CN107612325A - One kind switchs the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses one kind to switch the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources, and applied to energy composite energy source electric car, the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources of switch includes：By inductance L1, inductance L2, switching capacity C1, switching capacity C2With power switch Q2The quasi- Z source networks of switch of composition；Also include, power switch Q1, power switch Q3, high-pressure side energy storage filter capacitor ChighAnd low-pressure side energy storage filter capacitor Clow；Power switch Q2And Q3Drive signal it is identical, and with power switch Q1Drive signal it is complementary；The quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources of the switch both may operate at boost mode, also may operate at decompression mode, so as to realize two-way circulating for high-pressure side and low-pressure side energy；The topological structure not only realizes wider voltage gain, and reduces the voltage stress of power switch, while has the characteristics of simple in construction and easily controllable, and inputs with output definitely altogether.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to electric and electronic power converter technique field, more particularly to a kind of quasi- wide gain in Z sources of switch are two-way straight
Current converter, applied to energy composite energy source electric car.
Background technology
With the raising of world's car owning amount per capita, the usage amount of fossil energy and the discharge capacity of greenhouse gases are more next
It is more so that global weather and environmental problem getting worse.New-energy automobile can be achieved using regenerative resource as power source
Clean no pollution discharge operation, it is considered to be one of effective alleviating energy crisis and the novel traffic means of transportation of environmental pollution.
Important component of the energy composite energy source electric car as global new-energy automobile field, the power source master of its current main flow
To include the power accumulator of high-energy-density and the super capacitor of high-specific-power.Wherein low tension battery mainly remains vehicle-mounted
The energy of stable state and low-frequency fluctuation on high voltage dc bus, and super capacitor can start in electric automobile or braking moment carries
For or absorb high-frequency high-power, impacted so as to greatly cut down electric automobile load changing to caused by power accumulator, and energy
Improve the dynamic response performance of whole system.
The voltage class in electric automobile energy composite energy source is all relatively low at present, in order to realize energy composite energy source and vehicle-mounted height
The matching of voltage class and energy two-way circulates, it is necessary to which that wide gain is connected between both is two-way straight between pressure bus
Current converter.It is main to include isolation and non-isolated two kinds for wide gain two-way DC converter.The bidirectional, dc of isolated form
Converter mainly has inverse-excitation type DC converter, forward direct current converter, semibridge system two-way DC converter and full-bridge type double
To DC converter.One of the advantages of these two-way DC converters is exactly to boost and having wider electricity in brownout operation
Press gain.Although inverse-excitation type DC converter is simple in construction, easily controllable, leakage inductance caused by high frequency transformer is lost
Also so that the efficiency of converter cannot improve, and the presence of leakage inductance also make it that the voltage stress of power switch is larger.It is non-every
Release bidirectional transducer includes two conventional level-types, three level-types, more level-types, Cuk/Sepic/Zeta types, coupling inductance
Type, Z sources type, quasi- Z sources type, switching capacity type and switched inductors type etc..
Power switching voltage stress height, the gain ranging of traditional two level DC converters are narrow, and efficiency and dynamic response
Speed is limited by the extreme dutycycle of power switch, has not been suitable for gradually in current electric automobile energy composite energy source system.
For three level-type DC converters, although greatly reducing the voltage stress of power switch, under boosting and decompression mode
Voltage gain it is still all relatively low.Although more level-type DC converters can have a wider voltage gain, but need with
More power switch, extra hardware circuit and control strategy is come to keep the equilibrium of power switch stress be cost.
Although Cuk/Sepic/Zeta code converter voltage gains are wider, its cascade structure determines that its transducer effciency is relatively low.Coupling
Close inductance code converter and obtain high voltage gain, it is necessary to more power switch by adjusting coupling inductance turn ratio, and tie
Structure becomes more complicated, it is also necessary to solves the problems, such as leakage inductance, the power conversion of converter and transmittability are also by coupling inductance
The limitation of energy.Z sources type, quasi- Z sources type and switching capacity code converter structure and control are simple, are easy to extend, and electric capacity is filling
High voltage gain is obtained by different circuit transmission energy when electricity and electric discharge.Switched inductors type two-way DC converter can be
In the case of avoiding limit dutycycle, wider voltage gain and relatively low electric stress are realized, but use more electricity
Sensing unit causes the power density of converter to improve.
For cost-effective and reduction converter volume, efficiency is improved, it is necessary to a kind of power device voltage x current stress
Low, wide gain and the non-isolation type two-way DC converter for avoiding extreme dutycycle, it is set to be applied to the electronic vapour in energy composite energy source
The voltage transformation occasion of car.
The content of the invention
The invention provides one kind to switch the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources, and the topology is two-way straight in the quasi- Z sources of tradition
On the basis of current converter, after the position of one of power switch is changed, wider voltage gain is not only realized, and
Reduce the voltage stress of power switch, while there is the characteristics of simple in construction and easily controllable, definitely altogether the advantages of also make it
Extra PWM voltage problems are avoided the occurrence of between input and output side, make the application of carried converter wider, it is as detailed below
Description：
One kind switchs the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources, and the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources of switch should
For energy composite energy source electric car, the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources of switch includes：
By inductance L1, inductance L2, switching capacity C1, switching capacity C2With power switch Q2The quasi- Z source networks of switch of composition；
Also include, power switch Q1, power switch Q3, high-pressure side energy storage filter capacitor ChighAnd low-pressure side energy storage filter capacitor
Clow；
Power switch Q2And Q3Drive signal it is identical, and with power switch Q1Drive signal it is complementary；
The quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources of switch both may operate at boost mode, also may operate at decompression mould
Formula, so as to realize two-way circulating for high-pressure side and low-pressure side energy；
Wherein, step-up ratio is two level Boost DC converter (1+d of traditionBoost) times, power switch Q1-Q3Electricity
Compression is all 1/ (1+d of traditional quasi- Z sources DC converterBoost), it is high-pressure side output voltage Uhigh1/ (1+dBoost)；
Wherein, step-down ratio is 1/ (2-d of traditional two Level Buck DC-DC ConvertersBuck) times, power switch Q1-Q3Electricity
Compression is all 1/ (2-d of traditional quasi- Z sources DC converterBuck), it is high-pressure side input voltage Uhigh1/ (2-dBuck)。
Wherein, the power switch is all using the controlled power pipe of low on state resistance.
Wherein, the voltage stress of all power switch is below high side voltage.The quasi- wide gain in Z sources of switch is two-way straight
The input of current converter is absolute altogether with output.
The beneficial effect of technical scheme provided by the invention is：
1st, the wide gain two-way DC converter in the quasi- Z sources of switch that the present invention designs is lifted using quasi- Z source technologies are switched
Pressure, while realizing wide scope buck, avoid because increase gain and caused by power switch extreme dutycycle operation ask
Topic, and the voltage stress of all power switch is below high side voltage；
2nd, the characteristics of two-way DC converter inputs and exported definitely altogether it also avoid going out between input and output end
Now extra PWM voltage problems；
3rd, the power switch in the topology is improving reversible transducer all using the controlled power pipe of low on state resistance
While operational reliability, energy conversion efficiency is improved by synchronous rectification, is highly suitable as the electronic vapour in energy composite energy source
The occasion of voltage transformation between car mesolow energy storage device and on-board high-voltage dc bus.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation for switching the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources；
Fig. 2 for carried topological principal character waveform schematic diagram；
Wherein, (a) is Boost；(b) it is Buck.
Fig. 3 is the equivalent circuit figure for switching the quasi- wide gain Boost DC converters in Z sources；
Wherein, (a) is Q1It is open-minded, Q2、Q3Current flow paths during shut-off；(b) it is Q2、Q3It is open-minded, Q1Electric current stream during shut-off
Path.
Fig. 4 is the quasi- wide gain Buck DC converters equivalent circuit figure in Z sources of switch.
Wherein, (a) is Q2、Q3It is open-minded, Q1Current flow paths during shut-off；(b) it is Q1It is open-minded, Q2、Q3Electric current stream during shut-off
Path.
In accompanying drawing, each part is listed as follows：
UhighTo switch the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter high-pressure side port voltage in Z sources (input electricity during Buck patterns
Output voltage when pressure, Boost patterns)；
UlowTo switch the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter low-pressure side port voltage in Z sources (output electricity during Buck patterns
Input voltage when pressure, Boost patterns)；
ihighFor switch the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter high voltage side current in Z sources (input current during Buck patterns,
Output current during Boost patterns)；
ilowFor switch the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter low-pressure side electric current in Z sources (output current during Buck patterns,
Input current during Boost patterns)；
L1、L2For energy storage, filter inductance； Chigh、ClowRespectively filter capacitor；
RloadFor output loading； C1、C2Respectively switching capacity；
Q1、Q2、Q3The respectively power switch of converter； iL1、iL2For inductive current；
S1、S2、S3For power switch Q1、Q2、Q3Switching signal； uC1、uC2For electric capacity C1、C2Voltage；
dBoostFor Boost patterns when power switch Q1Dutycycle；
dBuckFor Buck patterns when power switch Q2、Q3Dutycycle.
Embodiment
To make the object, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, embodiment of the present invention is made below further
It is described in detail on ground.
Embodiment 1
First, topological structure
The topological structure for the switch quasi- Z sources two-way DC converter that the embodiment of the present invention is proposed is as shown in Figure 1.From Fig. 1
As can be seen that the topological structure that the embodiment of the present invention is proposed is relatively simple, it is main to include a quasi- Z source networks (L of switch1、
L2、 C1、C2And Q2), power switch Q1And Q3And high low pressure side energy storage/filter capacitor ChighAnd Clow.Power switch Q2And Q3
Drive signal S2And S3It is identical, and with power switch Q1Drive signal S1It is complementary.
The topology both may operate in Boost patterns, also may operate at Buck patterns, so as to realize high-pressure side and low-pressure side
Energy two-way circulates.
Fig. 2 is the principal character for switching the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources in two kinds of operational modes of Boost and Buck
Waveform.Fig. 3, Fig. 4 are respectively to switch the wide gain two-way DC converter in quasi- Z sources to open up under two kinds of operational modes of Boost and Buck
The equivalent circuit figure flutterred.
2nd, Width funtion gain
1st, Boost patterns
When the converter proposed is in Boost operational modes, i.e., energy flows to high-pressure side from low-pressure side, now power
Switch Q1For supervisor, Q2And Q3For looped pipeline (synchronous rectifier), drive signal S1、S2And S3Phase differ 180 °, dutycycle
Meet d1=1-d2=1-d3=dBoost.It is right shown in signature waveform of the converter proposed under the running status such as Fig. 2 (a)
Shown in the topological current flow paths answered such as Fig. 3 (a) (b).Shown in PWM strategy such as Fig. 2 (a), by inductance L1、L2Weber puts down
Weighing apparatus can obtain：
U can be obtained by Fig. 1Chigh=Uhigh, derivation can obtain electric capacity C1-C2Voltage stress and high-pressure side output voltage Uhigh
With low pressure input voltage UlowBetween relation：
In addition, power switch Q can be tried to achieve1-Q3Voltage stress：
By electric capacity C1、C2、ChighAmpere-second balances the relation that can be obtained between high-pressure side output current and low-pressure side input current,
Inductance L1, L2Electric current and power switch Q1-Q3Current stress：
In formula, Ilow, IL1, IL2, IQ1-IQ3Respectively converter Boost patterns when input current ilow, inductive current iL1With
iL2, power switch Q1-Q3The average value of conducting electric current.
Above-mentioned theory is derived and can obtained, and the DC converter step-up ratio that the embodiment of the present invention proposes is traditional two level Boosts
(the 1+d of DC converterBoost) times, it is (1+dBoost)/(1-dBoost), power switch Q1-Q3Voltage stress be all traditional accurate
1/ (1+d of Z sources DC converterBoost), it is high-pressure side output voltage Uhigh1/ (1+dBoost)。
2nd, Buck patterns
When the converter proposed is in Buck operational modes, i.e., energy flows to high-pressure side from low-pressure side, now power
Switch Q1For looped pipeline (synchronous rectifier), Q2And Q3For supervisor, drive signal S1、S2And S3Phase differ 180 °, dutycycle
Meet d2=d3=1-d1=dBuck.It is corresponding shown in signature waveform of the converter proposed under the running status such as Fig. 2 (b)
Topological current flow paths such as Fig. 4 (a) (b) shown in.Shown in PWM strategy such as Fig. 2 (b), by inductance L1、L2Voltage-second balance
It can obtain：
U can be obtained by Fig. 1Chigh=Uhigh, derivation can obtain electric capacity C1-C2Voltage stress and high-pressure side output voltage Uhigh
With low pressure input voltage UlowBetween relation：
In addition, power switch Q can be tried to achieve1-Q3Voltage stress：
By electric capacity C1、C2、ChighAmpere-second balances the relation that can be obtained between low-pressure side output current and high-pressure side input current,
Inductance L1, L2Electric current and power switch Q1-Q3Current stress：
I in formulalow, IL1, IL2, IQ1-IQ3Respectively converter Buck patterns when input current ilow, inductive current iL1With
iL2, power switch Q1-Q3The average value of conducting electric current.
Above-mentioned theory is derived and can obtained, and the DC converter step-down ratio that the embodiment of the present invention proposes is that two level Buck of tradition are straight
1/ (2-d of current converterBuck) times, it is dBuck/(2-dBuck), power switch Q1-Q3Voltage stress be all that the quasi- Z sources of tradition are straight
1/ (2-d of current converterBuck), it is high-pressure side input voltage Uhigh1/ (2-dBuck)。
Above-mentioned analysis can obtain, and the wide gain two-way DC converter in the quasi- Z sources of switch that the embodiment of the present invention proposes is applied to multiple
When closing between energy source electric car mesolow energy storage device and on-board high-voltage dc bus, when being operated in boosting (Boost) state
When meet the needs of boosting to wide scope；Meets the needs of being depressured to wide scope when being operated in decompression (Buck) state；So as to solve
The interface that certainly voltage class is different between energy composite energy source electric car mesolow energy storage device and on-board high-voltage dc bus is asked
Topic.
Embodiment 2
Below with the wide gain two-way DC converter topology in the quasi- Z sources of switch shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 new topological robust operation
When principal character waveform and Fig. 2,3 topoligical equivalence loop diagram, the principle of the embodiment of the present invention is illustrated.Every
Individual carrier cycle, converter undergo two on off states altogether, separately below to converter decompression (Buck), boosting (Boost) mould
Formula illustrates.
First, boosting (Boost) pattern
When closing quasi- Z sources two-way DC converter and operating in Boost patterns, the converter that is now proposed is in this condition
Shown in signature waveform such as Fig. 2 (a), shown in corresponding topological current flow paths such as Fig. 3 (a) (b).
(1) S is worked as1S2S3When=100, power switch Q1Forward conduction, power switch Q2And Q3Shut-off, topological current flowing
Shown in such as Fig. 3 (a) of path.Now UlowPass through power switch Q1Give inductance L1Positive charge, meanwhile, switching capacity C1Pass through work(
Rate switchs Q1Give switching capacity C2And inductance L2Positive charge, filter capacitor ChighDischarge and be load RloadEnergy is provided.
(2) S is worked as1S2S3When=011, power switch Q1Shut-off, power switch Q2And Q3Conducting, topological current flowing road
Shown in such as Fig. 3 (b) of footpath.Now UlowWith inductance L1Series connection, passes through power switch Q2Give switching capacity C1Charging；Switching capacity C2
With inductance L2Parallel connection, and and UlowWith inductance L1After series connection, pass through power switch Q3Give electric capacity ChighCharge and to load Rload
Energy is provided.
In above two on off state, work as S1S2S3When=100, switching capacity C2With inductance L1、L2Positive charge, switch
Electric capacity C1Electric discharge；Work as S1S2S3When=011, switching capacity C1Positive charge, switching capacity C2With inductance L1、L2Electric discharge.Accordingly, it is capable to
Amount is transmitted in a manner described, by the discharge and recharge acquisition wide scope boosting for switching electric capacity in quasi- Z source networks, inductance.
2nd, it is depressured (Buck) pattern
When switching quasi- Z sources two-way DC converter and operating in Buck patterns, the converter now proposed is in this condition
Signature waveform such as Fig. 2 (b) shown in, shown in corresponding topological current flow paths such as Fig. 4 (a) (b).
(1) S is worked as1S2S3When=011, power switch Q2And Q3Forward conduction, power switch Q1Shut-off, topological electric current stream
Shown in path such as Fig. 4 (a).Now high side voltage UhighAnd electric capacity ChighPass through power switch Q3Give inductance L1、L2And
Switching capacity C2Positive charge, switching capacity C1Pass through power switch Q2Give inductance L1Positive charge, high side voltage Uhigh, electricity
Hold ChighWith switching capacity C1Also provide energy for load simultaneously.
(2) S is worked as1S2S3When=100, power switch Q2And Q3Shut-off, power switch Q1Reverse-conducting, topological electric current stream
Shown in path such as Fig. 4 (b).Now UhighGive electric capacity ChighCharging, switching capacity C2With inductance L2Series connection, passes through power switch
Q1For switching capacity C1Charging；Inductance L1Again by power switch Q1To load RloadEnergy is provided.
In above-mentioned three kinds of on off states, work as S1S2S3When=011, electric capacity C2With inductance L1、L2Positive charge, switching capacity
C1Electric discharge；Work as S1S2S3When=100, switching capacity C1Positive charge, switching capacity C2With inductance L1、L2Electric discharge.Pressed accordingly, it is capable to measure
Aforesaid way transmission, by the discharge and recharge acquisition wide scope decompression for switching electric capacity in quasi- Z source networks, inductance.
By the analysis to being depressured (Buck), (Boost) mode operation principle of boosting, the switch that the embodiment of the present invention proposes
The quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources, when applying in energy composite energy source electric car, when be operated in boosting (Boost) shape
State carries out wide scope boosting；Wide scope decompression is carried out when being operated in decompression (Buck) state.Cut by boosting, decompression mode
Change, meet the needs of electric automobile energy composite energy source energy in bidirectional flow, and meet that electric automobile energy composite energy source system is low
Press the application scenario of ascending, descending pressure between energy storage device and on-board high-voltage dc bus.
In addition, switching tube is all adopted in the wide gain two-way DC converter in the quasi- Z sources of the switch proposed in the embodiment of the present invention
With the controlled power pipe of low on state resistance, fly-wheel diode all uses synchronous rectifier, therefore greatly reduces consumption in afterflow
Energy on diode on state resistance, improve the energy conversion efficiency for switching the wide gain bidirectional, dc conversion in quasi- Z sources.
In summary, the wide gain two-way DC converter in the quasi- Z sources of switch that the embodiment of the present invention proposes, meets electric automobile
The application requirement of ascending, descending pressure, passes through full controlled power between energy composite energy source mesolow energy storage device and on-board high-voltage dc bus
Pipe scheme improves the energy conversion efficiency of converter, and between input and output definitely altogether, power device voltage x current stress
Small, the ascending, descending being especially suitable in energy composite energy source electric car presses application scenario to efficient, wide scope buck bidirectional, dc
The demand of converter.
To the model of each device in addition to specified otherwise is done, the model of other devices is not limited the embodiment of the present invention,
As long as the device of above-mentioned function can be completed.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that accompanying drawing is the schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment, the embodiments of the present invention
Sequence number is for illustration only, does not represent the quality of embodiment.
The foregoing is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, be not intended to limit the invention, it is all the present invention spirit and
Within principle, any modification, equivalent substitution and improvements made etc., it should be included in the scope of the protection.
Claims (4)
1. one kind switchs the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources, it is characterised in that the quasi- wide gain in Z sources of switch is two-way straight
Current converter is applied to energy composite energy source electric car, and the quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources of switch includes：
By inductance L1, inductance L2, switching capacity C1, switching capacity C2With power switch Q2The quasi- Z source networks of switch of composition；Also wrap
Include, power switch Q1, power switch Q3, high-pressure side energy storage filter capacitor ChighAnd low-pressure side energy storage filter capacitor Clow；
Power switch Q2And Q3Drive signal it is identical, and with power switch Q1Drive signal it is complementary；
The quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources of switch both may operate at boost mode, also may operate at decompression mode, from
And realize two-way circulating for high-pressure side and low-pressure side energy；
Wherein, step-up ratio is two level Boost DC converter (1+d of traditionBoost) times, power switch Q1-Q3Voltage stress
It is all 1/ (1+d of traditional quasi- Z sources DC converterBoost), it is high-pressure side output voltage Uhigh1/ (1+dBoost)；
Wherein, step-down ratio is 1/ (2-d of traditional two Level Buck DC-DC ConvertersBuck) times, power switch Q1-Q3Voltage should
Power is all 1/ (2-d of traditional quasi- Z sources DC converterBuck), it is high-pressure side input voltage Uhigh1/ (2-dBuck)。
A kind of 2. quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources of switch according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the work(
Rate is switched all using the controlled power pipe of low on state resistance.
3. a kind of quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources of switch according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that all
The voltage stress of power switch is below high side voltage.
4. a kind of quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter in Z sources of switch according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that described
Input and the output for switching the wide gain two-way DC converter in quasi- Z sources are absolute altogether.
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| CN108448894A (en) * | 2018-03-09 | 2018-08-24 | 天津大学 | Fuel cell electric vehicle high gain boost DC converter |
| CN108768171A (en) * | 2018-06-12 | 2018-11-06 | 天津大学 | The quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter of the sources Z-switching capacity of switch for electric vehicle |
| CN109286317A (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2019-01-29 | 中国计量大学 | A kind of DC converter based on switching capacity |
| CN109560702A (en) * | 2018-12-19 | 2019-04-02 | 青岛理工大学 | A kind of direct current tri-lever boosting converter merging coupling inductance technology |
| CN111193426A (en) * | 2020-01-14 | 2020-05-22 | 燕山大学 | Non-isolated high-gain single-phase inverter and control method thereof |
| CN113014087A (en) * | 2021-03-12 | 2021-06-22 | 中国电子科技集团公司第十八研究所 | Coupling inductance type switch quasi-Z-source bidirectional direct current converter |
| CN113572360A (en) * | 2021-08-20 | 2021-10-29 | 南通大学 | Three-port converter with soft switching capability and control method thereof |
| CN113630009A (en) * | 2021-09-16 | 2021-11-09 | 南通大学 | High-performance non-isolated bidirectional direct current converter and control method thereof |
| CN113647004A (en) * | 2019-05-14 | 2021-11-12 | Oppo广东移动通信有限公司 | Voltage reduction circuit, electronic device and voltage reduction method |
| CN113691135A (en) * | 2021-07-30 | 2021-11-23 | 科华数据股份有限公司 | Control method of conversion circuit and terminal equipment |
| CN116169875A (en) * | 2023-02-28 | 2023-05-26 | 广东工业大学 | Three-winding high-voltage transformation ratio bidirectional DC-DC converter |
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| CN108448894A (en) * | 2018-03-09 | 2018-08-24 | 天津大学 | Fuel cell electric vehicle high gain boost DC converter |
| CN108768171A (en) * | 2018-06-12 | 2018-11-06 | 天津大学 | The quasi- wide gain two-way DC converter of the sources Z-switching capacity of switch for electric vehicle |
| CN109286317A (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2019-01-29 | 中国计量大学 | A kind of DC converter based on switching capacity |
| CN109286317B (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2024-06-04 | 中国计量大学 | DC converter based on switch capacitor |
| CN109560702A (en) * | 2018-12-19 | 2019-04-02 | 青岛理工大学 | A kind of direct current tri-lever boosting converter merging coupling inductance technology |
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Application publication date: 20180119 |