CN107255557A - A kind of optical centre detection method and device of camera - Google Patents
A kind of optical centre detection method and device of camera Download PDFInfo
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- CN107255557A CN107255557A CN201710301264.4A CN201710301264A CN107255557A CN 107255557 A CN107255557 A CN 107255557A CN 201710301264 A CN201710301264 A CN 201710301264A CN 107255557 A CN107255557 A CN 107255557A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M11/00—Testing of optical apparatus; Testing structures by optical methods not otherwise provided for
- G01M11/02—Testing optical properties
- G01M11/0221—Testing optical properties by determining the optical axis or position of lenses
Abstract
The present invention is applicable field of computer technology there is provided a kind of optical centre detection method and device of camera, and this method includes:Receive optical centre detection instruction, obtain the halation image of camera, set up rectangular coordinate system in space, the pixel and gray value of halation image are represented with the coordinate points in rectangular coordinate system in space, according to the pixel of halation image and the coordinate of gray value, the mathematical modeling of halation image is set up in fitting, obtain the coordinate of the maximum pixel of gray value in mathematical modeling, the maximum pixel point coordinates of gray value is set to the optical centre coordinate of camera, judge whether the distance between center of optical centre and halation image is in preset range, when the distance between center of optical centre and halation image is in preset range, determine that the optical centre of camera is qualified, so as to improve the accuracy of detection camera optical centre.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the optical centre detection method and device of field of computer technology, more particularly to a kind of camera.
Background technology
In actual life, the application of camera is more and more extensive, and some industries are proposed more to the manufacture craft of camera
High requirement.Camera is mainly made up of camera lens (LENS) and imaging sensor (SENSOR), and wherein camera lens is by several lens groups
Into;Imaging sensor can be divided into two classes:CCD、CMOS.Light passes through camera lens from the external world, and mapping is formed on the image sensor
Image.The center of camera lens is in alignment with the center of imaging sensor in theory, but is due to process instrument in technique manufacturing process
Precision it is not enough, there is certain deviation between the center of camera lens and the center of imaging sensor.In camera shooting process thoroughly
The position of mirror is referred to as optical centre.Making for camera to it, it is necessary to detect, if optical centre and image
The distance between center outside rational scope, then shooting effect be deteriorated so that camera availability reduction, it is necessary to
Scrap processing.So, there is important meaning in production practices to the research of the context of detection of camera optical centre.Mesh
Before, the error that existing detection technique is detected to camera optical centre is larger, in order to improve production yield, and then reduces production
Cost, it is necessary to improve the accuracy detected to camera optical centre.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of optical centre detection method and device of camera, it is intended to solves existing skill
Art is larger to the detection error of camera optical centre, causes the problem of accuracy of detection is not high.
On the one hand, the invention provides a kind of optical centre detection method of camera, methods described comprises the steps:
Optical centre detection instruction is received, the halation image of camera is obtained;
Rectangular coordinate system in space is set up, the picture of the halation image is represented with the coordinate points in the rectangular coordinate system in space
Vegetarian refreshments and gray value;
In the rectangular coordinate system in space, according to the pixel of the halation image and the coordinate of gray value, fitting is built
Found the mathematical modeling of the halation image;
The coordinate of the maximum pixel of gray value described in the mathematical modeling is obtained, by the pixel that the gray value is maximum
Point coordinates is set to the coordinate of the optical centre of the camera, judge the optical centre and the halation image center it
Between distance whether be in preset range;
When the distance between center of the optical centre and the halation image is in the preset range, institute is determined
The optical centre for stating camera is qualified.
On the other hand, the invention provides a kind of optical centre detection means of camera, described device includes:
Image acquisition unit, for receiving optical centre detection instruction, obtains the halation image of camera;
Establishment of coordinate system unit, for setting up rectangular coordinate system in space, with the coordinate points in the rectangular coordinate system in space
Represent the pixel and gray value of the halation image;
Model sets up unit, in the rectangular coordinate system in space, according to the pixel and ash of the halation image
The mathematical modeling of the halation image is set up in the coordinate of angle value, fitting;
Distance Judgment unit, the coordinate for obtaining the maximum pixel of gray value described in the mathematical modeling, by institute
The coordinate that the maximum pixel point coordinates of gray value is set to the optical centre of the camera is stated, the optical centre and institute is judged
State whether the distance between center of halation image is in preset range;And
Qualified determining unit, for the distance between center when the optical centre and the halation image in described
During preset range, determine that the optical centre of the camera is qualified.
The present invention receives optical centre detection instruction, obtains the halation image of camera, sets up rectangular coordinate system in space, uses
Coordinate points in rectangular coordinate system in space represent the pixel and gray value of halation image, in rectangular coordinate system in space, according to
The mathematical modeling of halation image is set up in the pixel of halation image and the coordinate of gray value, fitting, obtains gray scale in mathematical modeling
It is worth the coordinate of maximum pixel, the maximum pixel point coordinates of gray value is set to the coordinate of the optical centre of camera, sentenced
Whether the distance between center of disconnected optical centre and halation image is in preset range, when in optical centre and halation image
When the distance between heart is in preset range, determine that the optical centre of camera is qualified, so as to improve detection camera optics
The accuracy at center.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the implementation process figure of the optical centre detection method for the camera that the embodiment of the present invention one is provided;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the optical centre detection means for the camera that the embodiment of the present invention two is provided;And
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of the optical centre detection means for the camera that the embodiment of the present invention three is provided.
Embodiment
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, it is right below in conjunction with drawings and Examples
The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, and
It is not used in the restriction present invention.
Implementing for the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiment:
Embodiment one:
Fig. 1 shows the implementation process of the optical centre detection method for the camera that the embodiment of the present invention one is provided, in order to
It is easy to explanation, illustrate only the part related to the embodiment of the present invention, details are as follows:
In step S101, optical centre detection instruction is received, the halation image of camera is obtained.
In embodiments of the present invention, the pure white picture that can be shown by shooting display screen obtains the halation image of camera.
For example, shooting pure white LCD display.When shooting pure white LCD display, obtained image should be theoretically pure
White, but be due to the physical characteristic of camera lens in itself, cause the image actually get to occur center to surrounding radial direction gradually
Dimmed halation phenomenon.After optical centre detection instruction is received, the halation image of camera is obtained according to instruction.
Preferably, after the halation image of camera is got, denoising is carried out to halation image, to reduce noise
Influence, obtains halation image.Specifically, halation image is carried out at denoising for a × a mean filter method using template size
Reason, so as to improve denoising effect.
It is further preferred that according to the resolution ratio of image, the scope 20 × 20 to 40 × 40 chooses mean filter method
Template size, so as to further improve denoising effect, reduction denoising operates the influence to halation image, and then improves detection and take the photograph
As the accuracy of head optical centre.
It is further preferred that when carrying out denoising to halation image, concentric community domain is chosen in halation image
Image, carries out denoising to the image in the concentric community domain of selection, obtains the halation image for detection, wherein, this is concentric
The area of zonule is 0.49 to 0.81 times of halation image original area, so as to reduce the secondary element of some in camera
Block the influence to halation image.
In step s 102, rectangular coordinate system in space is set up, halation figure is represented with the coordinate points in rectangular coordinate system in space
The pixel and gray value of picture.
In embodiments of the present invention, image is represented by pixel, and gray value represents the bright dark degree of the dot image, halation figure
The pixel gray value of picture middle body is larger, and the pixel gray value of peripheral portion is smaller.Herein, space right-angle seat is set up
Mark system, to represent the coordinate of the pixel and gray value of image, x-axis coordinate and y-axis coordinate representation pixel, z-axis coordinate representation
The gray value of pixel.Specifically, pixel is represented with 16 bits, then the span of gray value is [0,65535], figure
All pixels have corresponding coordinate points in rectangular coordinate system in space as in, and therefore, the pixel in image is that space is straight
Discrete data in angular coordinate system.
In step s 103, in rectangular coordinate system in space, according to the pixel of halation image and the coordinate of gray value, intend
Build the mathematical modeling of vertical halation image jointly.
In embodiments of the present invention, the mathematical modeling of halation image is set up in fitting, makes discrete data and number that image is all
The error for learning solution to model analysis expression formula is minimum, wherein, error can pass through formula Ask
Go out (wherein z' represents the gray value of halation image pixel, and z represents the gray value of model image pixel).
Preferably, according to the pixel of halation image and the coordinate of gray value, halation is obtained by least square fitting
Mathematical modeling z=α × [(x-u of image1)2+(y-u2)2]+β, so that the accuracy of detection camera optical centre is improved, its
In, x, y are the coordinate of the pixel of halation image, and z is the corresponding gray value of halation image coordinate (x, y), (u1,u2) it is optics
Centre coordinate, α, β are parameter, α < 0, β > 0.The expression formula obtained from fitting is it can be seen that the model is in fact by a throwing
Thing line rotation 360°The paraboloid of revolution of formation, comprising 4 unknown parameters, in parameter, (u1,u2) be parabola vertex coordinate,
That is the coordinate of optical centre, α represents paraboloidal openings of sizes and direction, and β represents the z coordinate on paraboloidal summit.
In step S104, the coordinate of the maximum pixel of gray value in mathematical modeling is obtained, by the picture that gray value is maximum
Vegetarian refreshments coordinate is set to the coordinate of the optical centre of camera, judges that the distance between optical centre and center of halation image are
It is no to be in preset range.
In embodiments of the present invention, light is represented with the point (i.e. the maximum pixel of gray value) of halation image central " most bright "
Center, it is a convex surface to be fitted obtained mathematical modeling, there is maximum, the coordinate of its maximum is exactly the seat of optical centre
Mark.The ideally center superposition of the optical centre of camera and halation image, but in actual production process, it is impossible to protect
Card 100% ideal situation, therefore, pre-set acceptable distance range, with judge camera optical centre whether
It is qualified.
In step S105, when the distance between center of optical centre and halation image is in preset range, it is determined that
The optical centre of camera is qualified.
In embodiments of the present invention, if the distance between center of optical centre and halation image is not at default model
Enclose, then illustrate that the centre deviation of optical centre and halation image is excessive, cause the optical centre of camera unqualified, when in optics
When the distance between center of the heart and halation image is in preset range, the deviation of optical centre and halation picture centre is to connect
Receive, accordingly, it is determined that the optical centre of camera is qualified.
Can be with one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that realizing that all or part of step in above-described embodiment method is
The hardware of correlation is instructed to complete by program, described program can be stored in a computer read/write memory medium,
Described storage medium, such as ROM/RAM, disk, CD.
Embodiment two:
Fig. 2 shows the structure of the optical centre detection means for the camera that the embodiment of the present invention two is provided, for the ease of
Illustrate, illustrate only the part related to the embodiment of the present invention, including:
Image acquisition unit 21, for receiving optical centre detection instruction, obtains the halation image of camera.
In embodiments of the present invention, the pure white picture that can be shown by shooting display screen obtains the halation image of camera.
For example, shooting pure white LCD display.After optical centre detection instruction is received, the dizzy of camera is obtained according to instruction
Shadow image.
Establishment of coordinate system unit 22, for setting up rectangular coordinate system in space, with the coordinate points table in rectangular coordinate system in space
Show the pixel and gray value of halation image.
In embodiments of the present invention, image is represented by pixel, and gray value represents the bright dark degree of the dot image, halation figure
The pixel gray value of picture middle body is larger, and the pixel gray value of peripheral portion is smaller.Herein, space right-angle seat is set up
Mark system, to represent the coordinate of the pixel and gray value of image, x-axis coordinate and y-axis coordinate representation pixel, z-axis coordinate representation
The gray value of pixel.Specifically, pixel is represented with 16 bits, then the span of gray value is [0,65535], figure
All pixels have corresponding coordinate points in rectangular coordinate system in space as in, and therefore, the pixel in image is that space is straight
Discrete data in angular coordinate system.
Model sets up unit 23, in rectangular coordinate system in space, according to the pixel of halation image and gray value
The mathematical modeling of halation image is set up in coordinate, fitting.
In embodiments of the present invention, model sets up unit fitting and sets up the mathematical modeling of halation image, makes all discrete of image
The error of the analytical expression of data and mathematical modeling is minimum, wherein, error can pass through formula
Obtain (wherein z' represents the gray value of halation image pixel, and z represents the gray value of model image pixel).
Distance Judgment unit 24, the coordinate for obtaining the maximum pixel of gray value in mathematical modeling, by gray value most
Big pixel point coordinates is set between the coordinate of the optical centre of camera, the center for judging optical centre and halation image
Whether distance is in preset range.
In embodiments of the present invention, light is represented with the point (i.e. the maximum pixel of gray value) of halation image central " most bright "
Center, it is a convex surface to be fitted obtained mathematical modeling, there is maximum, the coordinate of its maximum is exactly the seat of optical centre
Mark.The ideally center superposition of the optical centre of camera and halation image, but in actual production process, it is impossible to protect
Card 100% ideal situation, therefore, pre-set acceptable distance range, with judge camera optical centre whether
It is qualified.
Qualified determining unit 25, preset range is in for the distance between center when optical centre and halation image
When, determine that the optical centre of camera is qualified.
In embodiments of the present invention, if the distance between center of optical centre and halation image is not at default model
Enclose, then illustrate that the centre deviation of optical centre and halation image is excessive, cause the optical centre of camera unqualified, when in optics
When the distance between center of the heart and halation image is in preset range, the deviation of optical centre and halation picture centre is to connect
Receive, accordingly, it is determined that the optical centre of camera is qualified.
In embodiments of the present invention, each unit of the optical centre detection means of camera can be by corresponding hardware or software
Unit realizes that each unit can be independent soft and hardware unit, can also be integrated into a soft and hardware unit, not be used to herein
The limitation present invention.
Embodiment three:
Fig. 3 shows the structure of the optical centre detection means for the camera that the embodiment of the present invention three is provided, for the ease of
Illustrate, illustrate only the part related to the embodiment of the present invention, including:
Image acquisition unit 31, for receiving optical centre detection instruction, obtains the halation image of camera.
In embodiments of the present invention, the pure white picture that can be shown by shooting display screen obtains the halation image of camera.
For example, shooting pure white LCD display.After optical centre detection instruction is received, the dizzy of camera is obtained according to instruction
Shadow image.
Image denoising unit 32, for using the mean filter method that template size is a × a, being gone to halation image
Make an uproar processing.
In embodiments of the present invention, after the halation image of camera is got, denoising is carried out to halation image,
To reduce influence of noise, halation image is obtained.Specifically, using the mean filter method that template size is a × a to halation image
Denoising is carried out, so as to improve denoising effect.
Preferably, according to the resolution ratio of image, in the template of 20 × 20 to 40 × 40 scope selection mean filter method
Size, so as to improve denoising effect, reduction denoising operates the influence to halation image, and then improves detection camera optical centre
Accuracy.
It is further preferred that when carrying out denoising to halation image, concentric community domain is chosen in halation image
Image, carries out denoising to the image in the concentric community domain of selection, obtains the halation image for detection, wherein, this is concentric
The area of zonule is 0.49 to 0.81 times of halation image original area, so as to reduce the secondary element of some in camera
Block the influence to halation image.
Establishment of coordinate system unit 323, for setting up rectangular coordinate system in space, with the coordinate points table in rectangular coordinate system in space
Show the pixel and gray value of halation image.
In embodiments of the present invention, image is represented by pixel, and gray value represents the bright dark degree of the dot image, halation figure
The pixel gray value of picture middle body is larger, and the pixel gray value of peripheral portion is smaller.Establishment of coordinate system unit is set up empty
Between rectangular coordinate system, to represent the coordinate of the pixel and gray value of image, x-axis coordinate and y-axis coordinate representation pixel, z-axis
The gray value of coordinate representation pixel.Specifically, represent pixel with 16 bits, then the span of gray value for [0,
65535], pixel all in image has corresponding coordinate points in rectangular coordinate system in space, therefore, the pixel in image
It is the discrete data in rectangular coordinate system in space.
Model sets up unit 34, in rectangular coordinate system in space, according to the pixel of halation image and gray value
The mathematical modeling of halation image is set up in coordinate, fitting.
In embodiments of the present invention, model sets up unit fitting and sets up the mathematical modeling of halation image, makes all discrete of image
The error of the analytical expression of data and mathematical modeling is minimum, wherein, error can pass through formula
Obtain (wherein z' represents the gray value of halation image pixel, and z represents the gray value of model image pixel).
Preferably, mathematical modeling z=α × [(x-u of halation image is obtained by least square fitting1)2+(y-u2)2]
+ β, so that the accuracy of detection camera optical centre is improved, wherein, x, y are the coordinate of the pixel of halation image, and z is dizzy
The corresponding gray value of shadow image coordinate (x, y), (u1,u2) it is optical centre coordinate, α, β are parameter, α < 0, β > 0.From being fitted
To expression formula it can be seen that the model is in fact to be rotated by 360 ° the paraboloid of revolution formed by a parabola, include 4
In unknown parameter, parameter, (u1,u2) for parabola vertex coordinate, i.e. optical centre coordinate, α represents that paraboloidal opening is big
Small and direction, β represents the z coordinate on paraboloidal summit.
Distance Judgment unit 35, the coordinate for obtaining the maximum pixel of gray value in mathematical modeling, by gray value most
Big pixel point coordinates is set between the coordinate of the optical centre of camera, the center for judging optical centre and halation image
Whether distance is in preset range.
In embodiments of the present invention, light is represented with the point (i.e. the maximum pixel of gray value) of halation image central " most bright "
Center, it is a convex surface to be fitted obtained mathematical modeling, there is maximum, the coordinate of its maximum is exactly the seat of optical centre
Mark.The ideally center superposition of the optical centre of camera and halation image, but in actual production process, it is impossible to protect
The ideal situation of card 100%, therefore, pre-sets acceptable distance range, is imaged for Distance Judgment unit judges
Whether the optical centre of head is qualified.
Qualified determining unit 36, preset range is in for the distance between center when optical centre and halation image
When, determine that the optical centre of camera is qualified.
In embodiments of the present invention, if the distance between center of optical centre and halation image is not at default model
Enclose, then illustrate that the centre deviation of optical centre and halation image is excessive, cause the optical centre of camera unqualified, when in optics
When the distance between center of the heart and halation image is in preset range, the deviation of optical centre and halation picture centre is to connect
Receive, therefore, qualified determining unit determines that the optical centre of camera is qualified.
It is therefore preferred that the image denoising unit 32 includes:
Denoising subelement 321, the image for choosing concentric community domain in halation image, to the concentric community domain of selection
Image carry out denoising, obtain the halation image for detection;
Wherein, the area in the concentric community domain is 0.49 to 0.81 times of halation image original area;
Preferably, the model is set up unit 34 and included:
Subelement 341 is set up, for the pixel and the coordinate of gray value according to halation image, is intended by least square method
The method of conjunction, sets up mathematical modeling z=α × [(x-u of halation image1)2+(y-u2)2]+β, wherein, x, y are halation image
The coordinate of pixel, z is the corresponding gray value of halation image coordinate (x, y), (u1,u2) it is optical centre coordinate, α, β are parameter,
α < 0, β > 0.
In embodiments of the present invention, each unit of the optical centre detection means of camera can be by corresponding hardware or software
Unit realizes that each unit can be independent soft and hardware unit, can also be integrated into a soft and hardware unit, not be used to herein
The limitation present invention.
The foregoing is merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not intended to limit the invention, all essences in the present invention
Any modifications, equivalent substitutions and improvements made within refreshing and principle etc., should be included in the scope of the protection.
Claims (10)
1. the optical centre detection method of a kind of camera, it is characterised in that methods described comprises the steps:
Optical centre detection instruction is received, the halation image of camera is obtained;
Rectangular coordinate system in space is set up, the pixel of the halation image is represented with the coordinate points in the rectangular coordinate system in space
And gray value;
In the rectangular coordinate system in space, according to the pixel of the halation image and the coordinate of gray value, institute is set up in fitting
State the mathematical modeling of halation image;
The coordinate of the maximum pixel of gray value described in the mathematical modeling is obtained, the maximum pixel of the gray value is sat
Mark is set between the coordinate of the optical centre of the camera, the center for judging the optical centre and the halation image
Whether distance is in preset range;
When the distance between center of the optical centre and the halation image is in the preset range, it is determined that described take the photograph
As the optical centre of head is qualified.
2. the method as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that after the step of obtaining the halation image of camera, sets up empty
Between rectangular coordinate system, the pixel and gray value of the halation image are represented with the coordinate points in the rectangular coordinate system in space
Before step, methods described also includes:
Using the mean filter method that template size is a × a, denoising is carried out to the halation image.
3. method as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that the template size of the mean filter method be in 20 × 20 to
40 × 40 scope.
4. the method as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that according to the pixel of the halation image and the seat of gray value
Mark, the step of mathematical modeling of the halation image is set up in fitting, including:
According to the pixel of the halation image and the coordinate of gray value, the halation image is obtained by least square fitting
Mathematical modeling z=α × [(x-u1)2+(y-u2)2]+β, described x, y are the coordinate of the pixel of the halation image, the z
For the corresponding gray value of the halation image coordinate (x, y), (u1,u2) it is optical centre coordinate, described α, β are parameter, institute
State α < 0, the β > 0.
5. method as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that the step of carrying out denoising to the halation image, is also wrapped
Include:
The image in concentric community domain is chosen in the halation image, denoising is carried out to the image in the concentric community domain of the selection
Processing, obtains the halation image for detection;
The area in the concentric community domain is 0.49 to 0.81 times of the halation image original area.
6. the optical centre detection means of a kind of camera, it is characterised in that described device includes:
Image acquisition unit, for receiving optical centre detection instruction, obtains the halation image of camera;
Establishment of coordinate system unit, for setting up rectangular coordinate system in space, is represented with the coordinate points in the rectangular coordinate system in space
The pixel and gray value of the halation image;
Model sets up unit, in the rectangular coordinate system in space, according to the pixel and gray value of the halation image
Coordinate, fitting sets up the mathematical modeling of the halation image;
Distance Judgment unit, the coordinate for obtaining the maximum pixel of gray value described in the mathematical modeling, by the ash
The maximum pixel point coordinates of angle value is set to the coordinate of the optical centre of the camera, judges that the optical centre is swooned with described
Whether the distance between center of shadow image is in preset range;And
Qualified determining unit, for the distance between center when the optical centre and the halation image in described default
During scope, determine that the optical centre of the camera is qualified.
7. device as claimed in claim 6, it is characterised in that described device also includes:
Image denoising unit, for using the mean filter method that template size is a × a, denoising to be carried out to the halation image
Processing.
8. device as claimed in claim 7, it is characterised in that the template size of the mean filter method be in 20 × 20 to
40 × 40 scope.
9. device as claimed in claim 6, it is characterised in that the model, which sets up unit, to be included:
Subelement is set up, for the pixel and the coordinate of gray value according to the halation image, passes through least square fitting
Obtain mathematical modeling z=α × [(x-u of the halation image1)2+(y-u2)2]+β, described x, y are the picture of the halation image
The coordinate of vegetarian refreshments, the z is the corresponding gray value of the halation image coordinate (x, y), (u1,u2) it is optical centre coordinate,
Described α, β are parameter, the α < 0, the β > 0.
10. device as claimed in claim 7, it is characterised in that described image denoising unit includes:
Denoising subelement, the image for choosing concentric community domain in the halation image, to the concentric community of the selection
The image in domain carries out denoising, obtains the halation image for detection;
The area in the concentric community domain is 0.49 to 0.81 times of the halation image original area.
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CN108632604A (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2018-10-09 | 歌尔科技有限公司 | The detection method and device of camera lens optical center |
CN109443697A (en) * | 2018-09-29 | 2019-03-08 | 歌尔股份有限公司 | Optical centre test method, device, system and equipment |
CN112991202A (en) * | 2021-03-01 | 2021-06-18 | 歌尔科技有限公司 | Calibration method of optical center position, terminal device and computer readable storage medium |
CN116818769A (en) * | 2023-06-19 | 2023-09-29 | 苏州市职业大学(苏州开放大学) | Abnormality detection method and system based on machine vision |
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