CN107404278A - 用于电驱动系统的故障保护 - Google Patents

用于电驱动系统的故障保护 Download PDF

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CN107404278A
CN107404278A CN201710356142.5A CN201710356142A CN107404278A CN 107404278 A CN107404278 A CN 107404278A CN 201710356142 A CN201710356142 A CN 201710356142A CN 107404278 A CN107404278 A CN 107404278A
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dutycycle
inverter
vehicle electrical
signal
electrical system
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CN107404278B (zh
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陈礼华
周岩
杨水涛
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0061—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electrical machines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/02—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles characterised by the form of the current used in the control circuit
    • B60L15/025—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles characterised by the form of the current used in the control circuit using field orientation; Vector control; Direct Torque Control [DTC]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/02—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles characterised by the form of the current used in the control circuit
    • B60L15/08—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles characterised by the form of the current used in the control circuit using pulses
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/04—Cutting off the power supply under fault conditions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/08—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for dynamo-electric motors
    • H02H7/0833—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for dynamo-electric motors for electric motors with control arrangements
    • H02H7/0844—Fail safe control, e.g. by comparing control signal and controlled current, isolating motor on commutation error
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • H02M7/53871—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • H02M7/53875—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current with analogue control of three-phase output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P21/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of electric machines by vector control, e.g. by control of field orientation
    • H02P21/22—Current control, e.g. using a current control loop
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P21/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of electric machines by vector control, e.g. by control of field orientation
    • H02P21/24—Vector control not involving the use of rotor position or rotor speed sensors
    • H02P21/28—Stator flux based control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
    • H02P27/08—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P29/00—Arrangements for regulating or controlling electric motors, appropriate for both AC and DC motors
    • H02P29/02—Providing protection against overload without automatic interruption of supply
    • H02P29/024—Detecting a fault condition, e.g. short circuit, locked rotor, open circuit or loss of load
    • H02P29/028—Detecting a fault condition, e.g. short circuit, locked rotor, open circuit or loss of load the motor continuing operation despite the fault condition, e.g. eliminating, compensating for or remedying the fault
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P29/00—Arrangements for regulating or controlling electric motors, appropriate for both AC and DC motors
    • H02P29/02—Providing protection against overload without automatic interruption of supply
    • H02P29/032—Preventing damage to the motor, e.g. setting individual current limits for different drive conditions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/40—DC to AC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52—Drive Train control parameters related to converters
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52—Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B60L2240/527—Voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52—Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B60L2240/529—Current
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于电驱动系统的故障保护。一种车辆电力系统包括控制器，所述控制器被配置为：响应于电驱动系统的故障而发出命令，以断开逆变器的选择的开关组，并且随后根据具有增大的占空比的脉冲宽度调制信号来操作所述选择的开关组，使得电池的输入电流被驱向于零并且电驱动系统的d轴电流的幅值减小。

Description

用于电驱动系统的故障保护
技术领域
本发明涉及用于永磁电机的故障保护。
背景技术
永磁电机转子可由旋转的电磁场驱动，旋转的电磁场由流经定子线圈绕组的交变电流感应得到。交变电流可由连接到直流电源的逆变器供应。对电驱动系统中的故障做出响应的不适当的保护策略可能导致永磁体的消磁、超过逆变器的电气额定值或不期望的电池反馈(backfeeding)。
发明内容
一种车辆电力系统可包括控制器，所述控制器被配置为：响应于与电驱动系统相关联的故障，发出命令以断开逆变器的选择的开关组。所述控制器可发出命令，以根据具有增大的占空比的脉冲宽度调制信号来操作所述选择的开关组，使得逆变器的输入电流被驱向于零，从而减小来自电机的d轴电流的幅值和电池反馈。
根据本发明，提供一种车辆电力系统，所述车辆电力系统包括：控制器，被配置为：响应于电驱动系统的故障，发出命令以断开逆变器的选择的开关组，并且随后根据具有增大的占空比的脉冲宽度调制信号来操作所述选择的开关组，使得电池的输入电流被驱向于零并且电驱动系统的d轴电流的幅值减小。
占空比可以以比逆变器的输出电流的基本周期的两倍大的速率增大。占空比可以以比所述输出电流的基本周期的四倍小的速率增大。开关组可以与电机的三相极性相关。所述增大的占空比的频率可与用于牵引逆变器或电机的驱动信号的频率相同。所述增大的占空比可以是基于斜坡信号或锯齿波信号的。锯齿波信号可与驱动信号相同。开关可以是IGBT(绝缘栅双极晶体管)开关。
根据本发明，提供一种用于控制车辆电力系统的方法，所述方法包括：由控制器响应于接收到电驱动系统故障的指示，断开逆变器的选择的开关组，随后根据具有增大的占空比的脉冲宽度调制信号来操作所述选择的开关组，使得电池的输入电流被驱向于零并且电驱动系统的d轴电流的幅值减小。
根据本发明的一个实施例，所述增大的占空比在比逆变器的输出电流的基本周期的两倍大的持续时间内增大。
根据本发明的一个实施例，所述增大的占空比在比逆变器的输出电流的基本周期的四倍小的持续时间内增大。
根据本发明的一个实施例，开关组与电机的三相极性相关。
根据本发明的一个实施例，所述增大的占空比的频率与用于电机的驱动信号的频率相同。
根据本发明的一个实施例，所述增大的占空比是基于斜坡信号和锯齿波信号的。
根据本发明的一个实施例，所述锯齿波信号与所述驱动信号相同。
根据本发明的一个实施例，所述选择的开关组是多个IGBT开关。
根据本发明，提供一种车辆电力系统，所述车辆电力系统包括：电池；逆变器；控制器，被配置为：通过断开逆变器的选择的IGBT组并且随后根据具有占空比的脉冲宽度调制信号来操作所述选择的IGBT组，来将电池的输入电流驱向于零并减小电驱动系统的d轴电流的幅值，其中，所述占空比在大于逆变器的输出电流的基本周期的两倍且小于逆变器的输出电流的基本周期的四倍的持续时间内增大。
根据本发明的一个实施例，所述占空比的频率与所述车辆电力系统的电机的驱动信号的频率相同。
附图说明
图1是车辆推进系统的平面图；
图2是用于车辆电机的逆变器的平面图；
图3是将斜坡信号与锯齿波信号相结合以形成斜坡脉冲宽度调制信号的示图；
图4是描绘马达瞬变期间的特定组件的样本输出的曲线图。
具体实施方式
在此描述本公开的实施例。然而，应理解，公开的实施例仅为示例并且其它实施例可采取各种和替代的形式。附图不一定按比例绘制；一些特征会被夸大或最小化以显示特定组件的细节。因此，在此公开的具体结构和功能细节不应被解释为限制，而仅作为用于教导本领域技术人员以多种形式利用本发明的代表性基础。如本领域的普通技术人员将理解的，参考任一附图说明和描述的各种特征可与一个或更多个其它附图中说明的特征组合，以产生未明确说明或描述的实施例。说明的特征的组合提供了用于典型应用的代表性实施例。然而，与本公开的教导一致的特征的各种组合和变型可被期望用于特定应用或实施方式。
电动车辆和混合动力车辆包括永磁牵引马达以推进车辆。永磁体通常嵌在电机的转子周围。由定子感应出的磁场与转子的磁场相反且被用于使转子相对于定子旋转。定子具有由电工钢或具有高相对磁导率的材料形成的芯。沿着定子的内径分布着多个槽。每个槽被设置尺寸以容纳能够承载电流的导体。导体被缠绕在由槽形成的齿的周围，以形成绕组。绕组可被布置为支持三个不同的相以增强产生的磁场。车辆通过对直流电流进行逆变来产生交变电流。直流电流可从电池或电容器被提供。
逆变器可在三个相中产生交变电流，以对由定子感应出的旋转的磁场进行平滑处理从而改善性能。三相逆变器通常需要六个开关。这些开关可以是绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)开关。所述开关被分为三组，每个相一组。每组具有正开关和负开关，以产生交变信号的正的部分和负的部分。因此，开关能够因每个开关产生的信号的极性而被称为上开关(upper switch)或下开关(lower switch)。
正弦交变电流由开关基于脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号产生。PWM信号的占空比对期望的正弦信号的幅值进行模拟。开关根据PWM信号进行通电，以将直流电源(例如，电池)转换为交变电流，该交变电流被用于感应磁场。
在使用期间，电机可能遇到故障，并且出于多种原因可能需要安全关闭电机。定子故障可能在定子绕组中的一个上引起断路或短路。振动或扰动可能引起定子/转子的气隙不规则。轴承或齿轮箱故障可导致电机需要安全关闭。故障、短路或瞬变全部需要电机的安全关闭。其它故障可包括传感器损耗、连接器接触不良、旋转变压器故障、软件故障或硬件故障。控制器可被配置为安全地关闭电机。由于电机通常不具备传统的制动器，因此关闭电机的一个问题是逆变器或电池的反馈(backfeeding)。当检测到故障时，控制器可闭合逆变器开关组以将电源连接到电机。该保护策略防止反馈，但因此，在三相电机上产生大的负的d轴电流。大的负的d轴电流可使转子的永磁体消磁。
另一保护策略可断开全部开关，而不是闭合开关组。断开全部开关使负的d轴电流的幅值减小。然而，由于来自电机的电流流过逆变器的二极管，因此这种断开配置使电机充当电池的充电器。在特定情况下，电池可能不能接收这种充电电流。例如，电池可能具有高的荷电状态。
控制器可在检测到故障状况时立即断开全部开关，而不是断开全部开关或使开关组短路。控制器可逐渐增大占空比，使得全部开关达到互补的50％的占空比。这意味着，上开关与下开关配合以达到完全短路的状态。然而，这种控制方案需要使用全部开关，并且需要通过调节PWM信号的死区时间来限制上开关和下开关的交叉导通。如果开关之一是不可操作的并且需要额外的计算来确定死区时间，则全部开关的使用可引起系统故障。
为了克服使用全部开关的困难，可实施更简单的控制方案。例如，可通过调节斜坡信号来逐渐地驱动仅闭合上开关或下开关。上开关或下开关分别产生交变信号的正部分和负部分。断开全部开关需要全部开关正确地操作。控制系统可被改变为基于接收到的指示开关故障的信号仅断开上开关或下开关。一些开关的这种组合可经由PWM信号被驱动并斜坡变化，使得由电机产生并由电池接收的电流达到零。开关的组合可被用于限制负的d轴电流并减小由电池接收的负电流。控制器可被配置为监测栅极驱动器以识别IGBT开关的故障。开关还可以是其它类型的场效应晶体管或双极结型晶体管。
图1描绘了可被称为插电式混合动力电动车辆(PHEV)的电气化车辆112。插电式混合动力电动车辆112可包括机械地连接至混合动力传动装置116的一个或更多个电机114。电机114能够作为马达或发电机进行操作。此外，混合动力传动装置116机械地连接至发动机118。混合动力传动装置116还机械地连接至驱动轴120，驱动轴120机械地连接至车轮122。电机114可在发动机118启动或者关闭时提供推进和减速能力。电机114还能够用作发电机并且可通过回收在摩擦制动系统中通常将作为热损失掉的能量来提供燃料经济性效益。电机114还可通过允许发动机118以效率更高的转速运转并允许混合动力电动车辆112在特定状况下运转在发动机118关闭的电动模式下来减少车辆排放。电气化车辆112还可以是电池电动车辆(BEV)。在BEV构造中，可以不存在发动机118。在其它构造中，电气化车辆112可以是不具有插电能力的全混合动力电动车辆(FHEV)。
牵引电池或电池组124储存可被电机114使用的能量。车辆电池组124可提供高电压直流电(DC)输出。牵引电池124可电连接到一个或更多个电力电子模块126。一个或更多个接触器142可在断开时将牵引电池124与其它组件隔离并且可在闭合时将牵引电池124连接至其它组件。电力电子模块126还电连接至电机114并且提供在牵引电池124与电机114之间双向传输能量的能力。例如，牵引电池124可提供DC电压，而电机114可利用三相交流电(AC)来运转。电力电子模块126可将DC电压转换为三相AC电流以运转电机114。在再生模式下，电力电子模块126可将来自用作发电机的电机114的三相AC电流转换为与牵引电池124兼容的DC电压。
车辆112可包括电连接在牵引电池124与电力电子模块126之间的可变电压转换器(VVC)152。VVC 152可以是被配置为增大或升高由牵引电池124提供的电压的DC/DC升压转换器。通过增大电压，可减小电流需求，从而导致电力电子模块126和电机114的布线尺寸减小。此外，电机114可以以较高的效率和较低的损耗运转。
牵引电池124除了提供用于推进的能量之外，还可提供用于其它车辆电力系统的能量。车辆112可包括DC/DC转换器模块128，DC/DC转换器模块128将牵引电池124的高电压DC输出转换为与低电压车辆负载兼容的低电压DC供应。DC/DC转换器模块128的输出可电连接至辅助电池130(例如，12V电池)，以用于给辅助电池130充电。低电压系统可电连接至辅助电池130。一个或更多个电负载146可连接至高电压总线。电负载146可具有适时地操作和控制电负载146的关联的控制器。电负载146的示例可以是风扇、电加热元件和/或空调压缩机。
电气化车辆112可被配置为通过外部电源136对牵引电池124进行再充电。外部电源136可以连接到电插座。外部电源136可电连接至充电器或电动车辆供电设备(EVSE)138。外部电源136可以是由公共电力公司提供的配电网络或电网。EVSE 138可提供电路和控制，以调节并管理电源136与车辆112之间的能量传输。外部电源136可将DC电力或AC电力提供至EVSE 138。EVSE 138可具有用于插入到车辆112的充电端口134中的充电连接器140。充电端口134可以是被构造为将电力从EVSE 138传输至车辆112的任何类型的端口。充电端口134可电连接至充电器或车载电力转换模块132。电力转换模块132可调节从EVSE 138供应的电力，以将适当的电压水平和电流水平提供至牵引电池124。电力转换模块132可与EVSE138进行接口连接，以协调对车辆112的电力传输。EVSE连接器140可具有与充电端口134的相应的凹槽匹配的插脚。可选地，被描述为被电耦合或电连接的各种组件可使用无线感应耦合来传输电力。
可提供一个或更多个车轮制动器144，以用于使车辆112减速并防止车辆112的运动。车轮制动器144可以是液压致动的、电致动的或它们的某种组合。车轮制动器144可以是制动系统150的一部分。制动系统150可包括操作车轮制动器144的其它组件。为了简洁，附图描绘了制动系统150与车轮制动器144中的一个之间的单个连接。隐含了制动系统150与其它车轮制动器144之间的连接。制动系统150可包括控制器，以监测与协调制动系统150。制动系统150可监测制动组件并控制车轮制动器144以用于车辆减速。制动系统150可对驾驶员命令做出响应，并且还可自主运行以实现诸如稳定性控制的功能。制动系统150的控制器可实现当被另一控制器或子功能请求时施加被请求的制动力的方法。
车辆112中的电子模块可经由一个或更多个车辆网络进行通信。车辆网络可包括多个用于通信的信道。车辆网络的一个信道可以是诸如控制器局域网(CAN)的串行总线。车辆网络的信道中的一个可包括由电气与电子工程师协会(IEEE)802标准族定义的以太网。车辆网络的其它信道可包括模块之间的离散连接，并且可包括来自辅助电池130的电力信号。不同的信号可通过车辆网络的不同信道进行传输。例如，视频信号可通过高速信道(例如，以太网)进行传输，而控制信号可通过CAN或离散连接进行传输。车辆网络可包括协助在模块之间传输信号和数据的任意硬件组件和软件组件。车辆网络在图1中未示出，但可隐含的是，车辆网络可连接到存在于车辆112中的任何电子模块。可存在车辆系统控制器(VSC)148以协调各个组件的操作。
现在参照图2，电力电子模块126被示出为具有给电机(M)114供电的DC电源(Vbatt)124。逆变器电路202被示出为具有用于产生用于马达的交变信号的多个IGBT或其它开关。如示出的，逆变器具有上开关204和下开关206的组。开关被划分为相组208、210和212。相A与开关组208相关联；相B与开关组210相关联；相C与开关组212相关联。上开关204中的每个向其相关的相提供正极性。下开关206中的每个向其相关的相提供负极性。开关中的每个与反并联的二极管连接，以在必要时传导反向电流。控制器使用PWM信号控制每个开关，以产生用于定子绕组的三相正弦电流。尽管被示出为三相系统，但是本公开预期以少于三相或多于三相进行运转的电机。
现在参照图3，示出了产生具有增大的占空比的PWM信号302的方法300。斜坡信号304与三角波或锯齿波信号306组合以生成具有增大的占空比的PWM信号。优选地，占空比可以以逆变器输出电流基本周期的三倍大小的斜坡速率增大。斜坡持续时间还可在逆变器输出电流基本周期的两倍到四倍的范围之间。斜坡持续时间可更接近逆变器输出电流基本周期的四倍，使电机接近于每分钟的最大转数。如果斜坡周期持续时间过短，则负的d轴电流将具有更多的过冲，这是不期望的。如果斜坡周期持续时间过长，则马达将作为发电机运转持续延长的时间段，这是不期望的。斜坡信号和生成的脉冲宽度调制信号可在硬件或软件中被实现。例如，控制器中的软件可被配置为输出合适的PWM信号。控制器中的软件可使用与被用于产生三相正弦信号的信号相同的锯齿波信号。
保护方案的简化允许整个系统的硬件实现。斜坡信号和锯齿波信号可以是由切断继电器(trip relay)启动的集成电路产生的。为了覆盖全部马达转速，最低马达转速可被用于斜坡速率。当马达转速超过特定阈值时，可使用其它斜坡速率。例如，一旦马达已达到1500转每分钟的转速，则斜坡速率可被设置为转子转速的三倍。
现在参照图4，曲线图400示出了应用公开的方法之后的至少一个预期的响应。示图402包括指示d轴电流404的电机样本，所述电机样本示出切断、故障或短路之后的预期的负的电流。d轴电流404保持在线406的水平以上，线406指示最大的负的d轴电流为-250A。示图408包括指示相同切断事件期间的电池输入电流410的电机样本。最大充电时间段仅为3毫秒。电池输入电流410未下降到电流线412以下。示图414包括发送到一组开关的正的或负的控制信号(包括斜坡变化的PWM信号416)的电机样本。斜坡420开始于t0并结束于t1 418。
说明书中使用的词语为描述性词语而非限制性词语，并且应理解，在不脱离本公开的精神和范围的情况下可以做出各种改变。如前所述，可组合各个实施例的特征以形成本发明的可能未明确描述或说明的进一步的实施例。虽然关于一个或更多个期望特性，多个实施例可能已被描述为提供优点或优于其它实施例或现有技术的实施方式，但是本领域普通技术人员应该认识到，根据具体应用和实施方式，一个或更多个特征或特性可被折衷以实现期望的整体系统属性。这些属性可包括但不限于成本、强度、耐用性、生命周期成本、可销售性、外观、包装、尺寸、可维修性、重量、可制造性、装配的便利性等。因此，被描述为在一个或更多个特性方面不如其它实施例或现有技术的实施方式的实施例并不在本公开的范围之外，并且可被期望用于特定的应用。

Claims (10)

1.一种车辆电力系统，包括：
控制器，被配置为：响应于电驱动系统的故障，发出命令以断开逆变器的选择的开关组，并且随后根据具有增大的占空比的脉冲宽度调制信号来操作所述选择的开关组，使得电池的输入电流被驱向于零并且电驱动系统的d轴电流的幅值减小。
2.如权利要求1所述的车辆电力系统，其中，所述占空比在比逆变器的输出电流的基本周期的两倍大的持续时间内增大。
3.如权利要求2所述的车辆电力系统，其中，所述占空比在比所述输出电流的基本周期的四倍小的持续时间内增大。
4.如权利要求1所述的车辆电力系统，其中，所述开关组与电机的三相极性相关。
5.如权利要求4所述的车辆电力系统，其中，所述增大的占空比的频率与用于电驱动系统的驱动信号的频率相同。
6.如权利要求5所述的车辆电力系统，其中，所述增大的占空比是基于斜坡信号和锯齿波信号的。
7.如权利要求6所述的车辆电力系统，其中，所述锯齿波信号与所述驱动信号相同。
8.如权利要求1所述的车辆电力系统，其中，所述选择的开关组是多个IGBT开关。
9.一种用于控制车辆电力系统的方法，包括：
由控制器响应于接收到电驱动系统故障的指示，断开逆变器的选择的开关组，随后根据具有增大的占空比的脉冲宽度调制信号来操作所述选择的开关组，使得电池的输入电流被驱向于零并且电驱动系统的d轴电流的幅值减小。
10.一种车辆电力系统，包括：
电池；
逆变器；
控制器，被配置为：响应于电驱动系统故障，通过断开逆变器的选择的IGBT组并且随后根据具有占空比的脉冲宽度调制信号来操作所述选择的IGBT组，来将电池的输入电流驱向于零并减小电驱动系统的d轴电流的幅值，其中，所述占空比在大于逆变器的输出电流的基本周期的两倍且小于逆变器的输出电流的基本周期的四倍的持续时间内增大。
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