CN107495395A - 一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/20—Reducing nutritive value; Dietetic products with reduced nutritive value
- A23L33/21—Addition of substantially indigestible substances, e.g. dietary fibres
- A23L33/22—Comminuted fibrous parts of plants, e.g. bagasse or pulp
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
- A23L5/10—General methods of cooking foods, e.g. by roasting or frying
- A23L5/13—General methods of cooking foods, e.g. by roasting or frying using water or steam
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
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Abstract
本发明属于食品加工领域,具体涉及一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维及其制备方法。本发明以葵花籽壳为原料制备水溶性膳食纤维,既廉价又有利于农产品的深加工以及废弃物的处理,同时也为葵花籽的综合利用开辟新的途径。本发明通过酶法‑高温蒸煮法相结合,既保留了酶解法工艺简单、产率高的特点,又进一步提高了水溶性膳食纤维的制备率和活性。本发明制备出的水溶性膳食纤维活性高、持水力好,在为肠道内的细菌提供营养的同时,还能够粪便保持一定的水分和体积,增加粪便排泄量。添加本发明制备的水溶性膳食纤维制成的饮品口感好,还具有改善脂质代谢和降血脂的功效。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品加工领域,具体涉及一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维及其制备方法。
背景技术
膳食纤维是指不被人体消化的多糖类碳水化合物和木质素的总称,膳食纤维具有重要的生理功能,能有效减少和预防冠心病、糖尿病、高血压等,称为“第七大营养素”。根据其溶解性的不同,可分为水溶性膳食纤维(SDF)和水不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)两大类。水溶性膳食纤维主要成分为植物细胞内的储存物质和分泌物,另外还包括部分微生物多糖和合成多糖。水溶性膳食纤维可被肠内的部分细菌分解,并使粪便保持一定的水分和体积。微生物发酵产生的低级脂肪酸还能降低肠道pH值,促进双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌等有益菌的大量繁殖,刺激肠道黏膜,加快粪便的排泄。膳食纤维的持水力越高,就越有利于增加粪便排泄量。随着人们膳食结构的改变和“文明病”的出现,膳食纤维的重要性逐渐被认识。
目前制备膳食纤维的方法有热水提法、化学法、酶法等。热水提法工艺简单,但制备率不高;化学法制备的膳食纤维品质相对较好,但制备率较低;酶提法工艺简单、制取的纤维纯度好但成本较高。葵花籽产业在中国历史悠久,中国葵花及葵花籽的主要产地是内蒙古巴彦尔市,另外北方各地新疆、甘肃、陕西、东北三省、河北、山东等均有出产,南方也有少量葵花籽基地分布,然而多数是用作榨油或者制成零食。葵花籽壳的产量巨大,纤维素含量丰富然而利用率却很低,国内外对葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维的报道较少,多以化学法为主,制备工艺不够完善。
发明内容
针对以上问题,本发明提供了一种使用葵花籽壳制备水溶性膳食纤维的方法,该方法采用酶技术和高压蒸煮法相结合的方法,操作简单,可产业化,采用此方法制备的水溶性膳食纤维提取率高、活性好。
为实现上述发明目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维制备方法,制备方法如下:
1)取葵花籽壳,洗净后干燥,粉碎过30-60目筛,备用;
2)向葵花籽壳粉中加入葵花籽粉体积的10-20倍水,调节pH 4.0-6.0,加入酶,在温度50-60℃下酶解20-40min,在98℃下灭酶12-15min,用碘液检验淀粉是否除净;
3)在140-160℃,0.3-0.5MPa的条件下蒸煮10-30min,之后在3000-3500r/min条件下离心20-40min,得上清液;
4)向步骤(3)中所得上清液加入活性炭进行脱色;
5)向脱色后的上清液中加入4-6倍体积的醇类有机溶剂,静置至沉淀不再析出,调节pH至中性,脱盐、干燥、粉碎后得葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维。
优选的,所述步骤(2)中加入的酶量为葵花籽壳粉重量的0.1-0.3%,所述酶为a-淀粉酶和糖化酶,其质量比为(1-2):(1-3)。
优选的,步骤(5)中所述醇类有机溶剂为甲醇、乙醇或苯甲醇。
优选的,步骤(5)中所述干燥为冷冻干燥或真空干燥。
优选的,一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维制备方法,制备方法如下:
1)取葵花籽壳,洗净后干燥,粉碎过30-60目筛,备用;
2)向葵花籽壳粉中加入葵花籽粉体积的10-20倍水,调节pH 4.0-6.0,加入酶,加入的酶量为葵花籽壳粉重量的0.2%,所述酶为a-淀粉酶和糖化酶,其质量比为1:3,在温度50-60℃下酶解30min,在98℃下灭酶12-15min,用碘液检验淀粉是否除净;
3)在150℃,0.4MPa的条件下蒸煮20min,之后在3000-3500r/min条件下离心20-40min,得上清液;
4)向步骤(3)中所得上清液加入活性炭进行脱色;
5)向脱色后的上清液中加入4-6倍体积的乙醇,静置至沉淀不再析出,调节pH至中性,脱盐、真空干燥、粉碎后得葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维。
一种使用上述方法制备的葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维。
将所述水溶性膳食纤维与水果汁、牛奶、豆浆或蔬菜汁混合,可以制成一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维饮品。
优选的,水溶性膳食纤维在饮品中的含量为3-7%。
优选的,还包含一定量的不溶性膳食纤维,可溶性膳食纤维和不溶性纤维的质量比为1:(1-3)。
酶法是用多种酶逐一除去原料中除膳食纤维外的其它组分,主要是蛋白质、脂肪、还原糖、淀粉等物质,最后获得膳食纤维的方法。使用酶水解掉附着在纤维表面的脂肪、淀粉和蛋白质使膳食纤维表面显示出多孔蜂窝状结构,表面积增加,吸附能力增强,提高了水溶性膳食纤维的活性和持水力。
α-淀粉酶,系统名称为1,4-α-D-葡聚糖葡聚糖水解酶,可以水解淀粉内部的α-1,4-糖苷键,水解产物为糊精、低聚糖和单糖,酶作用后可使糊化淀粉的黏度迅速降低,变成液化淀粉。
糖化酶,又称葡萄糖淀粉酶,能使淀粉迅速液化生成低分子的糊精。可催化水解淀粉生产啤酒、黄酒、酱味精和抗生素,也可用于葡萄糖、饴糖和糊精等的生产。
高温蒸煮法能提高可溶性膳食纤维的含量,在蒸煮过程中,水进入了半纤维素和纤维素等大分子的结晶区,使分子之间的键断裂,而释放部分的可溶性成分。
可溶性膳食纤维可被肠内的部分细菌分解,并使粪便保持一定的水分和体积。微生物发酵产生的低级脂肪酸还能降低肠道pH值,促进双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌等有益菌的大量繁殖,刺激肠道黏膜,加快粪便的排泄。胆固醇的代谢途径主要是通过粪便,而胆汁酸又是胆固醇的代谢产物,可溶性膳食纤维在小肠中能形成胶状物质把胆汁包围,这样胆酸便不能通过小肠肠壁被吸收再回到肝脏,而是直接通过消化道被排出体外,而为了消化肠内的食物时,肝脏只能靠吸收血液中的胆固醇来补充消耗的胆酸,从而降低了血液中的胆固醇。可溶性膳食纤维能调节肠道对糖类物质的吸收,延缓血糖的急剧升高,还可以改善末梢组织对胰岛素的感受性,降低人体对胰岛素的需求,从而调节血糖水平。膳食纤维中的酸性多糖类具有较强的阳离子交换功能,在与Ca2+、Zn2+、Cu2+等离子交换时,能改变阳离子的瞬间浓度,故对消化道的pH值、渗透压及氧化电位产生影响,形成一个理想的缓冲环境,而且它能与肠道中的Na+、K+进行交换,促使血液中的Na+、K+比值降低,直接产生降血压的作用。
本发明的有益效果为:
1.葵花籽壳每年产量有70万吨左右,其中纤维素质量分数约为50%,以其作为水溶性膳食纤维的来源,既廉价又有利于农产品的深加工以及废弃物的处理,同时也为葵花籽的综合利用开辟新的途径。
2.本发明采用酶法和高温蒸煮法相结合的方法,水解掉附着在纤维表面的脂肪、淀粉和蛋白质使膳食纤维表面显示出多孔蜂窝状结构,从而在蒸煮过程中,使水进入了半纤维素和纤维素等大分子的结晶区,使分子之间的键断裂,而释放部分的可溶性成份,既保留了酶解法工艺简单、产率高的特点,进一步提高了水溶性膳食纤维的制备率和活性。
3.本发明制备出来的水溶性膳食纤维活性高、持水力好,在为肠道内的细菌提供营养的同时,还能够粪便保持一定的水分和体积,增加粪便排泄量。
4.本发明制备出来的水溶性膳食纤维口感好,将其制成膳食纤维饮品,易接受,此外还具有改善脂质代谢和降血脂的功效。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
实施例1
一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维,其制备方法如下:
1)取葵花籽壳,洗净后干燥,粉碎过30-60目筛,备用;
2)向葵花籽壳粉中加入葵花籽粉体积的10-20倍水,调节pH 4.0-6.0,加入酶,加入的酶量为葵花籽壳粉重量的0.1%,所述酶为a-淀粉酶和糖化酶,其质量比为1:1,在温度50-60℃下酶解20min,在98℃下灭酶12-15min,用碘液检验淀粉是否除净;
3)在140℃,0.3MPa的条件下蒸煮10min,之后在3000-3500r/min条件下离心20-40min,得上清液;
4)向步骤(3)中所得上清液加入活性炭进行脱色;
5)向脱色后的上清液中加入4-6倍体积的甲醇,静置至沉淀不再析出,调节pH至中性,脱盐、干冷冻燥、粉碎后得葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维。
实施例2
一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维,其制备方法如下:
1)取葵花籽壳,洗净后干燥,粉碎过30-60目筛,备用;
2)向葵花籽壳粉中加入葵花籽粉体积的10-20倍水,调节pH 4.0-6.0,加入酶,加入的酶量为葵花籽壳粉重量的0.15%,所述酶为a-淀粉酶和糖化酶,其质量比为1:2,在温度50-60℃下酶解25min,在98℃下灭酶12-15min,用碘液检验淀粉是否除净;
3)在145℃,0.35MPa的条件下蒸煮15min,之后在3000-3500r/min条件下离心20-40min,得上清液;
4)向步骤(3)中所得上清液加入活性炭进行脱色;
5)向脱色后的上清液中加入4-6倍体积的甲醇,静置至沉淀不再析出,调节pH至中性,脱盐、冷冻干燥、粉碎后得葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维。
实施例3
一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维,其制备方法如下:
1)取葵花籽壳,洗净后干燥,粉碎过30-60目筛,备用;
2)向葵花籽壳粉中加入葵花籽粉体积的10-20倍水,调节pH 4.0-6.0,加入酶,加入的酶量为葵花籽壳粉重量的0.2%,所述酶为a-淀粉酶和糖化酶,其质量比为1:3,在温度50-60℃下酶解30min,在98℃下灭酶12-15min,用碘液检验淀粉是否除净;
3)在150℃,0.4MPa的条件下蒸煮20min,之后在3000-3500r/min条件下离心20-40min,得上清液;
4)向步骤(3)中所得上清液加入活性炭进行脱色;
5)向脱色后的上清液中加入4-6倍体积的乙醇,静置至沉淀不再析出,调节pH至中性,脱盐、真空干燥、粉碎后得葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维。
实施例4
一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维,其制备方法如下:
1)取葵花籽壳,洗净后干燥,粉碎过30-60目筛,备用;
2)向葵花籽壳粉中加入葵花籽粉体积的10-20倍水,调节pH 4.0-6.0,加入酶,加入的酶量为葵花籽壳粉重量的0.25%,所述酶为a-淀粉酶和糖化酶,其质量比为2:1,在温度50-60℃下酶解35min,在98℃下灭酶12-15min,用碘液检验淀粉是否除净;
3)在155℃,0.35MPa的条件下蒸煮25min,之后在3000-3500r/min条件下离心20-40min,得上清液;
4)向步骤(3)中所得上清液加入活性炭进行脱色;
5)向脱色后的上清液中加入4-6倍体积的乙醇,静置至沉淀不再析出,调节pH至中性,脱盐、真空干燥、粉碎后得葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维。
实施例5
一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维,其制备方法如下:
1)取葵花籽壳,洗净后干燥,粉碎过30-60目筛,备用;
2)向葵花籽壳粉中加入葵花籽粉体积的10-20倍水,调节pH 4.0-6.0,加入酶,加入的酶量为葵花籽壳粉重量的0.3%,所述酶为a-淀粉酶和糖化酶,其质量比为2:3,在温度50-60℃下酶解40min,在98℃下灭酶12-15min,用碘液检验淀粉是否除净;
3)在160℃,0.5MPa的条件下蒸煮30min,之后在3000-3500r/min条件下离心20-40min,得上清液;
4)向步骤(3)中所得上清液加入活性炭进行脱色;
5)向脱色后的上清液中加入4-6倍体积的苯甲醇,静置至沉淀不再析出,调节pH至中性,脱盐、真空干燥、粉碎后得葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维。
实验结果检测
膳食纤维的活性主要以其膨胀力和持水力来表示,因此以膳食纤维的膨胀力和持水力作为功能活化的指标。此外还需计算水溶性膳食纤维的提取率。实验结果见表1。
1)膨胀力的测定
准确称取膳食纤维样品0.5g(W)于直径为1.5cm的试管中,记录膳食纤维体积V1,按1:20(w/v)加入去离子水,充分混匀,于室温下放置16h,记录吸水后膳食纤维体积V2,膳食纤维的膨胀力(SWC)的计算方法为:
SWC(mL/g)=(V2-V1)/W
2)持水性的测定
准确称取膳食纤维样品0.6g(W1),按1:20(w/v)加入去离子水,充分混匀,于室温下静置24h,1500r/min离心10min,弃上清液,沉淀质量记为W2,膳食纤维的持水性(WHC)计算方法为:
WHC=(W2-W1)/W1
3)提取率的测定
水溶性膳食纤维(SDF)提取率计算方法为:
SDF=制备的SDF质量/原料质量×100%
表1实施例1-5制备的水溶性膳食纤维相关检测结果
实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 实施例4 | 实施例5 | |
膨胀力/(mL/g) | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 6.5 |
持水性 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 |
提取率/% | 19.59 | 20.98 | 22.01 | 21.72 | 21.64 |
由表1可知,本发明制备的水溶性膳食纤维膨胀力为6.2-6.6mL/g,持水性为2.9-3.2,制备率为19.59-22.01%,均达到了较高水平,其中实施例3的效果最好,为本发明最佳方案。
应用实例
雄性昆明小鼠50只按体重随机均衡分为5组(A组、B组、C组、D组和E组),其中A组、B组、C组和D组经高脂饲料诱导成高脂血症模型作为实验组,E组作为空白组,A组与空白对照组一起取血测定相关血脂指标,以观察建模是否成功。实验期间喂食全部小鼠普通饲料,其中B组、C组和D组喂养加入本发明制备的葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维制成的饮品,饮品成分见表2,A组和E组喂养等量清水,期间自由摄食,连续四周。末次给食小时后眼眶取血,血样于4℃,6000r/min离心20min,分离血清后置-20℃保存,待测定各项指标。结果见表3。
表2B组、C组和D组加入的水溶性膳食纤维饮品构成
表3昆明小鼠的各项检测指标
由表3可知,B组、C组和D组对高脂血症小鼠有显著的降低血清TC和TG作用,并且作用效果和SDF浓度有正相关关系,动脉粥样硬化的程度与AI有密切的相关性。本发明对高脂血症动物可以提高HDL-C的含量,降低TC、TG和LDL-C的含量和AI值,具有明显改善脂质代谢,降低血脂,预防动脉粥样化的作用。
Claims (9)
1.一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维制备方法,其特征在于,制备方法如下:
1)取葵花籽壳,洗净后干燥,粉碎过30-60目筛,备用;
2)向葵花籽壳粉中加入葵花籽粉体积的10-20倍水,调节pH 4.0-6.0,加入酶,在温度50-60℃下酶解20-40min,在98℃下灭酶12-15min,用碘液检验淀粉是否除净;
3)在140-160℃,0.3-0.5MPa的条件下蒸煮10-30min,之后在3000-3500r/min条件下离心20-40min,得上清液;
4)向步骤(3)中所得上清液加入活性炭进行脱色;
5)向脱色后的上清液中加入4-6倍体积的醇类有机溶剂,静置至沉淀不再析出,调节pH至中性,经脱盐、干燥、粉碎后得葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中加入的酶量为葵花籽壳粉重量的0.1-0.3%,所述酶为a-淀粉酶和糖化酶,其质量比为(1-2):(1-3)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)中所述醇类有机溶剂为甲醇、乙醇或苯甲醇。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)中所述干燥为冷冻干燥或真空干燥。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维制备方法,其特征在于,制备方法如下:
1)取葵花籽壳,洗净后干燥,粉碎过30-60目筛,备用;
2)向葵花籽壳粉中加入葵花籽粉体积的10-20倍水,调节pH 4.0-6.0,加入酶,加入的酶量为葵花籽壳粉重量的0.2%,所述酶为a-淀粉酶和糖化酶,其质量比为1:3,在温度50-60℃下酶解30min,在98℃下灭酶12-15min,用碘液检验淀粉是否除净;
3)在150℃,0.4MPa的条件下蒸煮20min,之后在3000-3500r/min条件下离心20-40min,得上清液;
4)向步骤(3)中所得上清液加入活性炭进行脱色;
5)向脱色后的上清液中加入4-6倍体积的乙醇,静置至沉淀不再析出,调节pH至中性,脱盐、真空干燥、粉碎后得葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维。
6.一种使用权利要求1所述方法制备的葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维。
7.根据权利要求6所述一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维,其特征在于,将所述水溶性膳食纤维与水果汁、牛奶、豆浆或蔬菜汁混合,可以制成一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维饮品。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维饮品,其特征在于,水溶性膳食纤维在饮品中的含量为3-7%。
9.根据权利要求7所述的一种葵花籽壳水溶性膳食纤维饮品,其特征在于,还包含一定量的不溶性膳食纤维,可溶性膳食纤维和不溶性纤维的质量比为1:(1-3)。
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