CN107337461A - A kind of manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick - Google Patents
A kind of manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick Download PDFInfo
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- CN107337461A CN107337461A CN201710588579.1A CN201710588579A CN107337461A CN 107337461 A CN107337461 A CN 107337461A CN 201710588579 A CN201710588579 A CN 201710588579A CN 107337461 A CN107337461 A CN 107337461A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/66—Monolithic refractories or refractory mortars, including those whether or not containing clay
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3217—Aluminum oxide or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. bauxite, alpha-alumina
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- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3231—Refractory metal oxides, their mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof
- C04B2235/3244—Zirconium oxides, zirconates, hafnium oxides, hafnates, or oxide-forming salts thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/34—Non-metal oxides, non-metal mixed oxides, or salts thereof that form the non-metal oxides upon heating, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3427—Silicates other than clay, e.g. water glass
- C04B2235/3463—Alumino-silicates other than clay, e.g. mullite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
- C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
- C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
- C04B2235/6567—Treatment time
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/96—Properties of ceramic products, e.g. mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, wear resistance
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
- Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to technical field of refractory materials, and in particular to a kind of manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick, comprise the following steps：（1）It is prepared by base-material,（2）It is prepared by bonding agent slurry,（3）Green brick forming,（4）Full sized brick is fired,（5）Cooling maintenance.The refractory brick of the production technology production of a kind of refractory brick provided by the invention, using kaolin, bentonite mine tailing, high viscosity attapulgite powder, sillimanite as primary raw material；The bonding agents such as zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, mild-clay powder are coordinated to carry out shaping firing.Resistance to elevated temperatures is excellent, and does not include poisonous and harmful substance in main component, will not be very green to environmental danger during using process and offal treatment.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of refractory materials, and in particular to a kind of manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick.
Background technology
Refractory material refers to that refractoriness is at least 1500 DEG C of inorganic non-metallic material.Refractoriness refers to refractory material taper
For body sample in the case of no loading, can resist high temperature action will not soften molten Celsius temperature.Refractory material is widely used in
The industrial circles such as metallurgy, chemical industry, oil, machine-building, silicate, power, dosage is maximum in metallurgical industry.Refractory material root
It can be divided into common refractory, high grade refractory and superrefractory according to the height of refractoriness.
Application in Refractory it is most be refractory brick, refractory brick abbreviation firebrick, with refractory clay or other refractory raw materials
It is fired into.It is faint yellow or with brown.It is mainly used in building smelting furnace, is resistant to 1580 DEG C -1770 DEG C of high temperature, ensures furnace in height
Can steady operation under temperature state.
The magnesium chromium material high temperature resistant product that superhigh temperature is fired, is the most frequently used fire resisting brick product today, type refractory brick tool
Have tolerable temperature high, heat endurance is good, can bearing temperature fierce change the characteristics of.But the type refractory brick uses the longevity reaching
After life, because material contains chromium and other poisonous and harmful substances, to the seriously polluted of environment, harmless treatment cost is high,
Very not environmentally.
The content of the invention
For problem above, it is an object of the invention to provide a kind of manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick, the technique productions
Refractory brick resistance to elevated temperatures it is excellent, heat endurance is good, and decay resistance is strong, does not contain heavy metal component or other harmful substances,
It is very friendly to environment.
A kind of manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick, including following manufacturing step：
(1) prepared by base-material：Alumine 20-25 parts, kaolin 25-30 parts, bentonite mine tailing are weighed according to mass fraction
5-10 parts, high viscosity attapulgite powder 10-15 parts, sillimanite 10-15 parts, above raw material are well mixed, obtains refractory brick base
Material.
(2) prepared by bonding agent slurry：Zirconium oxide 5-8 parts, aluminum oxide 15-20 parts, mild-clay are weighed according to mass fraction
Powder 10-20 parts, and 100-130 part water, above raw material is mixed, and obtains stable bond agent slurry.
(3) green brick forming：Refractory brick base-material and bonding agent slurry to be put into edge runner-wet mill, mixing rolls 30-50min,
Compound is sent in forming machine after going out stone roller, compressing in mould, and fire resisting brick adobe is obtained after the demoulding.
(4) full sized brick is fired：Adobe after the demoulding is put into and dried in kiln car, dries in the hothouse of tunnel cave, then send
Enter to sintering oven high temperature and fire, the firing temperature of high temperature sintering furnace is 1400-1550 DEG C, firing time 3-5h, has been sintered
The cooling chamber that tunnel cave is sent to after is cooled to 150-200 DEG C.
(5) cooling maintenance：Refractory brick full sized brick in cooling chamber is sent to the stacking field of aeration-drying, natural cooling, then
It is neat with brick stacking machine stacking, natural storage 2-3d, you can obtain required refractory brick.
Preferably, the granularity of step (1) described alumine is 1-3mm.
Preferably, the mesh number of step (1) kaolin, bentonite mine tailing and sillimanite is 100-180 mesh.
Preferably, the particle diameter of step (2) each raw material is 150-180 mesh.
Preferably, the briquetting pressure of step (3) described forming machine is 2-3t/cm2。
Preferably, the drying time in step (4) described hothouse is 30-40min.
Preferably, the firing temperature of step (4) described high temperature sintering furnace is 1450-1500 DEG C.
Preferably, the temperature fall time of step (4) described cooling chamber is 5-6h.
The present invention compared with prior art, has advantages below：
A kind of refractory brick of the fabrication process of environmentally friendly refractory brick provided by the invention, its resistance to elevated temperatures is good, can be with
More than 1500 DEG C of temperature is born for a long time and is higher than 1550 DEG C without efflorescence, refractoriness under load, and performance is very outstanding, Ke Yiyong
In the construction of the high temperature kilns such as conventional mixed iron blast, hot-metal bottle, glass furnace.
The refractory brick of the technique productions also has the advantages of green, in the raw material of refractory brick, without using crome metal
Etc heavy metal element, after service life is reached, can equally be handled to other building wastes, waste will not be increased
The cost of harmless treatment, processing procedure will not environment pollute, be a kind of environmentally friendly refractory material.
Embodiment
The embodiment of the present invention is described in detail below.It is it should be appreciated that described herein specific
Embodiment is merely to illustrate and explain the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention.
Embodiment 1
(1) prepared by base-material：It is 20 parts of 1-3mm alumines to weigh granularity according to mass fraction, 25 parts of kaolin, bentonite
5 parts of mine tailing, 10 parts of high viscosity attapulgite powder, 10 parts of sillimanite, the mesh number of kaolin, bentonite mine tailing and sillimanite is 100
Mesh, above raw material is well mixed, obtains refractory brick base-material.
(2) prepared by bonding agent slurry：5 parts of zirconium oxide, 15 parts of aluminum oxide, mild-clay powder 10 are weighed according to mass fraction
Part, the particle diameter of above raw material is 150 mesh, and above raw material and 100 parts of water are mixed, obtain stable bond agent slurry.
(3) green brick forming：Refractory brick base-material and bonding agent slurry are put into edge runner-wet mill, mixing rolls 30min, mixes
Expect to be sent in forming machine after stone roller, compressing in mould, the briquetting pressure of forming machine is 2t/cm2, obtained after the demoulding resistance to
Firebrick adobe.
(4) full sized brick is fired：Adobe after the demoulding is put into and dried in kiln car, is dried in the hothouse of tunnel cave, hothouse
In drying time be 30min, be then fed into the firing of sintering oven high temperature, the firing temperature of high temperature sintering furnace is 1400 DEG C,
Firing time is 3h, and the cooling chamber that tunnel cave is sent to after the completion of sintering is cooled to 150 DEG C, and the temperature fall time of cooling chamber is 5h.
(5) cooling maintenance：Refractory brick full sized brick in cooling chamber is sent to the stacking field of aeration-drying, natural cooling, then
It is neat with brick stacking machine stacking, natural storage 2d, you can obtain required refractory brick.
Embodiment 2
(1) prepared by base-material：It is 25 parts of 1-3mm alumines to weigh granularity according to mass fraction, 30 parts of kaolin, bentonite
10 parts of mine tailing, 15 parts of high viscosity attapulgite powder, 15 parts of sillimanite, the mesh number of kaolin, bentonite mine tailing and sillimanite is 180
Mesh, above raw material is well mixed, obtains refractory brick base-material.
(2) prepared by bonding agent slurry：8 parts of zirconium oxide, 20 parts of aluminum oxide, mild-clay powder 20 are weighed according to mass fraction
Part, the particle diameter of above raw material is 180 mesh, and above raw material and 130 parts of water are mixed, obtain stable bond agent slurry.
(3) green brick forming：Refractory brick base-material and bonding agent slurry are put into edge runner-wet mill, mixing rolls 50min, mixes
Expect to be sent in forming machine after stone roller, compressing in mould, the briquetting pressure of forming machine is 3t/cm2, obtained after the demoulding resistance to
Firebrick adobe.
(4) full sized brick is fired：Adobe after the demoulding is put into and dried in kiln car, is dried in the hothouse of tunnel cave, hothouse
In drying time be 35min, be then fed into the firing of sintering oven high temperature, the firing temperature of high temperature sintering furnace is 1400 DEG C,
Firing time is 5h, and the cooling chamber that tunnel cave is sent to after the completion of sintering is cooled to 200 DEG C, and the temperature fall time of cooling chamber is 6h.
(5) cooling maintenance：Refractory brick full sized brick in cooling chamber is sent to the stacking field of aeration-drying, natural cooling, then
It is neat with brick stacking machine stacking, natural storage 3d, you can obtain required refractory brick.
Embodiment 3
(1) prepared by base-material：It is 23 parts of 1-3mm alumines to weigh granularity according to mass fraction, 27 parts of kaolin, bentonite
8 parts of mine tailing, 13 parts of high viscosity attapulgite powder, 12 parts of sillimanite, the mesh number of kaolin, bentonite mine tailing and sillimanite is 150
Mesh, above raw material is well mixed, obtains refractory brick base-material.
(2) prepared by bonding agent slurry：7 parts of zirconium oxide, 17 parts of aluminum oxide, mild-clay powder 15 are weighed according to mass fraction
Part, the particle diameter of above raw material is 170 mesh, and above raw material and 120 parts of water are mixed, obtain stable bond agent slurry.
(3) green brick forming：Refractory brick base-material and bonding agent slurry are put into edge runner-wet mill, mixing rolls 40min, mixes
Expect to be sent in forming machine after stone roller, compressing in mould, the briquetting pressure of forming machine is 2.5t/cm2, obtained after the demoulding
Fire resisting brick adobe.
(4) full sized brick is fired：Adobe after the demoulding is put into and dried in kiln car, is dried in the hothouse of tunnel cave, hothouse
In drying time be 35min, be then fed into the firing of sintering oven high temperature, the firing temperature of high temperature sintering furnace is 1450 DEG C,
Firing time is 4h, and the cooling chamber that tunnel cave is sent to after the completion of sintering is cooled to 170 DEG C, and the temperature fall time of cooling chamber is 5.5h.
(5) cooling maintenance：Refractory brick full sized brick in cooling chamber is sent to the stacking field of aeration-drying, natural cooling, then
It is neat with brick stacking machine stacking, natural storage 3d, you can obtain required refractory brick.
Embodiment 4
(1) prepared by base-material：It is 22 parts of 1-3mm alumines to weigh granularity according to mass fraction, 29 parts of kaolin, bentonite
8 parts of mine tailing, 11 parts of high viscosity attapulgite powder, 14 parts of sillimanite, the mesh number of kaolin, bentonite mine tailing and sillimanite is 130
Mesh, above raw material is well mixed, obtains refractory brick base-material.
(2) prepared by bonding agent slurry：7 parts of zirconium oxide, 20 parts of aluminum oxide, mild-clay powder 16 are weighed according to mass fraction
Part, the particle diameter of above raw material is 160 mesh, and above raw material and 110 parts of water are mixed, obtain stable bond agent slurry.
(3) green brick forming：Refractory brick base-material and bonding agent slurry are put into edge runner-wet mill, mixing rolls 35min, mixes
Expect to be sent in forming machine after stone roller, compressing in mould, the briquetting pressure of forming machine is 3t/cm2, obtained after the demoulding resistance to
Firebrick adobe.
(4) full sized brick is fired：Adobe after the demoulding is put into and dried in kiln car, is dried in the hothouse of tunnel cave, hothouse
In drying time be 30min, be then fed into the firing of sintering oven high temperature, the firing temperature of high temperature sintering furnace is 1500 DEG C,
Firing time is 4h, and the cooling chamber that tunnel cave is sent to after the completion of sintering is cooled to 180 DEG C, and the temperature fall time of cooling chamber is 6h.
(5) cooling maintenance：Refractory brick full sized brick in cooling chamber is sent to the stacking field of aeration-drying, natural cooling, then
It is neat with brick stacking machine stacking, natural storage 2d, you can obtain required refractory brick.
Performance test
The refractory brick of the present embodiment with high-alumina brick, blast furnace brick, progress performance contrast test by obtaining such as following table data：
Table 1：Embodiment and the performance test results of high-alumina brick and blast furnace brick
Shown by data above, a kind of refractory brick of the fabrication process of environmentally friendly refractory brick provided by the invention, no
Only material is green, and its property indices, the alumina firebrick and blast furnace brick commonly used not less than in the market.
The specific embodiment of the present invention is described above.It is to be appreciated that the invention is not limited in above-mentioned
Particular implementation, those skilled in the art can make various deformations or amendments within the scope of the claims, this not shadow
Ring the substantive content of the present invention.
Claims (8)
- A kind of 1. manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick, it is characterised in that：Including following manufacturing step：（1）It is prepared by base-material：Alumine 20-25 parts, kaolin 25-30 parts, bentonite mine tailing 5-10 are weighed according to mass fraction Part, high viscosity attapulgite powder 10-15 parts, sillimanite 10-15 parts, above raw material is well mixed, obtains refractory brick base-material；（2）It is prepared by bonding agent slurry：Zirconium oxide 5-8 parts, aluminum oxide 15-20 parts, mild-clay powder 10- are weighed according to mass fraction 20 parts, and 100-130 part water, above raw material is mixed, obtains stable bond agent slurry；（3）Green brick forming：Refractory brick base-material and bonding agent slurry are put into edge runner-wet mill, mixing rolls 30-50min, mixes Expect to be sent in forming machine after stone roller, it is compressing in mould, fire resisting brick adobe is obtained after the demoulding；（4）Full sized brick is fired：Adobe after the demoulding is put into and dried in kiln car, dries, is then fed into the hothouse of tunnel cave Sintering oven high temperature is fired, and the firing temperature of high temperature sintering furnace is 1400-1550 DEG C, firing time 3-5h, after the completion of sintering The cooling chamber for being sent to tunnel cave is cooled to 150-200 DEG C；（5）Cooling maintenance：Refractory brick full sized brick in cooling chamber is sent to the stacking field of aeration-drying, natural cooling, then with code Brick machine stacking is neat, natural storage 2-3d, you can obtains required refractory brick.
- A kind of 2. manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（1）The high alumina alum The granularity of soil is 1-3mm.
- A kind of 3. manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（1）The kaolin, The mesh number of bentonite mine tailing and sillimanite is 100-180 mesh.
- A kind of 4. manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（2）Each raw material Particle diameter be 150-180 mesh.
- A kind of 5. manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（3）The forming machine Briquetting pressure be 2-3t/cm2。
- A kind of 6. manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（4）The hothouse In drying time be 30-40min.
- A kind of 7. manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（4）The high temperature burns The firing temperature for tying kiln is 1450-1500 DEG C.
- A kind of 8. manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Step（4）The cooling chamber Temperature fall time be 5-6h.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201710588579.1A CN107337461A (en) | 2017-07-19 | 2017-07-19 | A kind of manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201710588579.1A CN107337461A (en) | 2017-07-19 | 2017-07-19 | A kind of manufacturing process of environmentally friendly refractory brick |
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| CN107337461A true CN107337461A (en) | 2017-11-10 |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113880556A (en) * | 2021-11-19 | 2022-01-04 | 重庆鸽牌电瓷有限公司 | Special adhesive for electric porcelain rod-shaped firing |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1063094A (en) * | 1991-01-12 | 1992-07-29 | 淄博市淄川区罗村镇第一耐火材料厂 | Anti-peeling high aluminium refractory brick and manufacturing process thereof |
| CN102863234A (en) * | 2012-09-30 | 2013-01-09 | 许庆华 | High-alumina refractory attapulgite volcaniclastic-rock brick |
| CN102936143A (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2013-02-20 | 郑州凯翔耐火材料有限公司 | Composite thermal-shock-resisting high-aluminum refractory brick and preparation method thereof |
-
2017
- 2017-07-19 CN CN201710588579.1A patent/CN107337461A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1063094A (en) * | 1991-01-12 | 1992-07-29 | 淄博市淄川区罗村镇第一耐火材料厂 | Anti-peeling high aluminium refractory brick and manufacturing process thereof |
| CN102863234A (en) * | 2012-09-30 | 2013-01-09 | 许庆华 | High-alumina refractory attapulgite volcaniclastic-rock brick |
| CN102936143A (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2013-02-20 | 郑州凯翔耐火材料有限公司 | Composite thermal-shock-resisting high-aluminum refractory brick and preparation method thereof |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113880556A (en) * | 2021-11-19 | 2022-01-04 | 重庆鸽牌电瓷有限公司 | Special adhesive for electric porcelain rod-shaped firing |
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