CN107559882B - A kind of axially staged low pollution combustor - Google Patents
A kind of axially staged low pollution combustor Download PDFInfo
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- CN107559882B CN107559882B CN201710604304.2A CN201710604304A CN107559882B CN 107559882 B CN107559882 B CN 107559882B CN 201710604304 A CN201710604304 A CN 201710604304A CN 107559882 B CN107559882 B CN 107559882B
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of axially staged low pollution combustors, using axially staged combustion technology, combustion chamber is divided into grade and main combustion stage on duty, grade and main combustion stage on duty are all made of multiple premix moulds, effectively control the equivalent proportion of combustion zone on duty and main burning area, air-fuel mixture degree is improved, the disposal of pollutants reduced under the difference operating condition of combustion chamber is horizontal, and premixes the generation for the problems such as mould prevents spontaneous combustion, tempering using the design of reasonable structure.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to gas-turbine combustion chamber fields, are related to a kind of axially staged low pollution combustor, specifically a kind of
Grade on duty, main combustion stage are all made of the lean premixed preevaporated axially staged low pollution combustor of multi-point injection.
Background technique
In recent years, reach whole system since gas turbine single-machine capacity is big, participates in the gas turbine group of combined cycle
The higher thermal efficiency, thus gas turbine in fields such as electric power, petrochemical industry, metallurgy using more and more extensive.Gas turbine is in work
A large amount of pollutant is generated in work, environmental problem is got worse so that the requirement to gas turbine disposal of pollutants is more and more tighter
Lattice, under 15% O2 concentration, for gas fuel, NOx emission is less than 25ppm, and CO discharge is less than 50ppm, for
For diesel fuel, NOx emission is less than 65ppm, and CO discharge is less than 100ppm, and combustion with reduced pollutants technology becomes advanced ground gas
The development trend of turbine, but to main combustion, around room design, more stringent requirements are proposed for the promotion of Gas Turbine.
Ground gas turbine at present, common burning pollutant control technology mainly include to combustion chamber water spray/spraying steam
" wet " low emission technology, " dry " low NOx DLN draining technology, catalysis burning etc.." wet " low emission technology is due to spraying water, steaming
The method that vapour further decreases NOx emission can have an impact combustion engine cycle performance, component life etc., while carbon monoxide, not
The discharge amount of combustion hydrocarbon also starts to increase.Apply more, development maturation the most at present is " dry " formula low NOx combustion skill
Art, this is according to the formation mechanism of heating power NOx, by controlling the flame temperature in main burning area between 1670-1900K come real
The discharge for now reducing NOx, using premix and pre-evaporation mode, fuel mixes with air to form uniform oil before entering combustion zone
Gas mixture reaches control ignition temperature by adjusting oil-gas ratio, and then controls the emission level of NOx.The RB211 of RR company
The combustion chamber DLN that industry gas turbine uses, the adverse current can burner comprising 9 radially installeds, each burner inner liner have one 2
Grade combustion-chamber assembly, be in the fuel feeding and gas supply of two interpolars it is independent, the purpose of classification is to maintain high oil gas at part load
Than and reduce discharge amount；The dry low emission combustor of the Trent of RR company includes concatenated lean premixed fuel injection system, not
Do not change air distribution ratio under same operating condition, but adjust the fuel distribution from an area to another area, to maintain one
Relative constant ignition temperature, to reduce disposal of pollutants level；The LM6000 gas turbine of GE company is burnt using annular DLN
Room reduces disposal of pollutants by fuel staging and ultra-poor oily flame temperature, and middle ring includes 30 premix burners, entire
Work in engine working range, inner ring and outer rings respectively have 15 and 30 premix burners, and realization is adjustable, guarantee that combustion chamber exists
It works within the scope of narrow temperature；The low emission combustor of PW development of company mainly uses radial grading, sectional combustion, fuel pre-
Pre-burning is mixed to reduce disposal of pollutants level, such as E3 engine chamber, the combustion chamber Vorbix, FT8-2 gas turbine combustion
Room etc..
The country has also carried out relevant research, the patent of Nanjing Aero-Space University for ground gas turbine combustion chamber
A kind of ground combustion machine can burner of 201610054669.8 inventions, using natural gas as fuel, opposite with direction of rotation
Twin-stage chamfers radial swirler, reinforces the mixing of air and natural gas；The patent 201610016396.8 of Northwestern Polytechnical University relates to
And a kind of ground combustion machine chamber structure and its fractional combustion organizational form, grade combustion zone on duty individually use end band in front
There is the flammule cylinder of converging portion, rear portion primary zone uses the big burner inner liner with flameholder, and grade on duty forms stable point
Fire source, main combustion stage premixing improve efficiency of combustion.
Can be seen that the lightweight gas turbine used now mostly by domestic and international present Research is all that boat changes combustion gas wheel
The ring structure of aero-engine has substantially been continued to use in machine, combustion chamber, but has done corresponding change, to meet ground pollution row
The requirement put.Ground gas turbine combustion chamber should guarantee steady operation, guarantee to have in entire working range again very low
Disposal of pollutants is horizontal.The steady operation of combustion chamber includes widening fuel-lean blowout boundary, avoiding spontaneous combustion, tempering, combustion instability
Generation；Combustion chamber low pollution emission level is by avoiding combustion zone with stoichiometric ratio burning, eliminating local high temperature zone, control
Combustion zone equivalent proportion, reduction combustion gas reduce the disposal of pollutants of entire working range in the methods of residence time of high-temperature region.
Summary of the invention
Technical problems to be solved
In order to avoid the shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention proposes a kind of axially staged low pollution combustor, effectively
The equivalent proportion of combustion zone on duty and main burning area is controlled, air-fuel mixture degree is improved, reduces under the difference operating condition of combustion chamber
Disposal of pollutants it is horizontal, and premix the generation for the problems such as mould prevents spontaneous combustion, tempering using the design of reasonable structure.
Technical solution
A kind of axially staged low pollution combustor, including dump diffuser, combustion chamber flame drum, combustion box, value
Class 10 and main combustion stage 12；It is characterized by: described value class 10 is that multiple premix moulds are evenly distributed at head of combustion chamber end
On wall 11, the outlet of premix mould converging portion is concordant on the inside of head of combustion chamber end wall；The main combustion stage 12 is the group of multiple premix moulds
It closes, combining form are as follows: multiple rows of setting premixes mould on downstream burner inner liner inner wall 13 and flame drum outer wall 14, and premix mould converging portion goes out
Mouth is concordant on the inside of flame tube wall, and a row premixes mould and grade on duty premix mould in same circumferential position；Described value class 10 premixes
The number of mould is equal with the premix number of mould of every row on downstream burner inner liner inner wall 13 and flame drum outer wall 14 is arranged in；It is described every
A premix mould is equipped with fuel pipe, and all premix moulds of grade on duty are by a fuel pipe fuel feeding；All premixs of main combustion stage
Mould is by an other fuel pipe fuel feeding.
Multiple rows of setting premix mould is 1~5 row.
The premix mould of described value class 10 and main combustion stage 12 uses the lean premixed preevaporated structure of multi-point injection, including fuel oil
Nozzle 15, cyclone 17, oil collecting ring 18, fuel oil spray orifice 21 and premix ring cavity 22；The rear end of cyclone 17 is equipped with by flat segments 19
The premix ring cavity 22 formed with converging portion 20, fuel nozzle 15 are mounted on the axis of cyclone 17 by fuel nozzle mounting base 16
The heart, and jet expansion is concordant with cyclone outlet；The outside of cyclone 17 is equipped with oil collecting ring 18, at the 3-5mm of cyclone downstream,
The circumferentially uniformly distributed 10-30 fuel oil spray orifice 21 in flat segments 19, connection oil collecting ring 18 and premix ring cavity 22, injection diameter 0.2
~0.8mm；The length of the premix ring cavity 22 is 0.25~0.75 times of ring cavity mean flow rate and fuel autoignition time product, is received
Hold back section and 30 °~45 ° of axial angle.
The cyclone 17 use axial swirler, blade shape use prismatic blade, blade number 6~18, blade angle
30 °~60 ° of degree.
The consecutive value class premix mould center is not more than 125mm away from 1.25~2.5 times for premix mode diameter.
The first row premix axial distance of the mould away from grade on duty is 0.75~1.5 times of burner inner liner diameter.
Axial distance between adjacent two rows of premix moulds is 1.25~2.5 times for premixing mode diameter.
Beneficial effect
A kind of axially staged low pollution combustor proposed by the present invention, using axially staged combustion technology, by combustion chamber point
For grade on duty and main combustion stage, grade and main combustion stage on duty are all made of multiple premix moulds, effectively control combustion zone on duty and main burning
The equivalent proportion in area improves air-fuel mixture degree, and the disposal of pollutants reduced under the difference operating condition of combustion chamber is horizontal, and premixes
The generation for the problems such as mould prevents spontaneous combustion, tempering using the design of reasonable structure.
Possessed advantage is as follows compared with prior art by the present invention:
1, the present invention provides a kind of axially staged low pollution combustors, are divided combustion chamber using axially staged combustion technology
For main combustion stage and grade on duty, only level work on duty, grade on duty use the lean premixed preevaporated structure of multi-point injection under small operating condition,
It reduces that disposal of pollutants under small operating condition is horizontal, avoids interfering with each other between grade on duty, main combustion stage using axially staged, it is ensured that
The flame holding of combustion zone on duty.
2, as the increase of operating condition, main combustion stage are started to work, grade on duty is located at main combustion stage upstream, the high temperature of combustion zone on duty
Combustion gas is conducive to the air-fuel mixture of main combustion stage and the igniting of main combustion stage, axially staged to improve radial grading head high-temperature region collection
The problems in, main combustion stage keeps main burning area air-fuel mixture uniform using the lean premixed preevaporated structure of multi-point injection, avoids office
Portion high-temperature region, while large quantity of air enters along casing from main combustion stage, causes gas flow rate in burner inner liner to be accelerated, shortens combustion gas and exist
The residence time of high-temperature region greatly reduces the pollutant emission level under big operating condition.
3, the multiple premix moulds of main combustion stage are evenly distributed on burner inner liner inside and outside wall, improve combustor exit temperature point
Cloth makes more air participate in burning, increases the power of gas turbine so that blending hole be omitted.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1: the axially staged low pollution combustor schematic diagram of the embodiment of the present invention
Fig. 2: the embodiment of the present invention is suitable for the combustion chamber flame drum structural schematic diagram of different operating range
Fig. 3: grade on duty of the embodiment of the present invention, main combustion stage premix mould distributed architecture schematic diagram
Fig. 4: the axially staged loopful chamber structure schematic diagram of the embodiment of the present invention
Fig. 5: the embodiment of the present invention premixes mode structure schematic diagram
In figure: the preposition diffuser inner wall of 1-, the preposition diffuser outer wall of 2-, the preposition diffuser runner of 3-, 4- sudden expansion section, 5- combustion
Burn outdoor casing, the outer ring cavity of 6-, 7- burner inner liner support plate, casing in the combustion chamber 8-, ring cavity in 9-, 10- grade on duty, 11- burning
Room head end wall, 12- main combustion stage, 13- burner inner liner inner wall, 14- flame drum outer wall, 15- fuel nozzle, 16- nozzle mounting base,
17- cyclone, 18- oil collecting ring, 19- flat segments, 20- converging portion, 21- fuel oil spray orifice, 22- premix ring cavity
Specific embodiment
Now in conjunction with embodiment, attached drawing, the invention will be further described:
The invention adopts the following technical scheme: a kind of axially staged low pollution combustor, including it is preposition diffuser inner wall, preceding
Set diffuser outer wall, preposition diffuser runner, sudden expansion section, outer combustion case, outer ring cavity, burner inner liner support plate, in combustion chamber
Casing, interior ring cavity, grade on duty, head of combustion chamber end wall, main combustion stage, burner inner liner inner wall, flame drum outer wall, the preposition diffusion
Device runner is surrounded by preposition diffuser inner wall and preposition diffuser outer wall, and the preposition diffuser and sudden expansion section constitute short dash forward
Expand diffuser, play the role of pressurization of slowing down, be conducive to igniting and flame stabilization, the outer ring cavity by outer combustion case and
Flame drum outer wall surrounds, and the interior ring cavity is surrounded by casing in combustion chamber and burner inner liner inner wall, main combustion stage air and burner inner liner
Cooling air enters from outer ring cavity and interior ring cavity, and the grade and main combustion stage on duty are made of multiple premix moulds, grade premix on duty
Mould is evenly distributed on head of combustion chamber end wall, main combustion stage premix mould be evenly distributed in grade downstream flame drum outer wall on duty and
On burner inner liner inner wall, grade and main combustion stage independent control on duty meets combustion chamber difference working condition requirement, and the premix mould is by fuel oil
Nozzle, nozzle mounting base, cyclone, oil collecting ring, flat segments, converging portion, fuel oil spray orifice, premix ring cavity composition, the premix
Ring cavity is surrounded by flat segments and converging portion, and fuel oil and the air premix and pre-evaporation in premix ring cavity form uniform air-fuel mixture
Object prevents the generation of spontaneous combustion by suitably premixing ring cavity length, and the converging portion increases gas mixture axial velocity, produces
Raw lift-off flame, prevents the generation of tempering.
Further, the grade on duty is located on head of combustion chamber end wall, the outlet of premix mould converging portion and chamber head
Concordant on the inside of portion's end wall, main combustion stage is located on flame drum outer wall and burner inner liner inner wall, premix mould converging portion and flame drum outer wall
Inside is concordant with burner inner liner inner wall outside, guarantees the service life of premix mould.
Further, grade on duty premix mould is evenly distributed on head of combustion chamber end wall, adjacent premix mould center away from for
1.25~2.5 times of mode diameter are premixed, and are not more than 125mm, guarantee to interfere between adjacent premix mould, and can guarantee normal
Join flame.
Further, main combustion stage premix mould is evenly distributed on grade downstream flame drum outer wall on duty and burner inner liner inner wall,
It premixes mould and arranges 1~5 row along burner inner liner direction, it is identical that the premix mould number of every row and grade on duty premix mould number, main combustion stage the
One row premixes 0.75~1.5 times that axial distance of the mould away from grade on duty is burner inner liner diameter, and with grade on duty premix mould same
One circumferential position, adjacent two rows of axial distances premixed between moulds are 1.25~2.5 times for premixing mode diameter, guarantee adjacent two rows
It will not be interfered with each other between premix mould, adjacent two rows of premix moulds are arranged by the way of fork row, guarantee that Exit temperature distribution is uniform
Property.
Further, the premix mould uses the lean premixed preevaporated structure of multi-point injection, and cyclone is using axial rotation
Device is flowed, blade shape is prismatic blade, blade number 6~18,30 °~60 ° of blade angle, 30 ° of converging portion and axial angle~
45 °, the length for premixing ring cavity is 0.25~0.75 times of ring cavity mean flow rate and fuel autoignition time product, and nozzle is using single oil
Road swirl atomizer, jet expansion is concordant with cyclone outlet, and fuel oil spray orifice is evenly distributed at 3~5mm of cyclone downstream
In flat segments, spray orifice number 10~30,0.2~0.8mm of injection diameter.
The present invention is described in detail combined with specific embodiments below
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of axially staged low pollution combustor schematic diagram of the present embodiment, outer combustion case 5 is with before
The welding of diffuser outer wall 2 is set, is connect by tail portion burner inner liner support plate 7 with flame drum outer wall 14, surrounds outer ring cavity 6, combustion chamber
Interior casing 8 is welded with preposition diffuser inner wall 1, is connect by tail portion burner inner liner support plate 7 with burner inner liner inner wall 13, is surrounded inner ring
Chamber 9, burner inner liner inner wall 13 and flame drum outer wall 14 are connected by head of combustion chamber end wall 11, and grade premix mould 10 on duty is circumferentially equal
For cloth in head end wall 11, the outlet of premix mould converging portion is concordant on the inside of head of combustion chamber end wall, and main combustion stage premixes mould 12 along week
To being evenly arranged on grade downstream burner inner liner inner wall and flame drum outer wall on duty, mould converging portion and burner inner liner inside outer wall and flame are premixed
Cylinder inner wall outside is concordant, guarantees the service life of premix mould.
As shown in Fig. 2, being suitable for three kinds of combustion chamber flame drum structural schematic diagrams of different operating range for the present embodiment, such as
Shown in Fig. 2 a~c, main combustion stage premixes axially disposed 1~5 row of mould, and working range is sequentially increased, main combustion stage first row premix
Axial distance of the mould away from grade on duty is 0.75~1.5 times of burner inner liner diameter, and with grade on duty premix mould in same circumferential position
Set, the axial distances between adjacent two rows of premix moulds be 1.25~2.5 times for premixing mode diameter, guarantee it is adjacent it is two rows of premix moulds it
Between will not interfere with each other, adjacent two rows of premix moulds by the way of fork row using arranging, guarantee Exit temperature distribution uniformity.
Grade on duty of the embodiment of the present invention, main combustion stage premix mould distributed architecture schematic diagram are as shown in figure 3, grade on duty premix mould is equal
For cloth in head end wall 11, consecutive value class premixes mould center away from 1.25-2.5 times for premix mode diameter, and is not more than
125mm, not only can guarantee will not interfere between adjacent premix mould, but also can guarantee normal connection flame, and main combustion stage first row premixes mould and value
Class premixes mould in same circumferential position.
Fig. 4 is the axially staged loopful chamber structure schematic diagram of embodiment, and grade premix mould 10 on duty is evenly distributed in head
On portion's end wall 11, main combustion stage premix mould 12 is evenly distributed on grade downstream burner inner liner inner wall 13 on duty and flame drum outer wall 14,
Guarantee that loopful combustion chamber air-fuel mixture is uniform, high combustion efficiency, combustor exit temperature are evenly distributed, disposal of pollutants level is low.
Figure: 5 be premix mode structure schematic diagram, using multi-point injection premix and pre-evaporation structure, including fuel nozzle 15, nozzle
Mounting base 16, cyclone 17, oil collecting ring 18, flat segments 19, converging portion 20, fuel oil spray orifice 21 premix ring cavity 22, the premix
Ring cavity 22 is made of flat segments 19 and converging portion 20, and cyclone 16 uses axial swirler, and blade shape is prismatic blade, blade
Number 6~18,30 °~60 ° of blade angle, converging portion with 30 °~45 ° of axial angle, it is flat for ring cavity to premix the length of ring cavity 22
0.25~0.75 times of equal flow velocity and fuel autoignition time product, fuel oil divides two-way to enter premix ring cavity, all the way from fuel nozzle
15 spray, and fuel nozzle is using single oil circuit swirl atomizer, and jet expansion is concordant with cyclone outlet, all the way through oil collecting ring 18 along combustion
Radial premix ring cavity, fuel oil and the air of spraying into of oily spray orifice 21 forms uniform gas mixture, fuel oil spray in premix ring cavity 22
Hole is evenly arranged in flat segments 19 at 3~5m of cyclone downstream along axial direction, and spray orifice number 10~30, injection diameter 0.2~
0.8mm。
The course of work of the invention is as follows:
Axially staged low pollution combustor of the invention, using axially staged combustion technology by combustion chamber be divided into grade on duty and
Main combustion stage, the air come out from diffuser are divided into three tunnels, respectively enter outer ring cavity, header value class, interior ring cavity, interior ring cavity and outer
Ring cavity air largely passes through main combustion stage and enters burner inner liner participation burning, and fraction air is used to carry out burner inner liner cooling.
Under small operating condition, level work only on duty, grade on duty uses the lean premixed preevaporated structure of multi-point injection, fuel oil and value
Class's air is premixed in grade on duty premix mould, forms uniform gas mixture, is burnt, is guaranteed small in combustion zone on duty
Disposal of pollutants under operating condition is horizontal, axially staged to avoid interfering with each other for grade and main combustion stage on duty, has widened the poor of combustion chamber
Oily blowoff limit ensure that the stability of combustion zone flame on duty.
With the increase of operating condition, grade and main combustion stage on duty are worked at the same time, and main combustion stage premix mould is evenly arranged on loopful combustion chamber fire
On flame cylinder inner wall and flame drum outer wall, premix mould uses the lean premixed preevaporated structure of multi-point injection, so that primary zone oil gas is mixed
Close more uniform, the uniform gas mixture of formation is lighted by the high-temperature fuel gas of upstream combustion zone on duty, in upstream high-temperature fuel gas
Heating under burnt with higher efficiency, while large quantity of air enters combustion chamber from main combustion stage along interior ring cavity and outer ring cavity, leads to fire
Gas flow rate is accelerated in flame cylinder, shortens combustion gas in the residence time of high-temperature region, thus greatly reduces the pollution under big operating condition
Object emission level.
Mould is premixed in the present invention and uses multi-point injection premix and pre-evaporation structure, is premixed segment structure by rationally designing, is avoided
Combustion chamber spontaneous combustion, the generation for being tempered problem, ensure that the steady operation of combustion chamber.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of axially staged low pollution combustor, including it is dump diffuser, combustion chamber flame drum, combustion box, on duty
Grade (10) and main combustion stage (12)；It is characterized by: described value class (10) is that multiple premix moulds are evenly distributed in chamber head
On portion's end wall (11), the outlet of premix mould converging portion is concordant on the inside of head of combustion chamber end wall；The main combustion stage (12) is multiple pre-
The combination of mixed mould, combining form are as follows: multiple rows of setting premixes mould on downstream burner inner liner inner wall (13) and flame drum outer wall (14), in advance
Mixed mould converging portion outlet is concordant on the inside of flame tube wall, and the first row premix mould of main combustion stage (12) is circumferential in flame drum outer wall (14)
On position and the position of the premix mould in head of combustion chamber end wall (11) circumferential direction of grade on duty (10) correspond；It is described on duty
The number of grade (10) premix mould and setting the premix mould of every row on downstream burner inner liner inner wall (13) and flame drum outer wall (14)
Number is equal；Each premix mould is equipped with fuel pipe, and all premix moulds of grade on duty are by a fuel pipe fuel feeding；It is described
All premix moulds of main combustion stage are by an other fuel pipe fuel feeding；
The premix mould of described value class (10) and main combustion stage (12) uses the lean premixed preevaporated structure of multi-point injection, including fuel oil
Nozzle (15), cyclone (17), oil collecting ring (18), fuel oil spray orifice (21) and premix ring cavity (22)；The rear end of cyclone (17) is set
By the premix ring cavity (22) being made of flat segments (19) and converging portion (20), fuel nozzle (15) passes through fuel nozzle mounting base
(16) it is mounted on the axle center of cyclone (17), and jet expansion is concordant with cyclone outlet；The outside of cyclone (17) is equipped with collection
Oil ring (18), at the 3-5mm of cyclone downstream, circumferentially uniformly distributed 10-30 fuel oil spray orifice (21), connection on flat segments (19)
Oil collecting ring (18) and premix ring cavity (22), 0.2~0.8mm of injection diameter；The length of premix ring cavity (22) is average for ring cavity
0.25~0.75 times of flow velocity and fuel autoignition time product, converging portion with 30 °~45 ° of axial angle.
2. axially staged low pollution combustor according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: multiple rows of setting premix mould is 1
~5 rows.
3. axially staged low pollution combustor according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the cyclone (17) is using axial
Cyclone, blade shape use prismatic blade, blade number 6~18,30 °~60 ° of blade angle.
4. axially staged low pollution combustor according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in the consecutive value class premix mould
The heart is not more than 125mm away from 1.25~2.5 times for premix mode diameter.
5. axially staged low pollution combustor according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the first row premix mould is away from duty
The axial distance of grade is 0.75~1.5 times of burner inner liner diameter.
6. axially staged low pollution combustor according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: between adjacent two rows of premix moulds
Axial distance be to premix 1.25~2.5 times of mode diameter.
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| CN113124422B (en) * | 2020-01-13 | 2024-05-28 | 中国科学院工程热物理研究所 | Axial staged combustor |
| CN111829007A (en) * | 2020-07-28 | 2020-10-27 | 杭州汽轮动力集团有限公司 | Axial staged combustion chamber based on flame tube concave cavity structure |
| CN113137631B (en) * | 2021-04-26 | 2022-05-31 | 中国科学院工程热物理研究所 | Hydrogen combustion chamber based on axial vortex alignment arrangement mixing |
| CN113251440B (en) * | 2021-06-01 | 2021-11-30 | 成都中科翼能科技有限公司 | Multi-stage partition type combustion structure for gas turbine |
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| CN206145720U (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2017-05-03 | 南京航空航天大学 | Atomizing oil -poor prevapourising low pollution combustor that mixes in advance of main area splash formula |
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