CN107392396A - A kind of virtual evacuation evaluation method for considering smoke comprehensive harm - Google Patents
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- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 claims description 3
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Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of virtual evacuation evaluation method for considering smoke comprehensive harm, belongs to technical field of preventing and reducing natural disasters.This method initially sets up the smoke comprehensive hazard assessment model IHD based on FED, can unify the toxicity and heat injury of evaluation of flue gas；Secondly, according to virtual evacuation path, evacuation path evaluation model IHD is establishedpath；Finally, by IHDpathModel is used to virtually evacuating in the safety evaluatio in path, it was demonstrated that the availability of the present invention.The present invention provides comprehensive hazard assessment model for fire hazard virtual evacuation training, can be used to instruct arbitrarily to carry out rational Path selection in evacuation is trained.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of preventing and reducing natural disasters, and particularly relates to a kind of virtual evacuation evaluation for considering smoke comprehensive harm
Method.
Background technology
In building fire, rational evacuation is the important channel for avoiding fire casualties.In order to improve personnel's fire
In evacuation capacity, it is necessary to targetedly trained.However, the hands-on with natural fire has great difficulty
(public building fire personnel escape training system research [D] China Mining University of the Zhang Lei based on virtual reality technology,
2014.), not only need to spend high cost, the problem of further relating to personal security.And training system is virtually evacuated then with obvious excellent
Gesture, the planned repetition training of student can be made safely, at low cost, to improve fire evacuation ability, reduce casualties.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) (NFPA) points out：Death in building fire more than 2/3 is (Flynn J caused by flue gas
D.Characteristics of home fire victims[J].Quincy,2008,56(56):131-139.).Therefore,
Influence of the flue gas for evacuation safety is extremely important.But current fire hazard virtual evacuation lacks comprehensive flue gas hazard assessment
Model, accordingly, it is difficult to carry out effective evaluation to the security for evacuating path.The main harm of flue gas is toxicity and heat.Describing
In the evaluation model of the poisonous effect of cigarette, effective dose fraction (fractional effective dose, FED) is in the world
Most popular evaluation model (Hartzell G, Switzer W, Priest D.Modeling of toxicological
effects of fire gases 5.mathematical-modeling of intoxication of rats by
combined carbon-monoxide and hydrogen-cyanide atmospheres[J].Journal of Fire
Sciences,1985,3(5):330-342.).Meanwhile currently the correlative study on flue gas heat injury has determined that the mankind
(fragrant fire is kept in Fan Weicheng, Sun Jinhua, land to somatic reaction under the maximum temperature and different temperatures that can bear in a fire
Methods of risk assessment [M] Beijing:Science Press, 2004.).But lack unified consideration flue gas toxity and thermal burn at present
Harmful model, more lack the smoke comprehensive injury model that may be directly applied to virtual evacuation path evaluation.
Therefore, the present invention will propose comprehensive flue gas hazard assessment model based on FED concepts, and design different evacuation paths
Method for evaluating safety, provide the evaluation method of science for the security in evacuating personnel path in virtual evacuation training.
The content of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is to provide a kind of virtual evacuation evaluation method for considering smoke comprehensive harm.It is empty
It is to reduce the effective ways of fire casualties to intend evacuation, can train fire evacuation ability safely, at low cost.But mesh
Preceding to lack flue gas heat injury and the unified evaluation model of toxicity, the present invention will be based on effective dose fraction FED concepts and propose synthesis
Flue gas hazard assessment model, with realize according to flue gas hazard assessment human evacuation behavior.
This method comprises the following steps：
(1) the smoke comprehensive hazard assessment model based on FED is established：
Smoke comprehensive hazard assessment model includes toxicity and hot two parts, first, on effective dose fraction FED basis
On, using FED6-GasModel comes CO, CO in evaluation of flue gas2、HCN、O2, HCl and HBr this 6 kinds of gases comprehensive toxicity, then,
By being summed to convection current and radiation fraction, the effective dose fraction FED that heat is obtained during exposure is calculatedheat, then, flue gas is comprehensive
Hazard assessment model is closed, i.e., comprehensive Injured dose IHD=max (FED6-Gas,FEDheat)；
(2) evaluation model in combined training path is established：
Evacuation path is a specific space-time curve, and the integration in path endangers, i.e. IHDpath, can be by road
Footpath toxicity integrationWith path heat integratorMaximum represent
(3) the path safety evaluatio virtually evacuated：
Calculate the IHD in trainer's difference path in virtual evacuation trainingpathValue, so as to evaluate evacuation path security.Instruction
White silk person can be according to IHDpathScoring select safer path, so as to improve safe escape ability.
The step (1)Its
Gas symbol in bracket represents the Zenith Distance concentration [(% × min)/min] in during exposing for 30 minutes, and these are big
Gas concentration is obtained by FDS Numerical Simulation on Fire, and m and b are used to determine CO and CO2Combination poisonous effect, LC50 is to cause
The concentration of 50% experimental animal toxic gas dead after exposing 30 minutes.
The step (1)Wherein △ t are the time steps in FDS Numerical Simulation on Fire
Between Fixed Time Interval.tconvRepresent time (minute) for being disabled due to advection heat, under temperature T (DEG C) according toCalculate and obtain.Variable tradThe time (minute) to be disabled due to the heat of radiation is represented, is q in radiation flux
(kW/m2) under according toCalculate.The data of the temperature T and radiation flux q are obtained by FDS simulation.
In the step (2)
Wherein, each gas concentration [Ci] be calculated as follows shown in formula：
Wherein, Ci(xj,yj,zj, j Δs t) represent path in time step j at i-th kind of gas atmospheric concentration, and
And can be obtained from FDS fire dynamics data, △ t are the time step in FDS Numerical Simulation on Fire, and k is current time
Time step.
In the step (2)
Wherein, △ t are the time step in FDS Numerical Simulation on Fire, and k is the time step at current time.Temperature T and radiation
Flux q data are obtained by FDS simulation.
The above-mentioned technical proposal of the present invention has the beneficial effect that：
In such scheme, the smoke comprehensive hazard assessment model IHD based on FED is established, and path is evacuated according to virtual,
Establish evacuation path evaluation model IHDpath, can be used for the security for evaluating virtual evacuation path.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is flow chart of the method for the present invention；
Fig. 2 is twin tunnel subway station floor map in the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is twin tunnel Subway Station Fire scene figure；
Fig. 4 is the FDS models of subway station；
Fig. 5 is that smoke comprehensive endangers (IHD) distribution map in the passage of subway two；
Fig. 6 is the flue gas effect of visualization figure of each position in path 1, and (a) is starting point, and (b) is point of observation A, and (c) is sight
Point B is examined, (d) is point of observation C；
Fig. 7 is the flue gas effect of visualization figure of each position in path 2, and (a) is starting point, and (b) is point of observation D, and (c) is sight
Point E is examined, (d) is point of observation F；
Fig. 8 is that two evacuation path flue gases endanger comparison diagram.
Embodiment
To make the technical problem to be solved in the present invention, technical scheme and advantage clearer, below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and tool
Body embodiment is described in detail.
The present invention provides a kind of virtual evacuation evaluation method for considering smoke comprehensive harm.
This method main contents include three parts：Comprehensive evaluation model based on FED, the evaluation model in combined training path
The path safety evaluatio (Fig. 1) virtually evacuated.
1. the smoke comprehensive hazard assessment model based on FED
The main harm of flue gas includes toxicity and heat.In the smoke toxicity evaluation index of the comprehensive effect of multiple gases, FED
It is an important evaluation index.On the basis of FED, using FED6-GasModel carrys out the 6 kinds of gases often occurred in evaluation of flue gas
(i.e. CO, CO2, HCN, O2, HCl and HBr) comprehensive toxicity, such as formula (1)：
Gas symbol in its bracket represent during exposure in 30 minutes in Zenith Distance concentration [(% × min)/
min].These atmospheric concentrations can be simulated by FDS and obtained, and its result precision is within the 20% of experiment measurement.M and b is used
In it is determined that CO and CO2Combination poisonous effect.LC50 is to cause 50% experimental animal dead poisonous after exposure 30 minutes
The concentration of gas.FED6-GasHigher, the comprehensive toxicity of flue gas is stronger.Work as FED6-GasWhen=1.0, dead probability highest.
The heat harm of flue gas includes convection current and radiation.Based on FED, by being summed to convection current and radiation fraction, calculate and exposing
The effective dose fraction FED of heat is obtained between photophaseheat, such as formula (2)：
Wherein △ t are the Fixed Time Intervals between the time step in simulation.tconvExpression is disabled due to advection heat
Time (minute), calculated under temperature T (DEG C), such as formula (3)：
Variable t in equation (2)radThe time (minute) to be disabled due to the heat of radiation is represented, is q in radiation flux
(kW/m2) under calculate, such as formula (4)：
FEDheatRequired temperature T and radiation flux q data can be obtained by FDS simulation.FEDheatIt is higher, heat
Harm is bigger.Work as FEDheatWhen=1.0, radiant heat and convection heat close to human life threshold value, therefore people face it is urgent
In the death harm of the eyebrows and eyelashes.
Toxicity and heat have different damage mechanisms, if degree of exposure is enough, they may all be fatal.Based on upper
State the independent evaluation discussion that (i.e. toxicity and heat) is endangered on flue gas, propose the comprehensive evaluation model of flue gas harm, i.e., comprehensive danger
Evil dosage (Integrated Hazards Dose, IHD), such as formula (5)：
IHD=max (FED6-Gas,FEDheat) (5)
IHD is higher, and the comprehensive harm of flue gas is bigger.According to FED6-GasAnd FEDheat, when IHD reaches 1.0, flue gas harm
It is fatal to the mankind.
2. combine the evaluation model in virtual evacuation path
It is determined that whether evacuation path is sixty-four dollar question in virtual evacuation training safely.Because evacuation path is a spy
Fixed space-time curve, the comprehensive harm in path are evaluated by integrations of the IHD in response curve.In order to determine pathToxic hazard, calculate i-th kind of gas time integral the mean concentration ([C i.e. in equation (1)i]), such as formula
(6)：
Pay attention to, due to the limitation of the LC50 of setting in equation (1), [Ci] must be during the open-assembly time of 30 minutes
It is converted into mean concentration.
Wherein Ci(x, y, z, t) represents i-th kind of gas (i.e. CO in path2, O2, HCl etc.) atmospheric concentration space-when
Between function.Variable a and b represent the initial point and end point in path respectively.
Fixed Time Interval between time step is defined as △ t, calculates [the C at set time step-length ki], it is such as public
Formula (7)：
Wherein Ci(xj,yj,zj, j Δs t) represent path in time step j at i-th kind of gas atmospheric concentration, and
It can be obtained from FDS fire dynamics data.At set time step-length kIt can be calculated by formula (1).Root
According to the radiation flux q and temperature T of the set time step-length in whole path, calculate at time step kSuch as formula
(8)：
Therefore, the integration harm in path, i.e. IHDpath, Ke YiyouWithMaximum represent, it is such as public
Formula (9) represents：
3. the path safety evaluatio virtually evacuated
Calculate the IHD in trainer's difference path in virtual evacuation trainingpathValue, so as to evaluate evacuation path security.
In virtual evacuation training, due to the uneven distribution of flue gas harm, the different paths of evacuation have different IHDpathValue.
IHDpathLower, evacuation path is safer.Therefore, based on IHDpathVirtual evacuation training that student can be helped to find is most safe
Path.
In specific implementation process, the virtual evacuation evaluation method of explanation consideration smoke comprehensive harm is simulated with certain subway station
Specific implementation.What is selected in the present embodiment is twin tunnel subway station, as shown in Figure 2.In the station, two tunnels are handed over up and down
Fork, and connected by stair.Burning things which may cause a fire disaster is located near the stair in lower tunnel, as shown in Figure 3.Trainer has two kinds of optional path senses
By real flue gas effect.Path 1 passes through lower floor tunnel, 45 meters of distance outlet；And path 2 passes through upper tunnel, distance outlet
31.8 meters of distance.
Step 1, the comprehensive evaluation model based on FED
Subway station model is being subjected to fire disaster simulation first, as shown in Figure 4.FDS fire dynamic data is virtually to evacuate
The important composition of training system, true to nature and effective training environment can be provided by the system.In FDS, the burning of fire is anti-
Polyurethane material common in daily life (such as sponge), simulated time 600s should be related to.From FDS obtain flue gas toxity and
The data (such as harmful gas concentration, temperature and radiation flux) of heat harm are used for flue gas hazard assessment.Pass through flue gas of the present invention
Comprehensive hazard assessment model, when calculating fire development is abundant, the comprehensive harm distribution that two layers of subway is as shown in Figure 5.Fig. 5 is illustrated
Smoke comprehensive endangers (IHD) distribution map in the passage of subway two that FDS simulations are drawn.
Step 2, the evaluation model in combined training path.
Analogue data based on FDS, virtual evacuating system establish true to nature and effective training environment.When fire has filled
During distribution exhibition, student carries out evacuation training respectively along two paths as shown in Figure 2.Virtual evacuation training system provides to student
Real fire scene and intuitively compare, as Fig. 6 (a), (b), (c), the flue gas that (d) is each position in path 1 visualize effect
Fruit is schemed and Fig. 7 (a), (b), (c), the flue gas effect of visualization figure that (d) is each position in path 2, by contrast, can experience cigarette
Gas effect of visualization is different, and the visibility in path 2 is lower than the visibility in path 1, is unfavorable for the evacuation of people.
In order to quantify the security in this 2 evacuation paths exactly, the data obtained, meter are simulated according to equation (9) and FDS
Calculate in the two paths (i.e. IHDpath) in harm to personnel, as shown in Figure 8.In path 1, the evacuation duration is about
46s, IHDpathEqual to 0.193；In path 2, the evacuation duration is about 36s, IHDpathFor 0.335.By contrasting path 2
The evacuation path of relative path 1 is most short, but the IHD in path 2pathMaximum, there is very high danger classes.So we are dredging
It is not that path distance is more short better, but to select IHD when dissipatingpathIt is worth less path to be evacuated, therefore path 1 is
Most suitable, safest evacuation path.
In summary, above example is passed through, it can be seen that the present invention establishes the smoke comprehensive harm based on FED and commented
Valency model IHD, and according to virtual evacuation path, establish evacuation path evaluation model IHDpath, can be used for evaluating virtual evacuation
The security in path, and then student can be made to determine safest evacuation path by training, step up fire evacuation ability.
Described above is the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is noted that for those skilled in the art
For, on the premise of principle of the present invention is not departed from, some improvements and modifications can also be made, these improvements and modifications
It should be regarded as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
- A kind of 1. virtual evacuation evaluation method for considering smoke comprehensive harm, it is characterised in that：Comprise the following steps：(1) the smoke comprehensive hazard assessment model based on FED is established：Smoke comprehensive hazard assessment model includes toxicity and hot two parts, first, on the basis of effective dose fraction FED, adopts Use FED6-GasModel comes CO, CO in evaluation of flue gas2、HCN、O2, HCl and HBr this 6 kinds of gases comprehensive toxicity, then, by right Convection current and radiation fraction summation, calculate the effective dose fraction FED that heat is obtained during exposureheat, then, and smoke comprehensive harm Evaluation model, i.e., comprehensive Injured dose IHD=max (FED6-Gas,FEDheat)；(2) evaluation model in combined training path is established：Evacuation path is a specific space-time curve, and the integration in path endangers IHDpathIntegrated by path toxicityWith path heat integratorMaximum represent(3) the path safety evaluatio virtually evacuated：Calculate the IHD in trainer's difference path in virtual evacuation trainingpathValue, so as to evaluate evacuation path security, trainer's root According to IHDpathScoring selection path.
- 2. the virtual evacuation evaluation method according to claim 1 for considering smoke comprehensive harm, it is characterised in that：The step Suddenly in (1)Gas in its bracket Body symbol represents the Zenith Distance concentration [(% × min)/min] in during exposing for 30 minutes, and these atmospheric concentrations pass through FDS Numerical Simulation on Fire obtains, and m and b are used to determine CO and CO2Combination poisonous effect, LC50 is to cause 50% experimental animal to exist The concentration of dead toxic gas after exposing 30 minutes.
- 3. the virtual evacuation evaluation method according to claim 1 for considering smoke comprehensive harm, it is characterised in that：The step Suddenly (1)Wherein △ t are the set times between the time step in FDS Numerical Simulation on Fire Interval, tconvRepresent time (minute) for being disabled due to advection heat, under temperature T (DEG C) according toCalculate and obtain, Variable tradThe time (minute) to be disabled due to the heat of radiation is represented, is q (kW/m in radiation flux2) under according to Calculate, the data of the temperature T and radiation flux q are obtained by FDS simulation.
- 4. the virtual evacuation evaluation method according to claim 1 for considering smoke comprehensive harm, it is characterised in that：The step Suddenly in (2)Wherein, each gas concentration [Ci] be calculated as follows shown in formula：<mrow> <mo>&lsqb;</mo> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo>&rsqb;</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>&Sigma;</mi> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>j</mi> <mi>&Delta;</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mi>&Delta;</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mn>30</mn> </mfrac> </mrow>Wherein, Ci(xj,yj,zj, j Δs t) represents the atmospheric concentration of i-th kind of gas at the time step j in path, and can be with Obtained from FDS fire dynamics data, △ t are the time step in FDS Numerical Simulation on Fire, and k is the time at current time Step.
- 5. the virtual evacuation evaluation method according to claim 1 for considering smoke comprehensive harm, it is characterised in that：The step Suddenly in (2)Wherein, △ t are the time step in FDS Numerical Simulation on Fire, and k is the time step at current time, temperature T and radiation flux Q data are obtained by FDS simulation.
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| CN110044360A (en) * | 2019-05-29 | 2019-07-23 | 中国科学技术大学 | A kind of air navigation aid and device in evacuating personnel path |
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| CN108733881B (en) * | 2018-04-13 | 2021-10-12 | 同济大学 | Treatment method for dealing with sudden indoor air pollution of public building |
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