CN107441647A - 一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN107441647A
CN107441647A CN201710852205.6A CN201710852205A CN107441647A CN 107441647 A CN107441647 A CN 107441647A CN 201710852205 A CN201710852205 A CN 201710852205A CN 107441647 A CN107441647 A CN 107441647A
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fiber cloth
fiber
mask
fried
bed
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韩庆华
许恩典
许锰镑
蔡奕文
蔡奕武
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CANAAN (FUJIAN) NEW MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY Co Ltd
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CANAAN (FUJIAN) NEW MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY Co Ltd
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    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
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    • A62B—DEVICES, APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR LIFE-SAVING
    • A62B18/00—Breathing masks or helmets, e.g. affording protection against chemical agents or for use at high altitudes or incorporating a pump or compressor for reducing the inhalation effort
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩及其制备方法，防护套包括口鼻遮挡部、头套；所述口鼻遮挡部和头套缝制为一体；所述口鼻遮挡部由纤维布料层Ⅰ、净化层、纤维布料层Ⅱ和纤维布料层Ⅲ由内而外依次组成；所述头套由针织面料层Ⅰ和针织面料层Ⅱ由内而外依次组成。制备方法包括如下步骤：S1纤维布料制作制作；S2纤维布料预处理；S3头套制作；S4口鼻遮挡部制作；S5缝制一体化。本发明具有耐高温、阻燃效果好、耐碱性优良、耐燃气性能优良以及耐燃油性能优良的优点。

Description

一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及特种装备技术领域，具体涉及一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩及其制备方法。
背景技术
早期的防闪爆面罩和手套用硼酸真空浸泡过的阻燃布制作，又来采用了美国杜邦公司发明的NOMEX防火纤维制作(聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺)，60年代开始风靡英美海军。防闪爆面罩是防热的，正式作战舰船武器全开温度很高的，一方面防热一方面还能防止一定的辐射，中弹起火还能当放毒面具用和隔绝高温对皮肤的灼伤。
舰员防护器材是舰员个人用于免受毒剂、放射性物质和生物战剂伤害的各种器材的总称。包括防毒面具、防毒衣(防毒手套、防毒靴套)、个人消毒急救包、个人剂量笔、侦毒纸等。防毒面具，用以保护人员呼吸器官、眼睛和面部，防止有害物质通过呼吸道进入人体。按防护原理，分为过滤式和隔绝式两类。过滤式面具主要由面罩和滤毒罐或过滤元件组成，将受染空气过滤成清洁空气供人呼吸。隔绝式面具主要由面罩和钢瓶组成，由钢瓶提供呼吸需要的氧或空气，呼出的废气直接经呼气活门排出面具，或经内装氢氧化钙的清净罐除去二氧化碳，与来自钢瓶的氧气混合供人呼吸。防毒服，用以阻止有害物质接触皮肤引起伤害。分为隔绝式和透气式。隔绝式防毒衣用高分子材料制成，能减缓毒剂的渗透和扩散，阻止有害气溶胶和放射性物质的透入。又分全身式和两截式。全身式的头罩、上衣、裤子和靴套连为一体。两截式由带头罩的上衣和带靴套的裤子组成，或由带头罩的上衣、裤子和靴套组成(见图)。防毒衣通常和防毒面具、防毒手套配合使用，使人体表面达到有效防护。透气式防毒衣由内外两层织物组成。外层织物能使毒剂液滴铺展，以加速蒸发，防止毒剂的压透作用。有的加有阻燃剂，具有防火阻燃功能。内层织物的正反两面各具功能，与外层织物相接的正面为防油面，用于阻止液态毒剂渗透，提高对毒剂液滴的防护能力；反面喷有活性炭粉，吸附毒剂蒸气。个人消毒急救包，内装有消毒液、消毒手套、预防药和急救药、解磷针等。用于对染毒皮肤消毒、预防人员中毒和进行毒伤急救。个人剂量笔，用于监测人员所受照射剂量的大小，以便及时组织换班休息。侦毒纸，用于侦检毒剂，以便个人及时发现毒剂，进行防护。
如在浓烟、有毒有害气体弥漫的环境中，作业人员全身穿着防护服来隔离环境中污染气体，当作业人员被隔离在防护服内时，需要通过供气系统向防护服内通入空气供作业人员呼吸。
虽然杜邦公司的NOMEX材料在上世纪60年代实现全球工业化生产后，但这种该型能耐高温材料，一直直被视为战略物资，对华多有管制。在现有技术中，国产芳纶纤维制备得到的头套的阻燃性能不佳，高温下的防护效果较差的问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的不足，提供一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩及其制备方法，解决了阻燃性能不佳和高温防护效果差的问题。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案来实现的：
一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩，包括口鼻遮挡部、头套；所述口鼻遮挡部和头套缝制为一体；所述口鼻遮挡部由纤维布料层I、净化层、纤维布料层II和纤维布料层III由内而外依次组成；所述头套由针织面料层I和针织面料层II由内而外依次组成。
在制备头套的过程中，头套的面料中包括针织面料层I和针织面料层II组成双层面料，防护效果好；口鼻遮挡部中纤维布料层I、净化层、纤维布料层II和纤维布料层III中净化层能吸附有害物质，多层面料的防护效果好；口鼻遮挡部和头套均具有防辐射功能和阻燃功能的面料，使得防护套具有良好的防辐射和阻燃效果。
进一步地，所述纤维布料层I的纤维由如下纤维原料混纺而得：
芳纶纤维 20-25重量份；
聚苯并咪唑纤维 15-18重量份。
芳纶纤维和聚苯并咪唑纤维耐高温、阻燃和绝缘的性能，制备得到的面料的导热率小。
芳纶纤维全称为“聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺”，是一种新型高科技合成纤维，具有超高强度、高模量和耐高温、耐酸耐碱、重量轻等优良性能,其强度是钢丝的5～6倍，模量为钢丝或玻璃纤维的2～3倍，韧性是钢丝的2倍，而重量仅为钢丝的1/5左右，在560度的温度下，不分解，不融化。它具有良好的绝缘性和抗老化性能，具有很长的生命周期。间位芳纶纤维是一种柔性高分子，断裂强度高于普通涤纶、棉、尼龙等，伸长率较大，手感柔软，可纺性好，可生产成不同纤度、长度的短纤维和长丝，在一般纺织机械制成不同纱支织成面料、无纺布，经过后整理，满足不同领域的防护服装的要求。间位芳纶纤维的极限氧指数(LOI)大于28，因此当它离开火焰时不会继续燃烧。纽士达&reg；间位芳纶纤维的阻燃特性是由其自身化学结构所决定的，因而是一种永久阻燃纤维，不会因使用时间和洗涤次数降低或丧失阻燃性能。纽士达&reg；间位芳纶纤维具有很好的热稳定性，在205℃的条件下可以连续使用，在大于205℃高温条件下仍能保持较高的强力。纽士达&reg；间位芳纶纤维具有较高的分解温度，而且在高温条件下不会熔融、融滴，当温度大于370℃时才开始炭化。间位芳纶纤维具有优异的耐大多数化学物质的性能，可耐大多数高浓度的无机酸，常温下耐碱性能好。间位芳纶纤维的耐辐射性能十分优异。例如在1.2×10-2w/in2紫外线和1.72×108rads的γ射线的长时间照射下，其强度仍保持不变。间位芳纶纤维优良的耐摩擦和耐化学品性能，经过100次洗涤后；间位芳纶纤维加工的布料撕破强力仍可以达到原强力的85％以上。
聚苯并咪唑纤维的密度约1.2克/厘米，玻璃化温度234～275℃；全芳族聚苯并咪唑纤维密度1.3～1.4克/厘米，玻璃化温度比聚烷基苯并咪唑高100～250℃。PBI的特点是瞬时耐高温性优良，在538℃尚不分解。它的预聚体能溶于二甲基甲酰胺、六亚甲基磷酰胺、甲酸等极性溶剂中，但一旦在400℃处理到固化完全后，分子量增大，溶解度降低，就成为不溶、不熔的树脂。是第一个被考虑用作耐高温结构胶粘剂的，因为它对不锈钢和钛合金的粘合强度在537℃为98千克力/厘米。聚苯并咪唑纤维能纺织成优质的纤维，其玻璃纤维增强塑料可耐300℃高温，不自燃。PBI还可制成泡沫塑料、薄膜等，也可用作烧蚀材料。
进一步地，所述纤维布料层II、针织面料层I和针织面料层II的纤维组成相同，纤维由如下纤维原料混纺而得：
芳纶纤维 38-40重量份；
聚苯并咪唑纤维 28-32重量份。
面料的纺织方式为采用30支纤维分为两股缝纫线缝纫而成，芳纶纤维与聚苯并咪唑纤维用于制作防护面料能达到耐高温、防辐射、耐酸碱盐以及质轻的特点。
进一步地，所述纤维布料层III为金属纤维、金属化纤维、纳米金属纤维中的至少一种。
纤维布料层III为防辐射面料，防辐射效果好，一般选用纳米金属纤维进行制备。
进一步地，所述净化层为活性炭。活性炭是一种黑色多孔的固体炭质，由煤通过粉碎、成型或用均匀的煤粒经炭化、活化生产。主要成分为碳，并含少量氧、氢、硫、氮、氯等元素。普通活性炭的比表面积在500～1700m2/g间。具有很强的吸附性能，为用途极广的一种工业吸附剂。
一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
S1纤维布料制作制作：将上述提及的纤维布料所使用的纤维分别制作，通过纺织纤维丝机器制作得到纤维布料层I、纤维布料层II、纤维布料III、针织面料层I和针织面料层II；
S2纤维布料预处理：将纤维布料层II、纤维布料IV放入抗菌剂中真空浸泡；
S3头套制作：将纤维布料IV和纤维布料V按照图纸设计的尺寸裁剪，将裁剪之后的纤维布料IV和纤维布料V的裁剪边缘缝制在一起；
S4口鼻遮挡部制作：纤维布料层I、纤维布料层II和纤维布料III按照图纸设计的尺寸裁剪，在裁剪之后的纤维布料层I上均匀铺敷一层活性炭，然后再逐次放上裁剪之后的纤维布料层II和纤维布料III，整理边缘将其缝制在一起；
S5缝制一体化：按照图纸将S3步骤中制备得到的头套和S4步骤中制备得到的口鼻遮挡部缝制为一体，即得成品。
防护套制作中面料中除去防辐射面料，其余均含有芳纶纤维和聚苯并咪唑纤维，均具有良好的阻燃、绝缘、耐高温以及导热率低的效果；在制作过程中纤维布料层II、针织面料层I还会在抗菌剂中真空浸泡，真空浸泡得到的布料也具有一定的抗菌效果，能有效延长使用寿命。
进一步地，所述抗菌剂为2-5％四硼酸钠溶液，真空浸泡的时间为10-12h。硼砂有广泛的用途，可用作清洁剂、化妆品、杀虫剂，也可用于配置缓冲溶液和制取其他硼化合物等。
四硼酸钠真空浸泡面料使得面料具有良好的抑菌效果，且不会影响面料的耐高温性能和防辐射性能，真空浸泡提高浸泡过程中四硼酸钠在头套上的附着度，不易磨损不易掉落，使制成的的头套抗菌效果更好。
进一步地，所述纤维布料层I的厚度为1.0-1.2mm；所述净化层的厚度为0.5-0.6mm；所述纤维布料层II的厚度为1.0-1.2mm；所述纤维布料III的厚度为0.3-0.5mm。
进一步地，所述纤针织面料层I的厚度1.8-2.2mm；所述针织面料层II的厚度为0.8-1.0mm。
结合头套和口鼻遮挡部的总厚度，对不同的面料有着不同的厚度要求，结合透气性以及阻燃、防辐射、耐高温等性能，最终得到的不同纤维面料的厚度要求。
本发明的有益效果是：
1.在制备头套的过程中，头套的面料中包括针织面料层I和针织面料层II组成双层面料，防护效果好；口鼻遮挡部中纤维布料层I、净化层、纤维布料层II和纤维布料层III中净化层能吸附有害物质，多层面料的防护效果好；口鼻遮挡部和头套均具有防辐射功能和阻燃功能的面料，使得防护套具有良好的防辐射和阻燃效果；
2.防护套制作中面料中除去防辐射面料，其余均含有芳纶纤维和聚苯并咪唑纤维，均具有良好的阻燃、绝缘、耐高温以及导热率低的效果；在制作过程中纤维布料层II、针织面料层I还会在抗菌剂中真空浸泡，真空浸泡得到的布料也具有一定的抗菌效果，还能有效延长使用寿命；
3.面料的纺织方式为采用30支纤维分为两股缝纫线缝纫而成，芳纶纤维与聚苯并咪唑纤维用于制作防护面料能达到耐高温、防辐射、耐酸碱盐以及质轻的特点；
4.四硼酸钠真空浸泡面料使得面料具有良好的抑菌效果，且不会影响面料的耐高温性能和防辐射性能，真空浸泡提高浸泡过程中四硼酸钠在头套上的附着度，不易磨损不易掉落，使制成的的头套抗菌效果更好。
附图说明
图1为防护罩结构示意图；
图2为口鼻遮挡部的结构示意图；
图3为头套的结构示意图；
图中：
1-口鼻遮挡部，11-纤维布料层I，12-净化层，13-纤维布料层II，14-纤维布料III；
2-头套，21-针织面料层I，22-针织面料层II；
3-口鼻遮挡部与头套的缝接处。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例进一步详细描述本发明的技术方案，但本发明的保护范围不局限于以下所述。
一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩，包括口鼻遮挡部1、头套2；所述口鼻遮挡部1和头套2缝制为一体；所述口鼻遮挡部1由纤维布料层I 11、净化层12、纤维布料层II 13和纤维布料III 14由内而外依次组成；所述头套2由针织面料层I 21和针织面料层II 22由内而外依次组成。
具体地，所述纤维布料层I 11的纤维由如下纤维原料混纺而得：
芳纶纤维 20-25重量份；
聚苯并咪唑纤维 15-18重量份。
具体地，所述纤维布料层II 13、针织面料层I 21和针织面料层II 22的纤维组成相同，
纤维由如下纤维原料混纺而得：
芳纶纤维 38-40重量份；
聚苯并咪唑纤维 28-32重量份。
具体地，所述纤维布料III 14为金属纤维、金属化纤维、纳米金属纤维中的至少一种。
具体地，所述净化层12为活性炭。
实施例1-实施例6的具体实施参数如表1所示，实施例1-实施例3为本发明技术方案所制备得到的防护套，实施例4中纤维原料的组成不同，实施例5中纤维原料未进行真空浸泡，实施例6中面料的厚度不同。
表1实施例1-实施例6的具体实施参数
一种阻燃防辐射的军用舰员防护套的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
S1纤维布料制作制作：将上述提及的纤维布料所使用的纤维分别制作，通过纺织纤维丝机器制作得到纤维布料层I 11、纤维布料层II 13、针织面料层I 21纤维布料III 14和针织面料层II 22；
S2纤维布料预处理：将纤维布料层II 13、针织面料层I 21放入抗菌剂中真空浸泡；
S3头套2制作：将针织面料层I 21和纤维布料V 22按照图纸设计的尺寸裁剪，将裁剪之后的针织面料层I 21和针织面料层II 22的裁剪边缘缝制在一起；
S4口鼻遮挡部1制作：纤维布料层I 11、纤维布料层II 13和纤维布料III 14按照图纸设计的尺寸裁剪，在裁剪之后的纤维布料层I 11上均匀铺敷一层活性炭，然后再逐次放上裁剪之后的纤维布料层II 13和纤维布料III 14，整理边缘将其缝制在一起；
S5缝制一体化：按照图纸将S3步骤中制备得到的头套2和S4步骤中制备得到的口鼻遮挡部1缝制为一体，即得成品。
具体地，所述抗菌剂为2-5％四硼酸钠溶液，真空浸泡的时间为10-12h。
具体地，所述纤维布料层I 11的厚度为1.0-1.2mm；所述净化层12的厚度为0.5-0.6mm；所述纤维布料层II 13的厚度为1.0-1.2mm；所述纤维布料III 14的厚度为0.3-0.5mm。
具体地，所述针织面料层I 21的厚度1.8-2.2mm；所述针织面料层II 22的厚度为0.8-1.0mm。
实施例1-实施例6的制备参数如表2所示，实施例1-实施例3的制备参数为本发明技术方案中限定的技术参数，实施例4中面料的厚度较薄，实施例6中面料厚度较厚，实施例5中面料未进行抗菌剂真空浸泡。
表2实施例1-实施例6的制备参数
对实施例1-实施例6所得成品进行测试，测试结果如表3所示，实施例1-实施例3的制备参数为本发明技术方案中限定的技术参数，实施例4中面料的厚度较薄，实施例6中面料厚度较厚，实施例5中面料未进行抗菌剂真空浸泡。
表3实施例1-实施例6的试验测试数据
从表3的数据中可以得出，实施例1-实施例3的阻燃性能以及防辐射性能远好于实施例4-实施例6。实施例1-实施例3制备得到的面罩的垂直燃烧时间和长度低于实施例4-实施例6，具有较好的阻燃效果和耐高温性能；远红外发射率的数值差异体现了实施例1-实施例3的防辐射性能优良；顶破强力的差异体现实施例1-实施例3制备得到的面罩的强度好。实施例1-实施例3制备得到的面罩性能优良。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当理解本发明并非局限于本文所披露的形式，不应看作是对其他实施例的排除，而可用于各种其他组合、修改和环境，并能够在本文所述构想范围内，通过上述教导或相关领域的技术或知识进行改动。而本领域人员所进行的改动和变化不脱离本发明的精神和范围，则都应在本发明所附权利要求的保护范围内。

Claims (9)

1.一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩，其特征在于，包括口鼻遮挡部（1）、头套（2）；所述口鼻遮挡部（1）和头套（2）缝制为一体；所述口鼻遮挡部（1）由纤维布料层（11）、净化层（12）、纤维布料层（13）和纤维布料层（14）由内而外依次组成；所述头套（2）由针织面料层（21）和针织面料层（22）由内而外依次组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩，其特征在于，所述纤维布料层（11）的纤维由如下纤维原料混纺而得：
芳纶纤维 20-25重量份；
聚苯并咪唑纤维 15-18重量份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩，其特征在于，所述纤维布料层（13）、针织面料层（21）和针织面料层（22）的纤维组成相同，纤维由如下纤维原料混纺而得：
芳纶纤维 38-40重量份；
聚苯并咪唑纤维 28-32重量份。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩，其特征在于，所述纤维布料（14）为金属纤维、金属化纤维、纳米金属纤维中的至少一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩，其特征在于，所述净化层（12）为活性炭。
6.权利要求1-5任一项所述的一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
S1纤维布料制作制作：将上述提及的纤维布料所使用的纤维分别制作，通过纺织纤维丝机器制作得到纤维布料层（11）、纤维布料层（13）、针织面料层（21）、纤维布料（14）和针织面料层（22）；
S2纤维布料预处理：将纤维布料层（13）、针织面料层（21）放入抗菌剂中真空浸泡；
S3头套（2）制作：将针织面料层（21）和针织面料层（22）按照图纸设计的尺寸裁剪，将裁剪之后的针织面料层（21）和针织面料层（22）的裁剪边缘缝制而成在一起；
S4口鼻遮挡部（1）制作：纤维布料层（11）、纤维布料层（13）和纤维布料（14）按照图纸设计的尺寸裁剪，在裁剪之后的纤维布料层（11）上均匀铺敷一层活性炭，然后再逐次放上裁剪之后的纤维布料层（13）和纤维布料（14），整理边缘将其缝制在一起；
S5缝制一体化：按照图纸将S3步骤中制备得到的头套（2）和S4步骤中制备得到的口鼻遮挡部（1）缝制为一体，即得成品。
7.根据权利要求7所述的一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩的制备方法，其特征在于，所述抗菌剂为2-5%四硼酸钠溶液，真空浸泡的时间为10-12h。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩的制备方法，其特征在于，所述纤维布料层（11）的厚度为1.0-1.2mm；所述净化层（12）的厚度为0.5-0.6mm；所述纤维布料层（13）的厚度为1.0-1.2mm；所述纤维布料（14）的厚度为0.3-0.5mm。
9.根据权利要求7所述的一种耐热阻燃防闪爆军用舰员面罩的制备方法，其特征在于，所述针织面料层（21）的厚度1.8-2.2mm；所述针织面料层（22）的厚度为0.8-1.0mm。
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