CN107538864A - A kind of aluminizer and tectorial color steel plate with wire-drawing effect - Google Patents

A kind of aluminizer and tectorial color steel plate with wire-drawing effect Download PDF

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CN107538864A
CN107538864A CN201610879913.4A CN201610879913A CN107538864A CN 107538864 A CN107538864 A CN 107538864A CN 201610879913 A CN201610879913 A CN 201610879913A CN 107538864 A CN107538864 A CN 107538864A
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steel plate
aluminizer
wire
layer
color
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CN107538864B (en
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张宏元
杨柱
姜磊
谌能办
夏萍
龚露露
刘振宇
胡露
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Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemical Technology
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Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemical Technology
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Abstract

The present invention provides a kind of aluminizer and tectorial color steel plate with wire-drawing effect, and aluminizer includes a PET drawing films;The PET drawing films upper surface is provided with damage resistant coating, and lower surface is provided with vacuum aluminium coated layer;The vacuum aluminum-coated layer surface is provided with Adhesion enhancement resinous coat.The aluminizer had both had the outward appearance of metal wire-drawing effect, simplified production process, and economical and practical, and avoiding the environmental protection brought using PVC film influences.Tectorial color steel plate includes a cold-rolled steel sheet, the aluminizer with wire-drawing effect to be bonded together through composite layer and cold-rolled steel sheet.Composite layer assigns the preferable high temperature resistant of tectorial color steel plate and water boiling resistance performance, meets processing and the requirement of tectorial color steel plate.By the change of surface of cold-rolled steel plate antirust paint color, closed with the wolfram steel colour cell that the aluminizer with wire-drawing effect is presented, color overlaid can form different colours outward appearance.

Description

A kind of aluminizer and tectorial color steel plate with wire-drawing effect
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of decorating film and tectorial color steel plate.
Background technology
With extensive use of the decorating film in tectorial color steel plate, household electrical appliances color steel is by traditional paint spraying sheet material Master transition upgrades to based on tectorial color steel plate, the application of the imitative metal wire-drawing bloom decorating film particularly with decoration functions, The decorative aesthetics of color steel are substantially increased, application is expanded from family's composite to house ornamentation field of compound material.Overlay film The extensive use of color steel, not only alleviate and discharge what a large amount of organic solvents were brought in traditional paint spraying production process of plate Environmental protection pressure, economize on resources, also meet high speed development household electrical appliances and house ornamentation composite to the great market demand of color steel, Composite species is enriched, beautifies and improves the life class of people, generate good Social benefit and economic benefit.
The production method of decorating film and tectorial color steel plate with imitative metal wire-drawing effect is usually to be aluminized using PET wire drawings Film makes together with cold-rolled steel sheet compound sticking decorating film together with PVC film compound sticking, by specific complex equipment Standby production.However, the extensive application of PVC film, on the one hand adds the cost of decorating film, on the other hand gives environmental protection and production marketing Considerable influence is brought, is primarily due in PVC film containing a large amount of phthalic ester plasticizers and can produce Er Evil when burning The high toxic materials such as English, these chemical substances are probably to cause the risk factor of cancer and Other diseases generation, therefore use contains There is the decorating film of PVC film and the household appliances and ornament materials of tectorial color steel plate processing export to European Union and North America market will It can be restricted, household appliances and ornament materials containing PVC film will be prohibited to sell.Therefore, exploitation substitutes PVC film or passed through It is to need to solve the problems, such as that functional coating, which removes the decorating film of PVC film and tectorial color steel plate from,.
The content of the invention
A kind of aluminizer with wire-drawing effect is provided it is an object of the invention to overcome the above-mentioned deficiency of prior art, The aluminizer had both had the outward appearance of metal wire-drawing effect, simplified production process, and economical and practical, avoids and is brought using PVC film Environmental protection influence.
To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that:Including a PET drawing films;The PET drawing films Upper surface is provided with damage resistant coating, and lower surface is provided with vacuum aluminium coated layer;The vacuum aluminum-coated layer surface is provided with Adhesion enhancement tree Fat coating.
PET drawing films longitudinal direction percent thermal shrinkage≤1.6%, horizontal percent thermal shrinkage≤0.5%.
The vacuum aluminium coated layer is the metal-plated film layer in wolfram steel color;The vacuum aluminium coated layer optical density units OD values are 0.3-2.5, preferably 0.5-1.5.
The Adhesion enhancement resinous coat is a kind of polyurethane resin containing coupling agent, and the coupling agent is silane coupled Agent, titanate coupling agent 30-80 in mass ratio:20-70 wt% compoundings form;The Adhesion enhancement resinous coat thickness is 0.5-5 μm, preferably 1-3 μm.
The present invention also aims to provide a kind of tectorial color steel plate, including it is a steel plate, Nian Jie with steel plate through composite layer The aluminizer with wire-drawing effect together;The aluminizer with wire-drawing effect includes a PET drawing films;The PET Drawing film upper surface is provided with damage resistant coating, and lower surface is provided with vacuum aluminium coated layer;The vacuum aluminum-coated layer surface is provided with adhesive force Reinforced resin coating.
The steel plate is cold-rolled steel sheet, and cold-rolled steel sheet two sides after Passivation Treatment sprays color antirust paint;It is described Cold-rolled steel sheet thickness is 0.4-2.5mm, preferably 0.5-1.5mm.
The composite layer is a kind of high temperature resistance polyester resin containing blocked polyurethane curing agent;The composite layer can High temperature resistant >=110 DEG C, heatproof time >=1h;The water boiling resistance time >=1h.
PET drawing films longitudinal direction percent thermal shrinkage≤1.6%, horizontal percent thermal shrinkage≤0.5%.
The vacuum aluminium coated layer is the metal-plated film layer in wolfram steel color;The vacuum aluminium coated layer optical density units OD values are 0.3-2.5, preferably 0.5-1.5.
The Adhesion enhancement resinous coat is a kind of polyurethane resin containing coupling agent, and the coupling agent is silane coupled Agent, titanate coupling agent 30-80 in mass ratio:20-70 wt% compoundings form;The Adhesion enhancement resinous coat thickness is 0.5-5 μm, preferably 1-3 μm.
After employing above-mentioned technical proposal, effect of the invention is:From the PET drawing films of low heat shrinkage, make its tool There is preferable thermal stability, avoid PET drawing films in coating process because being acted on and opening by baking oven Baking out Power stretching action and produce cooling meat deformation and relaxation the deformation of creep, while avoid with cold-rolled steel sheet compound processing course Because alice and demoulding, cause adhesive property to decline caused by the thermal contraction of PET drawing films.One is coated with PET drawing films surface Layer has the damage resistant UV light-cured resin coatings of semi-matte effect, can both improve PET drawing film scratch resistant performances, and increase is real With performance, it can assign PET drawing films more preferable decorative appearance aesthetic feeling again, make its gloss soft, color is graceful.It is true by controlling The optical density OD values of empty aluminium coated, reach the thickness of control vacuum aluminium coated layer, and then adjust aluminizing with wire-drawing effect The purpose of film outward appearance color, i.e. PET drawing films reduce one of coating by the vacuum aluminum-coated rear appearance with wolfram steel color Dye layer process.The vacuum aluminium coated layer of different-thickness assigns aluminizer different metallic luster, is combined with wire drawing pattern, makes tool The aluminizer surface for having wire-drawing effect shows different metal wire-drawing appearances.
The important feature of the present invention is that the development and application of Adhesion enhancement resinous coat avoid what is brought using PVC film Environmental protection influences, i.e., is coated with a kind of polyurethane resin containing coupling agent using in vacuum aluminum-coated layer surface, and the coupling agent is even by silane Connection agent and titanate coupling agent compounding form, and utilize two kinds of respective performance advantages of coupling agent, especially coupling agent molecule chain two A close inorganic matter group and an organophilic group are contained in end, can respectively with mineral surfaces chemically reactive and organic Thing or synthetic resin surface produce chemical reaction, the characteristics of forming stable chemical bond, can reach and improve aluminium coated PET is drawn The purpose of cortina attachment fastness, meet that tectorial color steel plate has the performance of high adhesive strength will to the aluminizer with wire-drawing effect Ask.The development and application of Adhesion enhancement resinous coat eliminate PVC film in the present invention.
Composite layer selects the high temperature resistance polyester resin containing blocked polyurethane curing agent, reaches with wire-drawing effect Purpose of the aluminizer together with the close compound sticking of treated cold-rolled steel sheet, has color steel resistant to bending shock proof Performance, meet processing technology requirement;Also assigning color steel simultaneously has the performance of certain high temperature resistant and water boiling resistance, meets color steel Adapt to varying environment requirement.From cold-rolled steel sheet as matrix material, cold-rolled steel sheet is by carbon structural steel cold rolling Into surface smoothness is good, the processing characteristics such as have good stamping resistance resistant to bending, and yield point is low, and punching press plasticity section is big, shape Shape stability is good, steel plate materialses wide material sources, is easy to purchase, by controlling steel plate thickness to reach control cost, guarantee property Desired purpose can be met.Cold-rolled steel sheet first passes around surface treatment before compound with decorating film, and processing procedure is included with normal Advise passivating solution spray, high-temperature baking is dried, being coated one layer has antirust function and the splendid colorful polyester resin of attachment fastness Paint, oven heat baking, makes surface of steel plate be protected well, can both avoid getting rusty, have certain beautiful decoration again Effect.By the change of antirust paint color, closed with the wolfram steel colour cell that the aluminizer with wire-drawing effect is presented, color overlaid can be with Form the color steel of different colours outward appearance.
Brief description of the drawings
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiment the invention will be further described.
Fig. 1 is the structural representation for the aluminizer that the present invention has wire-drawing effect.
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of tectorial color steel plate of the present invention.
In figure, 1, PET drawing films, 2, damage resistant coating, 3, vacuum aluminium coated layer, 4, Adhesion enhancement resinous coat, 5, Composite layer, 6, cold-rolled steel sheet, 7, anti-corrosive primer layer.
Embodiment
Below by specific embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail.
Embodiment 1
Aluminize as shown in figure 1, the aluminizer with wire-drawing effect is included in a PET drawing film surface vacuums and aluminizer is made. The PET drawing films upper surface is provided with damage resistant coating, and lower surface is provided with vacuum aluminium coated layer;The vacuum aluminum-coated layer surface is provided with One layer of Adhesion enhancement resinous coat.
As shown in Fig. 2 tectorial color steel plate is in cold-rolled steel using composite layer by the aluminizer overlay film with wire-drawing effect Plate surface and manufactured color steel.
The present embodiment PET drawing films select longitudinal percent thermal shrinkage 1.5%, horizontal percent thermal shrinkage 0.5%;Utilize precision coating machine One layer of damage resistant coating with semi-matte effect is coated with PET drawing films upper surface, 60o angle surfaces glossiness is 50 Gs.Very Empty aluminium coated is a kind of metal-plated film layer with wolfram steel colored appearance, optical density units OD values 0.65.Existed using precision coating machine Vacuum aluminum-coated layer surface is coated with one layer of Adhesion enhancement resinous coat, and Adhesion enhancement resinous coat is from a kind of containing coupling agent Polyurethane resin, the coupling agent is by silane coupler(KH550)With monoalkoxy type titanate coupling agent(NDH505)According to matter Measure ratio 50:50wt% compoundings form.1 μm of Adhesion enhancement resinous coat thickness.Composite layer contains blocked polyurethane from one kind Curing agent(BL3575)High temperature resistance polyester resin, can 110 DEG C of high temperature resistant, the h of heatproof time 1.2, water boiling resistance time 1.5h are multiple It is 8 μm to close bondline thickness.Cold-rolled steel sheet often uses sheet material, thickness 0.70mm from a kind of model Q235.Cold-rolled steel sheet with tool There is the handling process before the aluminizer overlay film of wire-drawing effect to include Passivation Treatment and the processing of rust prevention by applying liquid material paint, Passivation Treatment baking oven dries Roasting 100 ± 5 DEG C of temperature, 120 ± 5 DEG C of rust prevention by applying liquid material paint processing baking oven baking temperature.
The advantage of the invention is that:1)From the PET drawing films of low heat shrinkage, film has preferable heat endurance Can, PET drawing films are avoided in coating process because effect and tension force stretching by baking oven Baking out are acted on and produced Raw food but contraction distortion and the relaxation deformation of creep, at the same avoid with cold-rolled steel sheet compound processing course because PET drawing films Thermal contraction caused by alice and demoulding, cause adhesive property to decline.2)One layer is coated with PET drawing films surface with semi-matte The damage resistant UV light-cured resin coatings of effect, PET drawing film scratch resistant performances can be both improved, and increase practical performance, again may be used To assign PET drawing films more preferable decorative appearance aesthetic feeling, make its gloss soft, color is graceful.3)By controlling vacuum aluminium coated layer OD value, reach control vacuum aluminium coated layer thickness, and then adjust with wire-drawing effect aluminizer appearance color mesh , i.e., PET drawing films reduce one of coating dye layer process by the vacuum aluminum-coated rear appearance with wolfram steel color.No The vacuum aluminium coated layer of stack pile assigns the aluminizer with wire-drawing effect different metallic luster, is combined, makes with wire drawing pattern Aluminizer surface with wire-drawing effect shows different metal wire-drawing appearances.4)It is coated with vacuum aluminum-coated layer surface attached Put forth effort reinforced resin coating, reinforced resin, which is selected, contains coupling agent(Silane coupler compounds with monoalkoxy type titanate coupling agent Form)Polyurethane resin, can reach improve aluminium coated to the purpose of PET drawing film attachment fastness, meet tectorial color steel plate To the performance requirement of the high adhesive strength of aluminizer with wire-drawing effect.Particularly importantly Adhesion enhancement resinous coat Development and application, which avoid the environmental protection brought using PVC film, to be influenceed.5)Composite layer contains blocked polyurethane curing agent from one kind High temperature resistance polyester resin, reach and the aluminizer with wire-drawing effect and the close compound sticking of treated cold-rolled steel sheet exist Purpose together, make color steel that there is shock proof performance resistant to bending, meet processing technology requirement, while also assign color steel to have Certain high temperature resistant and the performance of water boiling resistance, meet that color steel adapts to varying environment requirement.6)Cold-rolled steel sheet is from a kind of Model Q235 steel plate is made up as matrix material, cold-rolled steel sheet of carbon structural steel cold rolling, and surface smoothness is good, tool The processing characteristics such as have good stamping resistance resistant to bending, yield point is low, and punching press plasticity section is big, and shape stability is good, steel board Expect wide material sources, be easy to purchase, by controlling the purpose that steel plate thickness can reach control cost, guarantee performance meets requirement. 7)Cold-rolled steel sheet first passes around surface treatment before compound with the aluminizer with wire-drawing effect, and handling process process includes Sprayed with conventional passivation liquid, high-temperature baking is dried, being coated one layer has antirust function and the splendid polyester resin of attachment fastness Paint, oven heat baking, makes surface of steel plate be protected well, can both avoid getting rusty, have certain beautiful decoration again Effect.By the change of antirust paint color, the wolfram steel form and aspect presented with the aluminizer with wire-drawing effect are combined, and color overlaid can To form the color steel of different colours outward appearance.
Embodiment 2
The present embodiment PET drawing films select longitudinal percent thermal shrinkage 1.2%, horizontal percent thermal shrinkage 0.3%;Existed using precision coating machine PET drawing films upper surface is coated with one layer of damage resistant coating with semi-matte effect, and 60o angle surfaces glossiness is 70 Gs.Vacuum Aluminium coated is a kind of metal-plated film layer with wolfram steel colored appearance, optical density units OD values 0.75.Using precision coating machine true Sky layer surface of aluminizing is coated with one layer of Adhesion enhancement resin, and Adhesion enhancement resinous coat selects a kind of polyurethane containing coupling agent Resin, the coupling agent is by silane coupler(KH560)With monoalkoxy Pyrophosphate Type Yitanate Coupling Agent(HY311W)According to Mass ratio 30:70wt% compoundings form.1.5 μm of Adhesion enhancement resinous coat thickness.Composite layer is gathered from one kind containing enclosed type Urethane curing agent(BL3175)High temperature resistance polyester resin, can 110 DEG C of high temperature resistant, heatproof time 1.3h, water boiling resistance time 1.4h, Composite layer thickness is 6 μm.Cold-rolled steel sheet often uses sheet material, thickness 1.00mm from a kind of model Q275.Cold-rolled steel sheet with Handling process before aluminizer with wire-drawing effect is compound includes Passivation Treatment and rust prevention by applying liquid material paint is handled, Passivation Treatment baking oven 100 ± 5 DEG C of baking temperature, 110 ± 5 DEG C of rust prevention by applying liquid material paint processing baking oven baking temperature.
The remainder of the present embodiment is same as Example 1, repeats no more here.
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment PET drawing films select longitudinal percent thermal shrinkage 1.0%, horizontal percent thermal shrinkage 0.3%;Existed using precision coating machine PET drawing films upper surface is coated with one layer of damage resistant coating with semi-matte effect, and 60o angle surfaces glossiness is 55 Gs.Vacuum Aluminium coated is a kind of metal-plated film layer with wolfram steel colored appearance, optical density units OD values 0.90.Using precision coating machine true Sky layer surface of aluminizing is coated with one layer of Adhesion enhancement resin, and Adhesion enhancement resinous coat selects a kind of polyurethane containing coupling agent Resin, the coupling agent is by silane coupler(KH570)With chelating build titanate coupling agent(LD-311)According to mass ratio 40: 60wt% compoundings form.1 μm of Adhesion enhancement resinous coat thickness.Composite layer contains blocked polyurethane curing agent from one kind (BLR8086)High temperature resistance polyester resin, can 115 DEG C of high temperature resistant, heatproof time 1.2h, water boiling resistance time 1.5h, composite layer Thickness is 6 μm.Cold-rolled steel sheet often uses sheet material, thickness 1.20mm from a kind of model Q275.Cold-rolled steel sheet with wire drawing The compound preceding handling process of aluminizer of effect includes Passivation Treatment and rust prevention by applying liquid material paint is handled, Passivation Treatment baking oven baking temperature 95 ± 5 DEG C, 105 ± 5 DEG C of rust prevention by applying liquid material paint processing baking oven baking temperature.
The remainder of the present embodiment is same as Example 1, repeats no more here.
Embodiment 4
The present embodiment PET drawing films select longitudinal percent thermal shrinkage 0.8%, horizontal percent thermal shrinkage 0.5%;Existed using precision coating machine PET drawing films upper surface is coated with one layer of damage resistant coating with semi-matte effect, and 60o angle surfaces glossiness is 75 Gs.Vacuum Aluminium coated is a kind of metal-plated film layer with wolfram steel colored appearance, optical density units OD values 0.70.Using precision coating machine true Sky layer surface of aluminizing is coated with one layer of Adhesion enhancement resin, and Adhesion enhancement resinous coat selects a kind of polyurethane containing coupling agent Resin, the coupling agent is by silane coupler(KH550)With corrdination type titanate coupling agent(DN-401)According to mass ratio 60: 40wt% compoundings form.1.3 μm of Adhesion enhancement resinous coat thickness.Composite layer is solidified from a kind of containing blocked polyurethane Agent(EH4360S)High temperature resistance polyester resin, can 110 DEG C of high temperature resistant, heatproof time 1.4h, water boiling resistance time 1.5h, compound adhesive Thickness degree is 9 μm.Cold-rolled steel sheet often uses sheet material, thickness 1.50mm from a kind of model ST12.Cold-rolled steel sheet with drawing The compound preceding handling process of aluminizer of silk effect includes Passivation Treatment and rust prevention by applying liquid material paint is handled, Passivation Treatment baking oven baking temperature 105 ± 5 DEG C of degree, 115 ± 5 DEG C of rust prevention by applying liquid material paint processing baking oven baking temperature.
The remainder of the present embodiment is same as Example 1, repeats no more here.
Embodiment 5
The present embodiment PET drawing films select longitudinal percent thermal shrinkage 0.6%, horizontal percent thermal shrinkage 0.4%;Existed using precision coating machine PET drawing films upper surface is coated with one layer of damage resistant coating with semi-matte effect, and 60o angle surfaces glossiness is 80 Gs.Vacuum Aluminium coated is a kind of metal-plated film layer with wolfram steel colored appearance, optical density units OD values 0.78.Using precision coating machine true Sky layer surface of aluminizing is coated with one layer of Adhesion enhancement resin, and Adhesion enhancement resinous coat selects a kind of polyurethane containing coupling agent Resin, the coupling agent is by silane coupler(KH560)With monoalkoxy type titanate coupling agent(NDH-505)According to mass ratio 80:20wt% compoundings form.1.1 μm of Adhesion enhancement resinous coat thickness.Composite layer is consolidated from one kind containing blocked polyurethane Agent(WB903)High temperature resistance polyester resin, be resistant to high temperature of 120 DEG C, heatproof time 1.0h, water boiling resistance time 1.2h, compound adhesive Thickness degree is 10 μm.Cold-rolled steel sheet often uses sheet material, thickness 0.7mm from a kind of model SPCC.Cold-rolled steel sheet with drawing The compound preceding handling process of aluminizer of silk effect includes Passivation Treatment and rust prevention by applying liquid material paint is handled, Passivation Treatment baking oven baking temperature 100 ± 5 DEG C of degree, 130 ± 5 DEG C of rust prevention by applying liquid material paint processing baking oven baking temperature.
The remainder of the present embodiment is same as Example 1, repeats no more here.

Claims (10)

  1. A kind of 1. aluminizer with wire-drawing effect, it is characterised in that:Including a PET drawing films(1);The PET drawing films(1) Upper surface is provided with damage resistant coating(2), lower surface is provided with vacuum aluminium coated layer(3);The vacuum aluminium coated layer(3)Surface is provided with attachment Power reinforced resin coating(4).
  2. 2. the aluminizer according to claim 1 with wire-drawing effect, it is characterised in that:The PET drawing films(1)Longitudinal direction Percent thermal shrinkage≤1.6%, horizontal percent thermal shrinkage≤0.5%.
  3. 3. the aluminizer according to claim 1 with wire-drawing effect, it is characterised in that:The vacuum aluminium coated layer(3)For In the metal-plated film layer of wolfram steel color;The vacuum aluminium coated layer(3)Optical density units OD values are 0.3-2.5, preferably 0.5-1.5.
  4. 4. the aluminizer according to claim 1 with wire-drawing effect, it is characterised in that:The Adhesion enhancement resin applies Layer(4)A kind of polyurethane resin containing coupling agent, the coupling agent be silane coupler, titanate coupling agent in mass ratio 30-80:20-70wt% compoundings form;The Adhesion enhancement resinous coat(4)Thickness is 0.5-5 μm, preferably 1-3 μm.
  5. A kind of 5. tectorial color steel plate, it is characterised in that:Including a steel plate, through composite layer(5)The plating to be bonded together with steel plate Aluminium film;
    The aluminizer includes a PET drawing films(1);The PET drawing films(1)Upper surface is provided with damage resistant coating(2), following table Face is provided with vacuum aluminium coated layer(3);The vacuum aluminium coated layer(3)Surface is provided with Adhesion enhancement resinous coat(4).
  6. 6. tectorial color steel plate according to claim 5, it is characterised in that:The steel plate is cold-rolled steel sheet(6), the cold rolling Steel plate(6)Two sides sprays color antirust paint after Passivation Treatment;The cold-rolled steel sheet(6)Thickness is 0.4-2.5mm, preferably 0.5-1.5mm。
  7. 7. tectorial color steel plate according to claim 5, it is characterised in that:The composite layer(5)It is that one kind contains enclosed type The high temperature resistance polyester resin of polyurethane curing agent.
  8. 8. tectorial color steel plate according to claim 5, it is characterised in that:The PET drawing films(1)Longitudinal percent thermal shrinkage≤ 1.6%, horizontal percent thermal shrinkage≤0.5%.
  9. 9. the aluminizer according to claim 5 with wire-drawing effect, it is characterised in that:The vacuum aluminium coated layer(3)For In the metal-plated film layer of wolfram steel color;The vacuum aluminium coated layer(3)Optical density units OD values are 0.3-2.5, preferably 0.5-1.5.
  10. 10. tectorial color steel plate according to claim 5, it is characterised in that:The Adhesion enhancement resinous coat(4)It is one Polyurethane resin of the kind containing coupling agent, the coupling agent are silane coupler, titanate coupling agent 30-80 in mass ratio:20-70 Wt% compoundings form;The Adhesion enhancement resinous coat(4)Thickness is 0.5-5 μm, preferably 1-3 μm.
CN201610879913.4A 2016-10-09 2016-10-09 Aluminizer and various steel sheet of tectorial membrane with wire drawing effect Active CN107538864B (en)

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