage in the present embodiment Password is inputted, is equally reached the purpose of protection storage device data safety, realizes the automatic unlocking of the data of storage device, Complexity thus, it is possible to reduce user's operation, and then user job efficiency is improved, improve user experience.
In one implementation, the password in electronic equipment can be generated based on default random algorithm it is random Password, it can so ensure by other disabled users will not be guessed to a certain extent, be further ensured that the data of storage device Safety.
In addition, storage device when being in off-position every time, password used in electronic equipment can with it is identical can not also Together.For example, electronic equipment only generates a password based on random algorithm, when each storage device powers off, electronic equipment all makes At least part data in storage device are locked with this password, storage device is when entrance connects electricity condition, electronics Equipment is also unlocked using this password to the data being in the lock state in storage device, and then realizes the safety visit of data Ask;
Or for example, electronic equipment is formed cipher list, stored every time based on a series of passwords of random algorithm generation During device powers down, electronic equipment can choose a password in cipher list and at least part data in storage device are carried out Locking, and storage device enter connect electricity condition when, electronic equipment reselection last time storage device power off when it is used close Code is unlocked to the data being in the lock state in storage device, and then realizes the secure access of data.
With reference to figure 2, a kind of realization stream of the method for the protection storage device data safety provided for the embodiment of the present application two Cheng Tu, this method are applied to electronic equipment, and the electronic equipment can be the equipment such as computer, server or rack, the electronic equipment On can be provided with storage device, such as storage device based on NVMe storage agreements:Optane memory equipment, or, other The equipment for storing agreement.
In the present embodiment, this method may comprise steps of:
Step 201:Whether monitoring storage device, which enters, connects electricity condition, if it is, performing step 202.
Wherein, storage device entrance connects electricity condition and referred to:Electronic equipment where storage device from sleep, shutdown or powers off State in when entering normal operation, storage device, which enters, connects electricity condition, and in the case where connecing electricity condition, storage device can receive it The access of his equipment.
Step 202:Obtain the unlocking pin of storage device.
Wherein, the unlocking pin of storage device refers to, electronic equipment is when storage device the last time entering off-position Line-locked password is entered at least part data in storage device, the unlocking pin can prestore in the electronic device, Accordingly, when subsequently needing to conduct interviews to the data in storage device, unlocking pin can be obtained from electronic equipment.
Step 203:Based on unlocking pin, the data being in the lock state in storage device are unlocked.
Wherein, the data being in the lock state in storage device can be partial data or whole numbers in storage device According to, such as data in part or all of storage region, or, such as data of some or all of data structure.In the present embodiment The data being in the lock state in unlocking pin unblock storage device can be utilized.
From such scheme, a kind of method for protection storage device data safety that the embodiment of the present application two provides, lead to Cross when the storage device of electronic equipment carries out off-position, the data in storage device are carried out using the password previously generated Locking, thus storage device is into when connecing electricity condition, and only the electronic equipment with unlocking pin could unlock storage device In the data that are in the lock state, and then even if storage device is stolen, no password can not be equally had access in storage device Data, thus protect the data safety of storage device, improve Information Security.
In one implementation, the number that electronic equipment is in the lock state in based on unlocking pin unblock storage device According to when, can be accomplished by the following way:
First, unlocking pin is compared electronic equipment with the preset password of storage device, if unlocking pin with it is pre- If password is consistent, then the data being in the lock state in electronic equipment can unblock storage device.
For example, unlocking pin be exactly storage device it is upper once power off when electronic equipment set to storage device in extremely Small part data enter line-locked password, therefore, in the present embodiment, by the preset password for judging unlocking pin and storage device It is whether consistent, come determine the electronic equipment whether be storage device Lawful access equipment.
And if when unlocking pin is compared with the preset password of storage device, find unlocking pin with preset password not Unanimously, then storage device is reset.That is, if it find that the unlocking pin of the electronic equipment to be conducted interviews to storage device simultaneously It is not the preset password of storage device, then illustrate that electronic equipment now is not legal electronic equipment, it is now, directly right Storage device is reset.
Here replacement storage device, it can be understood as all data being in the lock state in storage device are deleted, or Person directly deletes the total data in storage device, thus come reach protection storage device data safety purpose.
Further, after storage device is reset, Initialize installation can also be carried out to storage device.
In one implementation, the unlocking pin of storage device can obtain from the BIOS of electronic equipment memory cell Take, as BIOS NVRAM in.For example, unlocking pin is stored in advance in BIOS NVRAMZHONG, power-off is in storage device During state, BIOS takes password from NVRAM, and at least part data in storage device are locked using password, and deposits Storage equipment is converted into by off-position when connecing electricity condition, and BIOS takes password, i.e. unlocking pin from NVRAM, close using unlocking Code is unlocked at least part data in storage device, same so as to normally be accessed the data in storage device in guarantee When, ensure the data safety in storage device.Further, the automatic of data interlock and unblock is completed by BIOS in the present embodiment Change is handled, and is manually entered without user, is reduced user's operation, is reduced the complexity of user's operation, improve user's Operating efficiency, improve the usage experience of user.
With reference to figure 3, the structural representation of a kind of electronic equipment provided for the embodiment of the present application three, the electronic equipment can be with For equipment such as computer, server or racks, storage device 301 and BIOS302 can be included in the electronic equipment, wherein:
BIOS302 is used for when storage device 301 enters off-position, using the password previously generated to storage device At least part data in 301 are locked, and password can be the password that BIOS302 is previously generated, and the password can be Storage device 301 enters the data for unlocking when connecing electricity condition and being in the lock state in storage device 301, therefore it is close only to possess this The equipment of code, the number in storage device 301 could be accessed such as the equipment where the BIOS302 of password is set for storage device 301 According to.
In one implementation, BIOS302 can be in advance based on default random algorithm generation password, and password is deposited Store up in the memory cell in BIOS302, the memory cell can be the NVRAM in BIOS, for storing the pre- Mr.s of BIOS302 Into password.
It should be noted that BIOS302 can only generate a password, when each storage device enters off-position, All at least part data in storage device 301 are locked using a password, and enters in storage device 301 and connects electric shape The data being in the lock state are unlocked using the password during state;Or BIOS302 can be more based on random algorithm generation Individual password, cipher list is formed, when each storage device enters off-position, BIOS302 selects one from cipher list Password locks at least part data in storage device 301, and is needing to visit the data in storage device 301 When asking, that is, storage device 301, into when connecing electricity condition, BIOS302 selects last progress data lock from cipher list The password that timing uses is unlocked to the data being in the lock state in storage device 301.
The a kind of electronic equipment provided from such scheme, the embodiment of the present application three, passes through the storage in electronic equipment When equipment carries out off-position, BIOS is locked using the password previously generated to the data in storage device, is thus stored Equipment is into when connecing electricity condition, and only the electronic equipment with the password could unlock what is be in the lock state in storage device Data, and then even if storage device is stolen, the data that no password can not be equally had access in storage device, are thus deposited to protect The data safety of equipment is stored up, improves Information Security.
With reference to figure 4, the structural representation of a kind of electronic equipment provided for the embodiment of the present application four, the electronic equipment can be with For equipment such as computer, server or racks, storage device 401 and BIOS402 can be included in the electronic equipment, wherein:
BIOS402 is used for the unlocking pin for when storage device 401 enters and connects electricity condition, obtaining storage device 401, and base In unlocking pin, the data being in the lock state in storage device 401 are unlocked.
Specifically, BIOS402 is when storage device 401 enters and connects electricity condition, it is first after the unlocking pin for obtaining storage device Unlocking pin is compared with the preset password of storage device 401, if unlocking pin is consistent with preset password, shown Unlocking pin used in BIOS402 is legal, and the electronic equipment where corresponding BIOS402 is relative to storage device 401 Legitimate device, now, BIOS402 can unlock the data being in the lock state in storage device 401, and thus electronic equipment can Data in storage device 401 are conducted interviews.
And if BIOS402 is compared by unlocking pin with the preset password of storage device 401, find unlocking pin With preset password it is inconsistent when, the electronic equipment where showing BIOS402 be for storage device 401 it is illegal, Now the equipment where BIOS402 can not access the data in storage device 401, now, in order to protect in storage device 401 Data, BIOS402 compare unlocking pin and preset password it is inconsistent when, can directly reset storage device 401, be deposited as deleted All data for being in the lock state or total data in storage device 401 is deleted in storage equipment 401, so as to relative to depositing Storage equipment 401 illegal equipment can not conduct interviews to the data being in the lock state in storage device 401, thus protect Data safety in storage device 401.
In one implementation, BIOS402 can obtain the solution of storage device 401 from its memory cell such as NVRAM Lock cipher, if the electronic equipment where BIOS402 is the legal equipment of relative storage device 401, that is to say, that BIOS402 It is to enter line-locked BIOS at least part data in storage device 401, then the unlocking pin in BIOS402 NVRAM Certainly it is the password consistent with the preset password of storage device 401, then BIOS402 is that can unlock storage device certainly The data being in the lock state in 401;And if the data in storage device 401 are not to be locked by BIOS402, then Certainly without the unlocking pin that can unlock the data in storage device 401 in BIOS402, then BIOS402 can not solve latch The data in equipment 401 are stored up, and storage device 401 can be reset, the data being thus in the lock state in storage device 401 are not It can be accessed, so as to reach the purpose of the data safety in protection storage device 401.
The a kind of electronic equipment provided from such scheme, the embodiment of the present application four, passes through the storage in electronic equipment When equipment carries out off-position, the data in storage device are locked using the password previously generated, thus storage device Into when connecing electricity condition, only the electronic equipment with unlocking pin could unlock the number being in the lock state in storage device According to and then even if storage device is stolen, data that no password can not be equally had access in storage device, thus protecting storage The data safety of equipment, improve Information Security.
By taking Optane Memory storage device as an example, its essence is the NVMe storage devices of M.2 interface, due to its compared with Strong read or write speed and lower-cost characteristic, therefore, Optane Memory can be configured to virtually by the driving of its own Internal memory uses to operating system, and can reach the effect of storage in using effect.
Because the data of Optane Memory the insides after a power failure will not lose, therefore in order to ensure Optane Even if the data of the inside are not stolen after Memory is stolen, one can be set to Optane Memory automatically by BIOS Password, data are locked, because Optane Memory essence is NVMe equipment, BIOS can set HDD to it Password, HDD password are stored in BIOS NVRAM, are started shooting in electronic equipment or are revived from resting state every time When, BIOS automatic unlocking Optane Memory, and then access the data in Optane Memory.
Thus, after Optane Memory are stolen, because HDD password presence can protect Optane Data inside Memory will not be revealed;And when Optane Memory are changed in other machines equipment, BIOS weights can be passed through New configuration, in configuration, BIOS is because no password can not just unlock the data in Optane Memory, then BIOS can be straight Connect the data removed in Optane Memory and reset HDD password, so as to ensure original to be stored in Optane Data in Memory are read by other machines equipment, protect data safety.
It should be noted that each embodiment in this specification is described by the way of progressive, each embodiment weight Point explanation is all difference with other embodiment, between each embodiment identical similar part mutually referring to.
Finally, it is to be noted that, herein, such as first and second or the like relational terms be used merely to by One entity or operation make a distinction with another entity or operation, and not necessarily require or imply these entities or operation Between any this actual relation or order be present.Moreover, term " comprising ", "comprising" or its any other variant meaning Covering including for nonexcludability, so that process, method, article or equipment including a series of elements not only include that A little key elements, but also the other element including being not expressly set out, or also include for this process, method, article or The intrinsic key element of equipment.In the absence of more restrictions, the key element limited by sentence "including a ...", is not arranged Except other identical element in the process including the key element, method, article or equipment being also present.
The method and electronic equipment of a kind of protection storage device data safety provided herein have been carried out in detail above Thin to introduce, specific case used herein is set forth to the principle and embodiment of the application, and above example is said It is bright to be only intended to help and understand the present processes and its core concept;Meanwhile for those of ordinary skill in the art, foundation The thought of the application, there will be changes in specific embodiments and applications, in summary, this specification content is not It is interpreted as the limitation to the application.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of method for protecting storage device data safety, applied to electronic equipment, is provided with storage on the electronic equipment Equipment, methods described include:
When the storage device enters off-position, using the password previously generated at least part in the storage device Data are locked, and the password is used to unlock when the storage device enters and connects electricity condition in the storage device in lock Determine the data of state.
2. according to the method for claim 1, it is characterised in that basic input of the password storage in the electronic equipment In the memory cell of output system (Basic Input Output System, BIOS).
3. a kind of method for protecting storage device data safety, applied to electronic equipment, is provided with storage on the electronic equipment Equipment, methods described include:
When the storage device enters and connects electricity condition, the unlocking pin of the storage device is obtained;
Based on the unlocking pin, the data being in the lock state in the storage device are unlocked.
4. according to the method for claim 3, it is characterised in that based on the unlocking pin, unlock in the storage device The data being in the lock state, including:
The unlocking pin is compared with the preset password of the storage device, if the unlocking pin is preset with described Password is consistent, then unlocks the data being in the lock state in the storage device.
5. according to the method for claim 3, it is characterised in that based on the unlocking pin, unlock in the storage device The data being in the lock state, including:
The unlocking pin is compared with the preset password of the storage device, if the unlocking pin is preset with described Password is inconsistent, then resets the storage device.
6. according to the method for claim 3, it is characterised in that the unlocking pin for obtaining the storage device, including:
The unlocking pin of the storage device is obtained from the BIOS of electronic equipment memory cell.
7. a kind of electronic equipment, including storage device and BIOS, wherein:
The BIOS is used for when the storage device enters off-position, using the password previously generated to the storage device In at least part data locked, the password be used for the storage device enter connect electricity condition when unlock the storage The data being in the lock state in equipment.
8. electronic equipment according to claim 7, it is characterised in that the BIOS includes:Memory cell, the storage Unit is used to store the password.
9. a kind of electronic equipment, including storage device and BIOS, wherein:
The BIOS is used for the unlocking pin for when the storage device enters and connects electricity condition, obtaining the storage device, and base In the unlocking pin, the data being in the lock state in the storage device are unlocked.
10. electronic equipment according to claim 9, it is characterised in that the BIOS is specifically used for:By the unlocking pin It is compared with the preset password of the storage device, if the unlocking pin is consistent with the preset password, unlocks The data being in the lock state in the storage device.
CN201710860039.4A 2017-09-21 2017-09-21 A kind of method and electronic equipment for protecting storage device data safety Pending CN107633185A (en)

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