CN107269270A - A kind of permafrost region natural gas hydrate stratum stable state monitoring method - Google Patents
A kind of permafrost region natural gas hydrate stratum stable state monitoring method Download PDFInfo
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- CN107269270A CN107269270A CN201710633174.5A CN201710633174A CN107269270A CN 107269270 A CN107269270 A CN 107269270A CN 201710633174 A CN201710633174 A CN 201710633174A CN 107269270 A CN107269270 A CN 107269270A
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- stratum
- inclinometer
- stable state
- permafrost region
- gas hydrate
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- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- NMJORVOYSJLJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane clathrate Chemical compound C.C.C.C.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O NMJORVOYSJLJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000001932 seasonal effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003032 molecular docking Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000002457 bidirectional effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geophysics (AREA)
- Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
Abstract
A kind of permafrost region natural gas hydrate stratum stable state monitoring method is disclosed, it utilizes permafrost region Quarternary deposit Seasonal Freeze-thaw Soils and the concrete property of basement rock, the embedded inclinometer pipe of optimization and device upgrade, realize the bidirectional test of stratum deformation and the real-time Transmission record of data, can level monitoring direction stratum lateral displacement, vertical direction stratum Longitudinal Settlement can be monitored again, and effective digitized record and technical support are provided for stratum security during Gas Hydrate Drilling and pilot production.It includes：(1) inclined hole probing is carried out to frozen soil layer；(2) optimization clinometer probe and inclinometer pipe；(3) inclinometer pipe sealing joint；(4) seal inclinometer pipe and tilt installation；(5) initial value measure is carried out with inclinometer；(6) data acquisition is periodically carried out, carries out lateral displacement, Longitudinal Settlement quantitative analysis.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the technical field of gas hydrate study, more particularly to a kind of permafrost region gas hydrates
Stratum stable state monitoring method.
Background technology
Gas hydrates (Natural Gas Hydrate) are by water and small object gas molecule group under cryogenic high pressure
Into class ice, non-stoichiometry, cage type solid chemical compound, be commonly called as " combustible ice ", because gas componant therein is mainly methane, therefore
Also known as methane hydrate (Methane Hydrate).Gas hydrates energy density is high, in an ideal case, 1m3It is natural
Gas hydrate decomposable asymmetric choice net goes out 164m3Methane gas and 0.8m3Water.And gas hydrates reserves very abundant on the earth,
Natural-gas hydrate is distributed widely in Permafrost Area, the halmeic deposit of edge of continental shelf and deep lake sediment, is estimated
Organic C storage in the global gas hydrates of meter is 2 × 1016m3, the two of conventional fossil fuel total carbon has been verified equivalent to the whole world
More than times.However, gas hydrates are also carried while new fine energy prospects are brought to the mankind to environment for human survival
Stern challenge is gone out, its potential disaster and environmental effect can not be ignored.The stability of gas hydrates and temperature and pressure
Power is in close relations, it will be caused to decompose once the temperature and pressure of surrounding changes, so that as geology such as submarine landslides
Disaster major incentive；In addition, gas hydrate dissociation can discharge the extremely strong methane gas of a large amount of greenhouse effects, caused by it
Greenhouse effects are equivalent to equivalent weight CO220 times.
The usual preservation of gas hydrates is under the border Temperature-pressure Conditions that methane and aqueous phase become, therefore temperature and pressure is appointed
What, which changes, all very likely induces decomposition and the gas escape of gas hydrate, if having accidentally, allows in sea bed gas hydrate
Methane gas is escaped into air, so as to cause catastrophic consequence.And the hydrate in bottom sediment is fixedly arranged at, once
Condition change, the decline on sea level or the rise of Bottom Water in Ocean temperature are likely to cause the decomposition of gas hydrates,
Methane gas is disengaged from hydrate, can also change the physical property of deposit, greatly reduce the engineering forces of bottom sediment
Characteristic is learned, softens seabed, large-scale submarine landslide occurs, seabed engineering facility is damaged, such as：Transmit electricity or communication cable in seabed
With offshore oil drilling platform etc..And if landslide occurs in sizable range scale, it is likely that trigger the geology such as tsunami
Disaster.
Due to many unsafe factors that gas hydrates may be brought, numerous scholars survey in progress gas hydrates
Visit development process in, performance it is double cautious, substantial amounts of simulation, analysis have also been carried out in laboratory.But it is used as recovery process
The middle safety problem that may be brought, the safety monitoring that working site is carried out in the wild is seldom.And be used as and be formed at competent rock
Layer, the research for the geological hazards that may be brought during low latitudes, High aititude permafrost region exploitation of gas hydrates,
There is not been reported.
The content of the invention
The technology of the present invention solves problem：Overcoming the deficiencies in the prior art, there is provided a kind of area's natural gas frozen soil hydrate
Stratum stable state monitoring method, it is buried using permafrost region Quarternary deposit Seasonal Freeze-thaw Soils and the concrete property of basement rock, optimization
If inclinometer pipe and device upgrade, the bidirectional test of stratum deformation and the real-time Transmission record of data are realized, can level monitoring side
To stratum lateral displacement, vertical direction stratum Longitudinal Settlement can be monitored again, be during Gas Hydrate Drilling and pilot production
Layer security provides effective digitized record and technical support.
The present invention technical solution be：This permafrost region natural gas hydrate stratum stable state monitoring method, it is wrapped
Include following steps：
(1) inclined hole probing is carried out to frozen soil layer；
(2) optimization clinometer probe and inclinometer pipe；
(3) inclinometer pipe sealing joint；
(4) seal inclinometer pipe and tilt installation；
(5) initial value measure is carried out with inclinometer；
(6) data acquisition is periodically carried out, carries out lateral displacement, Longitudinal Settlement quantitative analysis.
The present invention seals inclinometer pipe and tilts installation, carried out with inclinometer just by optimizing clinometer probe and inclinometer pipe
Value is determined, and periodically carries out data acquisition, carries out lateral displacement, Longitudinal Settlement quantitative analysis, so as to utilize permafrost region the 4th
It is the concrete property of deposit Seasonal Freeze-thaw Soils and basement rock, the double of stratum deformation are realized in the embedded inclinometer pipe of optimization and device upgrade
To monitoring and data real-time Transmission record, can level monitoring direction stratum lateral displacement, vertical direction stratum can be monitored again
Longitudinal Settlement, effective digitized record and technology branch are provided for stratum security during Gas Hydrate Drilling and pilot production
Support.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the flow chart of the permafrost region natural gas hydrate stratum stable state monitoring method according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the scheme of installation of the inclinometer according to the present invention.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, 2, this permafrost region natural gas hydrate stratum stable state monitoring method, it comprises the following steps：
(1) inclined hole probing is carried out to frozen soil layer；
(2) optimization clinometer probe and inclinometer pipe 5；
(3) inclinometer pipe sealing joint；
(4) seal inclinometer pipe and tilt installation；
(5) initial value measure is carried out with inclinometer；
(6) data acquisition is periodically carried out, carries out lateral displacement, Longitudinal Settlement quantitative analysis.
The present invention seals inclinometer pipe and tilts installation, carried out with inclinometer just by optimizing clinometer probe and inclinometer pipe
Value is determined, and periodically carries out data acquisition, carries out lateral displacement, Longitudinal Settlement quantitative analysis, so as to utilize permafrost region the 4th
It is the concrete property of deposit Seasonal Freeze-thaw Soils and basement rock, the double of stratum deformation are realized in the embedded inclinometer pipe of optimization and device upgrade
To monitoring and data real-time Transmission record, can level monitoring direction stratum lateral displacement, vertical direction stratum can be monitored again
Longitudinal Settlement, effective digitized record and technology branch are provided for stratum security during Gas Hydrate Drilling and pilot production
Support.
In addition, as shown in figure 1, in the step (1), set and bored according to the soft or hard degree on permafrost region stratum and occurrence inclination angle
The angle of inclination of well, well diameter is matched with inclinometer conduit, is drilled using small-sized drill, drilling direction and horizontal direction
In 50 ° -70 ° of angle, to ensure the load-bearing monitor by level, vertical different directions；In terms of drilling depth, through earth's surface season
Property active layer, frozen soil layer 1, non-frozen soil layer 2, gas hydrates layer 3 and basement rock 4.
In addition, in the step (2), clinometer probe is adapted as into plasticity sensing probe, inclinometer pipe by conventional circle
Guide groove pipe is changed to circular plain tube, when clinometer probe is measured up and down in inclinometer pipe, local to conduit caused by stratum deformation
Deformation carries out 360 ° of data record, so that the change of level monitoring direction stratum lateral displacement and vertical direction stratum Longitudinal Settlement
Change.
In addition, in the step (3), the inclinometer pipe that connection is transferred in drilling carries out interface and ttom of pipe sealing, and in depth
Sealed in water and pressure test, it is ensured that the deviational survey seal of tube is intact, be embedded to stratum ne-leakage.
In addition, in the step (4), arrangement installs hollow cylinder inclinometer conduit in finishing drilling wellhole, catheter diameter with
Inclinometer is matched, and conduit is docked by 3m pipes and assembled, and completes anti-corrosion and sealing, and tube at one end is fixed on basement rock in earth's surface, one end.
In addition, in the step (5), after inclinometer conduit is installed, inclinometer is slided up and down in pipe, control manually is surveyed
Oblique instrument is moved to different well depths, and depth interval is by pulling the band depth cable of clinometer probe to control, and precision is up to 0.1mm；Survey
Oblique instrument conduit local deformation is monitored record by inclinometer plasticity sensing probe, and first determination data is initial value after installation.
In addition, in the step (6), if influence of the monitoring permafrost region temperature Change to stratum stable state, is quarterly obtained
Take Monitoring Data；If monitoring the influence of exploitation of gas hydrates, pilot production process to stratum stable state, monitoring number is daily obtained
According to.
In addition, in the step (6), carrying out many drilling arrangements, 3 D stereo network type stratum stable state monitoring skill is formed
Art, by the Monitoring Data gathered after inclinometer pipe local deformation, is contrasted, monitoring stratum is by frozen soil with the initial value that measures for the first time
Geological disaster caused by freeze thawing, gas hydrates synthesis separation factors.
Specifically, the burying technology of inclination measurement device is mainly drilling and conduit interconnection technique, and its key is：
1. accurate positioning.Inclimation measuring duct should be embedded in the maximum plan-position of foundation soil body horizontal displacement, typically be embedded in
The position of side slope of embankment toe or gutter outer rim 1.0m suitable for reading or so.
2. being drilled at selected position, aperture more than inclimation measuring duct maximum outside diameter 40mm to be advisable, and the vertical degree of drilling is inclined
Difference is not more than positive and negative 1 degree.Hole depth is reached at without horizontal displacement, i.e., should be embedded in hard stratum or basement rock and be no less than 2m.Due to retaining wall mud
The precipitation of slurry, drilling depth is bigger than catheter design depth by 20% or so.
3. during spreading pipeline, guide groove should be made strictly to align, must not partial twist.It is normally to play inclimation measuring duct to native around it
Body deformation monitoring effect, inclinometer pipe body must have adapt to sedimentation and deformation ability, therefore should be reserved at pipe joint it is heavy
Section drops.Sedimentation segment length per length of tubing is not more than 10cm, when that can not meet the settling amount estimated, should reduce and often save pipe range.
4. inclimation measuring duct bottom will be equipped with bottom, bottom and each inclimation measuring duct junction should carry out Seal treatment, to prevent mud
Slurry is penetrated into pipe.
5. embedded process is as follows：The inclimation measuring duct for having bottom is put into drilling, inclimation measuring duct is connected with pipe joint, measured
Reserve segment length well, then by root while riveting, while enclosed edge tripping in hole in, note making a pair of guide grooves in inclimation measuring duct to pre-
The principal direction for counting displacement is close.In inclimation measuring duct tripping in boring procedure should into conduit injected clear water come reduce drilling in aquatic products
Raw buoyancy, improves embedded speed.Or, it is empty to keep in pipe, because once intaking, in permafrost region, will soon be frozen
Build-up ice, the deviational survey in later stage, settlement monitoring can not be carried out naturally and (is entered because specifically monitoring, it is necessary to transfer inclinometer etc. from the mouth of pipe
Row data acquisition), this is also why all to seal the deviational survey bottom of the tube of decentralization, interface.Herein if in order to
Convenient decentralization inclinometer pipe and allow water-filling in pipe, also after decentralization is finished, the water in pipe is all extracted before water body freezes
Totally.Simultaneously, it is necessary to assure cleaning is clean in inclimation measuring duct.
6. guide groove is strictly aligned with being intended to interception application theodolite.
7. the space between inclimation measuring duct and hole wall can be backfilled with coarse sand.Also it can be changed to the rock core produced in drilling process
Fragment, disintegrating slag are backfilled, it is ensured that drilling in situ, backfill in situ, at utmost ensure the recovery of formation lithology, lifting data
Reliability.
8. after the completion of embedded, the relevant information of inclimation measuring duct should be charged into embedded textual criticism record sheet in time.The master for investigating table
Content is wanted to include：It is engineering name, INSTRUMENT MODEL, manufacturer, deviational survey hole numbering, hole depth, aperture elevation, bottom hole elevation, embedded
Position, embedding manner, guide groove direction, inclimation measuring duct specification, mainly embedded schematic diagram, embedded personnel, embedded date etc..
It is stable through a period of time, you can to set up initial value after 9. inclimation measuring duct is buried.
It is described above, be only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, any formal limitation not made to the present invention, it is every according to
Any simple modification, equivalent variations and the modification made according to the technical spirit of the present invention to above example, still belong to the present invention
The protection domain of technical scheme.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of permafrost region natural gas hydrate stratum stable state monitoring method, it is characterised in that：It comprises the following steps：
(1) inclined hole probing is carried out to frozen soil layer；
(2) optimization clinometer probe and inclinometer pipe；
(3) inclinometer pipe sealing joint；
(4) seal inclinometer pipe and tilt installation；
(5) initial value measure is carried out with inclinometer；
(6) data acquisition is periodically carried out, carries out lateral displacement, Longitudinal Settlement quantitative analysis.
2. permafrost region natural gas hydrate stratum stable state monitoring method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described
In step (1), the angle of inclination of drilling well, well diameter and deviational survey are set according to the soft or hard degree on permafrost region stratum and occurrence inclination angle
Instrument conduit is matched, and is drilled using small-sized drill, drilling direction and the angle that horizontal direction is in 50 ° -70 °, to ensure by water
The flat, load-bearing monitor of vertical different directions；In terms of drilling depth, through earth's surface seasonal freeze and melt layer, frozen soil layer, non-frozen soil layer,
Gas hydrates layer and basement rock.
3. permafrost region natural gas hydrate stratum stable state monitoring method according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：It is described
In step (2), by clinometer probe be adapted as plasticity sensing probe, inclinometer pipe be changed to by conventional circular guide pipe it is circular smooth
Pipe, when clinometer probe is measured up and down in inclinometer pipe, 360 ° of data are carried out to conduit local deformation caused by stratum deformation
Record, so that the change of level monitoring direction stratum lateral displacement and vertical direction stratum Longitudinal Settlement.
4. permafrost region natural gas hydrate stratum stable state monitoring method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that：It is described
In step (3), the inclinometer pipe that connection is transferred in drilling carries out interface and ttom of pipe sealing, and sealed and pressed in deep water
Power is tested, it is ensured that the deviational survey seal of tube is intact, is embedded to stratum ne-leakage.
5. permafrost region natural gas hydrate stratum stable state monitoring method according to claim 4, it is characterised in that：It is described
In step (4), arrangement installs hollow cylinder inclinometer conduit in finishing drilling wellhole, and catheter diameter is matched with inclinometer, conduit by
The docking assembling of 3m pipes, and anti-corrosion and sealing are completed, tube at one end is fixed on basement rock in earth's surface, one end.
6. permafrost region natural gas hydrate stratum stable state monitoring method according to claim 5, it is characterised in that：It is described
In step (5), after inclinometer conduit is installed, inclinometer is slided up and down in pipe, control inclinometer is moved to different wells manually
Deep, depth interval is by pulling the band depth cable of clinometer probe to control, and precision is up to 0.1mm；Inclinometer conduit local deformation
Record is monitored by inclinometer plasticity sensing probe, first determination data is initial value after installation.
7. permafrost region natural gas hydrate stratum stable state monitoring method according to claim 6, it is characterised in that：It is described
In step (6), if influence of the monitoring permafrost region temperature Change to stratum stable state, quarterly obtains Monitoring Data；If monitoring
The influence of exploitation of gas hydrates, pilot production process to stratum stable state, then daily obtain Monitoring Data.
8. permafrost region natural gas hydrate stratum stable state monitoring method according to claim 7, it is characterised in that：It is described
In step (6), many drilling arrangements are carried out, 3 D stereo network type stratum stable state monitoring technology is formed, it is local by inclinometer pipe
The Monitoring Data gathered after deformation, is contrasted with the initial value that measures for the first time, and monitoring stratum is by frozen soil freeze thawing, gas hydrates
Synthesize geological disaster caused by separation factors.
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| WO2021159695A1 (en) * | 2020-08-06 | 2021-08-19 | 中国科学院广州能源研究所 | Natural gas hydrate mining stratum deformation measurement apparatus |
| CN114000872A (en) * | 2021-10-29 | 2022-02-01 | 中国矿业大学 | Natural gas hydrate horizontal well stratified mining process soil layer deformation testing device |
| WO2022088880A1 (en) * | 2020-10-29 | 2022-05-05 | 中国华能集团有限公司 | System for monitoring extraction of natural gas hydrate on land |
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| CN108398334B (en) * | 2018-05-11 | 2023-11-07 | 辽宁工程技术大学 | Experimental device and experimental method for freezing and thawing cycle by combining liquid nitrogen with far infrared heat radiation |
| WO2021159695A1 (en) * | 2020-08-06 | 2021-08-19 | 中国科学院广州能源研究所 | Natural gas hydrate mining stratum deformation measurement apparatus |
| US11795785B2 (en) | 2020-08-06 | 2023-10-24 | Guangzhou Institute Of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy Of Sciences | Device for measuring stratum deformation during natural gas hydrate exploitation |
| WO2022088880A1 (en) * | 2020-10-29 | 2022-05-05 | 中国华能集团有限公司 | System for monitoring extraction of natural gas hydrate on land |
| CN114000872A (en) * | 2021-10-29 | 2022-02-01 | 中国矿业大学 | Natural gas hydrate horizontal well stratified mining process soil layer deformation testing device |
| CN114000872B (en) * | 2021-10-29 | 2022-11-25 | 中国矿业大学 | Natural gas hydrate horizontal well stratified mining process soil layer deformation testing device |
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| CN107269270B (en) | 2018-08-03 |
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