CN107249621A - 用于治疗肺结节病的粘液溶解剂 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本文描述了用于治疗肺结节病的粘液溶解剂。需要治疗肺结节病的患者被施用治疗有效量的粘液溶解剂,例如DNase I、美司钠或地美司钠。在一些实施方案中,DNase I是重组人DNase I,例如阿法链道酶。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2014年9月8日提交的美国临时专利申请系列号62/047,361的优先权,将其公开的全部内容引入于此以作参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于治疗肺结节病(pulmonary sarcoidosis)的方法,所述方法包括施用粘液溶解剂(mucolytic agent)。在某些实施方案中,所述方法包括向患有肺结节病的患者施用治疗有效量的DNase I。
背景技术
DNase I是在哺乳动物和其他真核生物中发现的切割DNA中的磷酸二酯键的核酸内切酶。它作用于单链DNA、双链DNA和染色质以降低DNA链的大小,并产生具有游离羟基的5'-磷酸酯封端的多核苷酸。人DNase I和某些变体公开在美国专利5,279,823;6,348,343;和6,391,607。
DNase I已被用于治疗囊性纤维化。囊性纤维化是由特异性细胞氯通道调节子,即囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节蛋白(CFTR)中的突变引起的疾病。这是高加索人最常见的常染色体隐性遗传病。突变阻止Cl-离子通过气道上皮细胞膜的氯通道腔的正常通路,导致对肺上皮细胞中的氯离子的相对不渗透性以及耗尽的气道表面液体体积。由于CFTR蛋白的功能受损,粘液粘度增加,稠化的、粘着力强的分泌物阻塞囊性纤维化患者的肺部气道。阻塞囊性纤维化患者的肺部气道的大量粘稠粘液引起慢性感染的倾向,导致炎症、进行性气道和肺实质性损伤、支气管扩张、肺部症状加重、肺功能衰退和经常过早死亡。尽管改进的治疗有增加的存活率,但中值预期寿命也只有35年,并且患者经历显著的发病率和住院治疗。大约95%的囊性纤维化死亡是由于肺部感染引起的。
1993年,美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准了用于治疗囊性纤维化的重组人DNaseI的制剂。这是FDA在30年内批准用于囊性纤维化的首个治疗。批准的产品在美国由Genentech,Inc.以商标名销售。被认为通过在作为囊性纤维化的标志的浓稠的粘液分泌物中切割DNA来起作用。这倾向于使粘液液化,使得身体更容易从气道清除粘液,从而改善气道功能并减少对细菌感染的易感性。
在治疗囊性纤维化方面的成功促使其在支气管扩张(另一种被认为是粘液积聚起作用的肺病)中的研究。不幸的是,支气管扩张患者的大量临床试验不仅未能显示的任何益处,而且还表明这种治疗可能是有害的(O'Donnell等,1998,Chest 113:1329-1334)。
结节病是一种涉及肉芽肿(炎性细胞的异常聚集)的疾病,通常呈现为可在包括皮肤、心脏、肝脏、肺、神经系统和胃肠道等各种器官中形成的结节。肉芽肿的特征在于嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞和活化的T细胞的积累,以及产生升高水平的炎症介质如肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、干扰素-γ和白介素-2。
结节病的原因是未知的,但是推测是由停止暴露于抗原之后继发的对一些感染性或环境性抗原的免疫反应所引发的。在超过90%的病例中,肺是最常见的被累及的器官。大多数患者没有出现症状,并且不知道他们患有结节病。所有无症状结节病患者的一半在常规胸部X射线检查后得以诊断。最常表现出的症状是咳嗽和呼吸困难。最常见的诊断性临床体征是:i)呼吸困难,ii)咳嗽,iii)皮疹,iv)眼部炎症,v)体重减轻,vi)疲劳,vii)发烧,viii)盗汗。由于肉芽肿的非特异性,通常通过排除其他疾病如恶性肿瘤和感染来诊断结节病。结节病中的肺通常在胸部X光片上显示特征性双侧肺门淋巴结病。特征在于胸部X光片上的结节性网状浸润和肺实质的“毛玻璃”外观的结节病的可逆阶段(Scadding射线照相I期和II期)可以不需要治疗。特征在于肺囊肿、弥漫性实质性肺病、蜂巢肺结构(由于肺泡实变引起的)和支气管扩张的不可逆性结节病(III期和IV期)长期预后差、肺部症状加重/复发的发生率高。III期和IV期的计算机断层扫描(“CT”)的发现包括细支气管结节(支气管血管和胸膜下)、增厚的小叶间隔、肺结构扭曲和聚合成的肿块(conglomerate mass)。在约70%的不需要医疗干预的结节病患者中,症状治疗通常由非类固醇类抗炎药(NSAID)如布洛芬或阿司匹林组成;然而,所有患者中大约三分之一发展成需要治疗的进行性形式的慢性结节病。所有这类慢性结节病患者的首选治疗是口服类固醇(如强的松或泼尼松龙),其具有显著的不良副作用(感染易感性,骨质疏松症和由咳嗽、糖尿病、精神错乱、液体潴留、疲劳等引起的肋骨骨折),并且由于这些不良药物反应而不能用于慢性或长期治疗。在一些患者中,皮质类固醇减缓或逆转疾病进程,但许多患者可能会变得对类固醇类不应或根本无反应。那些患者可能经历频繁和严重的呼吸道感染,伴有过度咳嗽发作,以去除并排出包括脱落到支气管腔的肉芽肿在内的凝结的分泌物和细胞碎片。在具有严重症状和无治疗方案的皮质类固醇无反应者中,可以尝试其他细胞毒素剂如硫唑嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、霉酚酸和来氟米特。其中甲氨蝶呤是最广泛使用的,被认为是神经性肉芽肿病的首选治疗,其通常与皮质类固醇联合使用。一般而言,细胞毒素剂具有的益处不超过由其细胞毒性导致的增加的发病率。终末期疾病的唯一明确治疗是肺移植,此类肺结节病患者占纽约长老会皇后医院,胸外科肺移植服务(New York Presbyterian,Thoracic Surgery Lung TransplantService)(J.R.Sonnet,个人通讯)的所有肺移植的约30%。
已观察到用免疫抑制剂治疗结节病的一些成功。这种治疗的基本原理是结节病中涉及的肉芽肿是由免疫系统细胞、特别是气道嗜中性粒细胞和循环T细胞的聚集引起的。英夫利昔(Infliximab),一种拮抗TNF-α的作用的单克隆抗体,已经用于治疗临床试验中的肺结节病,取得了一些成功。另一方面,依那西普(Etanercept)(另一种TNF-α拮抗剂)在患有眼色素层结节病的人群中未能显示出任何显著疗效。抗TNF-α单克隆抗体戈利木单抗(golimumab)也未能在肺结节病患者中示出任何益处。阿达木单抗(Adalimumab)(另一种抗TNF-α单克隆抗体)在约一半的结节病患者中诱导有益的反应。参见Baughman等人,2013,European Respiratory Journal 41:1424-1438。
个体化治疗是现代医学的一个新范例,因为它从“轰动性(blockbuster)”药物转变为分层个性化药物。不幸的是,这种方法并没有得到大型随机临床试验(RCT)的平均结果的最佳支持。n=1方法提供了非常强大的评估工具来实现个性化用药,并且使用这种方法,患者是治疗评估中唯一的观察单位。所产生的优点很多。首先,在单一的患者研究中,只要单一患者分层组(stratification arm)产生有助于干预的客观证据就可以容忍设计的异质性,而基于大量群体的RCT需要设计均一性来防止混淆泛化。第二,n=1试验中的患者根据设计为使其客观受益的干预策略的最佳呈现和细化而从试验中立即获益。这完全不同于基于群体的RCT,其中身体不适的个体患者可能已经在整个研究期间接受了安慰剂。
令人惊讶的是,越来越强大的n=1方法只能在一般的临床和医疗环境中保守地使用,尽管它是由于认识到对于大多数慢性疾病病况起作用的医疗干预在RCT中经常被证明是无效的(Jorgensen,2008,Expert Rev.Mol.Diagn.8(6):689-695;Jorgensen,2009,Oncologist 14(5):557-558)。不断增多的推测是,医学的临床实践应当认识并接受通常需要非常昂贵的治疗方案的罕见疾病患者的独特个体特征,并努力使患者护理个性化(Hu等人,2005,Biotechniques 39(10Suppl):S1-S6;Langreth&Waldholz,1999,Oncologist 4(5):426-427;Trusheim等人,2007,Nat.Rev.Drug Discov.6(4):287-293)。
在目前的新药开发时代,通常以大样本平行组RCT开始,而没有详细了解最佳治疗剂量、患者选择标准以及作为应答者的患者比例的初步估计(对样本量确定很重要)、后续试验应该基于的最佳结果、长期/终身治疗的安全性等。在解决当前环境中的许多这些问题时,其中可获得单一患者的详细的个体化信息,美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)既提倡也承认在前瞻性“精准医疗”基于证据的方法中患者对高度个性化治疗的响应的n=1研究的效用。个体化治疗改善了结果评估,这是因为治疗方案是针对患者的疾病分层量身定制的。例如,如果肿瘤中的KRAS蛋白具有特异性突变,则抗癌药物西妥昔单抗(cetuximab)(结直肠癌)是无效的(Van Cutsem等人,2009,N.Engl.J.Med.360(14):1408-1417)且美国FDA已重新标定该药物,在使用前需要进行遗传识别。许多其他药物在导致FDA重新标定(例如华法林(warfarin)、卡马西平(carbamazepine)、氯吡格雷(clopidogrel))的某些患者分层中的有效性方面存在差异(Flockhart等人,2009,Clin.Pharmacol.Ther.86(1):109-113;Topol,2010,Sci.Transl.Med.2(44):44cm22)。此外,FDA正在积极开发与治疗相关的诊断测试的简化的审查方法,其中n=1方案便于审批流程(Hamburg&Collins,2010,N.Engl.J.Med.363(4):301-304)。
n=1临床试验方法是非常具有成本效益的,但需要医疗专业人员更多的时间承诺和监督,加上适当长的观察间隔,与具有病情进展的正常时间过程的索引患者(indexpatient)一致(穿插定期“停止”治疗“间隔(或“洗脱期”),以试验疾病的自发缓解)。这种靶向n=1的长期研究方法不仅具有成本效益,而且还解决了群体研究中会存在的治疗的许多混淆模糊,例如饮食和生活方式的变化、疾病的进展/消退、有意义的患者益处等。n=1方法反映了未来“个性化医学”的趋势,具有很高的准统计精度,因为患者是自己控制,增加了对定制治疗结果的信任。事实上,n=1的临床研究可被认为对于高度靶向治疗的评估实质上至关重要,这些治疗中许多可能甚至不适合于RCT,因为治疗之间的差异相对于极罕见疾病的相对较小的样本量而言是大的。在这种情况下,n=1方法代表了临床试验设计的适用性,这使给予患者次优干预的时间最小化。此外,具有冗长的数据收集过程的序贯设计对于罕见、独特的疾病尤其有用(Everitt&Pickler,2004,Statistical Aspects of The Designof Clinical Trials.Imperial College Press;London,UK;Gerss&Kopcke,2010,Adv.Exp.Med.Biol.686:173–190;Meinert&Tonascia,1986,Clinical Trials Design,Conduct,and Analysis Monographs in Epidemiology andBiostatistics.Vol.469.Oxford University Press;NY,USA)。
对于具有效用的新型干预的最终临床重要问题是对亚群体的结果的可概括性。这里即是,n=1临床试验表现良好,使患者分组能够或多或少地可能受益于群体水平关联研究的具体治疗(Barlow等人,Strategies for Studying Behavior forChange.3.Vol.393.Pearson/Allyn and Bacon;MA,USA;Guyattde等人,1986,N.Engl.J.Med.314(14):889–892)。对治疗响应的个体变异反映了群体变异,并且如果分层得到很好地描述(Kraemer等人,2002,Arch.Gen.Psychiatry59(10):877–883;Kent&Hayward,2007,JAMA 298(10):1209–1212;Scuffham等人,2010,J.Gen.Intern.Med.25(9):906–913),则n=1临床试验客观地量化这种变异性并提供使用他们自己的数据来治疗个体患者的知情指导。n=1临床试验在确定和最小化次优治疗方面的功效远远大于使用RCT的标准护理,既改善患者管理,又导致成本节约。
发明内容
本文描述了治疗肺结节病的方法,所述方法包括向有需要的患者施用治疗有效量的粘液溶解剂。在某些实施方案中,粘液溶解剂是DNase I,例如重组人DNase I(rhDNaseI)。在某些实施方案中,rhDNase I是作为的活性成分的rhDNase I。
在某些实施方案中,粘液溶解剂选自由2-硫烷基乙磺酸钠(美司钠,美国以销售)、2,2'-二硫烷二基二乙磺酸二钠(地美司钠)及其组合组成的组。
在某些实施方案中,所述方法包括施用DNase I和另外的粘液溶解剂。在某些实施方案中,另外的粘液溶解剂选自由美司钠、地美司钠和N-乙酰半胱氨酸及其组合组成的组。除了是粘液溶解剂,美司钠、地美司钠和N-乙酰半胱氨酸还是自由基清除剂。肺细胞抗氧化防御在肺结节病的炎症反应中随着破坏性自由基的组织水平的增加而显著降低(Boots等人,2009,Resp.Med.,103:364)。这一发现表明伴随使用自由基清除化合物如美司钠、地美司钠和N-乙酰半胱氨酸的附加功用。在rhDNase I如PULMOZYME与另外的粘液溶解剂一起向患者施用的那些实施方案中,可以在另外的粘液溶解剂之前、之后或与之伴随地施用rhDNase I。优选地,在另外的粘液溶解剂之前或之后施用rhDNase I。在一些实施方案中,通过雾化施用rhDNase I,并静脉内施用美司钠或地美司钠。在这样的实施方案中,美司钠或地美司钠充当自由基清除剂。
在某些实施方案中,该方法治疗患有急性肺结节病的患者(诊断有结节病<2年的患者)。在某些实施方案中,该方法治疗患有慢性肺结节病的患者(诊断有结节病≥2年的患者)。在某些实施方案中,所述方法安全地治疗患有慢性肺结节病超过12年的患者。
进展为慢性肺结节病的患者由于复发性感染/肺纤维化而相当快地恶化,并且通常不会生存12年。使用rhDNase I如进行治疗可以是长期的(12年以上),无疾病或复发性肺部症状加重的进展或进展最小化。可以通过用预防复发性气道感染,通过趋化性吸引释放嗜中性粒细胞蛋白酶、炎性细胞因子、一氧化氮和氧自由基(其合起来可能是所观察到的肺纤维化和肺固定部分的肺气肿样损失的原因)的嗜中性粒细胞来有效防止阻塞后肺炎和组织损伤,阻止进展到肺纤维化和死亡。
与在肺结节病患者中使用rhDNase I如有关的一个关键问题是:“长期使用会被患者耐受吗?并且临床状况会如同未治疗的或类固醇不应的疾病一样恶化吗?”本文描述的实验结果-已用治疗超过12年的患者无副作用或事故,完全没有任何肺部症状加重-表明该问题的答案是“是”。
打破了支气管损伤、受损的粘液清除、复发性炎症和更多的损伤-导致最严重受影响的肺结节病患者的肺纤维化和/或咯血和死亡-的周期。
本文描述的方法可以通过减少对其他药物(例如皮质类固醇)的需要,减少咳嗽,减少细菌感染的数量和严重性,改善患者血液的氧饱和度和/或允许更大的身体活动(例如,改善运动耐力),来改善肺结节病患者的健康。
本发明的某些实施方案包括:
1、一种治疗肺结节病的方法,所述方法包括向有需要的患者施用治疗有效量的粘液溶解剂。其它实施方案包括:
2、根据实施方案1所述的方法,其中所述粘液溶解剂是DNase I。
3、根据实施方案1所述的方法,其中所述粘液溶解剂选自由2-硫烷基乙磺酸钠、2,2'-二硫烷二基二乙磺酸二钠及其组合组成的组。
4、根据实施方案1所述的方法,其中所述DNase I是重组DNase I。
5、根据实施方案4所述的方法,其中所述重组DNase I是重组人DNase I。
6、根据实施方案5所述的方法,其中所述重组人DNase I通过吸入向患者的肺施用。
7、根据实施方案6所述的方法,其中所述吸入使用雾化器进行。
8、根据实施方案5所述的方法,其中所述重组人DNase I具有天然人DNase I的氨基酸序列。
9、根据实施方案5所述的方法,其中所述重组人DNase I具有SEQ ID NO:3的氨基酸序列。
10、根据实施方案1所述的方法,其中所述肺结节病是急性肺结节病。
11、根据实施方案1所述的方法,其中所述肺结节病是慢性肺结节病。
12、根据实施方案1所述的方法,其包括向所述患者施用抗生素。
13、根据实施方案1所述的方法,其包括向所述患者施用支气管扩张剂。
14、根据实施方案1所述的方法,其包括向患者施用胸部物理治疗或体位引流。
15、根据实施方案4所述的方法,其包括向患者施用另外的粘液溶解剂,所述另外的粘液溶解剂选自由2-硫烷基乙磺酸钠;2,2'-二硫烷二基二乙磺酸二钠;N-乙酰半胱氨酸;及其组合组成的组。
附图说明
图1示出Shak等人,1990,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 87:9188-9192中报道的人DNase I的核苷酸(SEQ ID NO.1)和推定的氨基酸(SEQ ID NO.2)序列。核苷酸在左侧编号。氨基酸编号在成熟酶序列的Leu+1开始的线上方,并且之前是22-氨基酸的推定的信号序列(下划线)。四个半胱氨酸残基以粗体印刷。两个潜在的N-连接的糖基化位点由氨基酸序列上方的线表示。
图2示出美国专利6,348,343中报道的天然人DNase I的氨基酸序列(SEQ IDNO.3)。
图3示出实施例1中治疗患者的临床时间线。
具体实施方式
如本文所用的“DNA水解活性”是指天然人DNase I或人DNase I的变体的切割DNA以产生5'-磷酸化的寡核苷酸终产物的酶活性。
如本文所用的“粘液溶解剂”是指用于溶解粘液的试剂,以便帮助疏松和清除来自肺的气道的粘液。
如本文所用的“患者”是指人类患者。
如本文所用的“rhDNase I”是指通过在某些宿主细胞如中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞中表达编码人DNase I的DNA构建体而获得的重组人DNase I,即人DNase I。
如本文所用,“人DNase I的变体”是指包含与天然人DNase I不同的氨基酸序列但仍保留与天然人DNase I至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的多肽。
如本文使用的“治疗有效量”是指例如通过延缓或最小化与肺结节病有关的一种或多种症状、或通过增强由另一种用于肺结节病的治疗剂提供的治疗益处来提供治疗或管理肺结节病的治疗益处的粘液溶解剂的量。
在一个实施方案中,本文所述方法中使用的rhDNase I的形式是在中发现的,其含有从经过基因工程改造以表达天然人DNase I的中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞获得的高纯度的rhDNase I水溶液。中的rhDNase I是含有260个氨基酸、分子量为37,000道尔顿的糖蛋白。该蛋白质的一级氨基酸序列与天然人DNase I的相同。其通用名称为阿法链道酶。在某些实施方案中,将以与向囊性纤维化患者施用的相同通用方式(例如,剂量、施用方式)施用于肺结节病患者。在一个实施方案中,本文所述方法中使用的rhDNase I的形式是的生物仿制药(biosimilar)。
天然人DNase I的DNA和氨基酸序列可以见于Shak等,1990,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 87:9188-9192(Shak)。Shak中还发现了如何通过在来自人胰腺cDNA文库的λgt10中克隆获得编码人DNase I的核苷酸以及该核苷酸如何被重组表达的详细描述。这些Shak的公开内容通过引用并入本文。Shak的图1A显示天然人DNase I的DNA和氨基酸序列,并且在本文中再现为本申请的图1。
作为在中发现的rhDNase I的替代物,本文所述的方法可以通过施用不同的rhDNase I来实施。例如,美国专利5,279,823描述了可以使用的脱酰胺的rhDNase I。美国专利号6,348,343描述了具有与可用于治疗本文所述的肺结节病的方法中使用的天然人DNase I中发现的略微不同的氨基酸序列的rhDNase I变体。例如,描述如下:
在对应于天然人DNase I的序列的下列位置包含至少一个氨基酸取代的人DNaseI的变体(SEQ ID NO:3):His44、Leu45、Val48、Gly49、Leu52、Asp53、Asn56、His64、Tyr65、Val66、Val67、Ser68、Glu69、Ser94、Tyr96或Ala 114,其中所述变体具有DNA水解活性;
具有与SEQ ID NO:3至少99%相同的氨基酸序列的人DNase I的变体,其中所述变体具有DNA水解活性;
具有与SEQ ID NO:3至少95%相同的氨基酸序列的人DNase I的变体,其中所述变体具有DNA水解活性;
具有与SEQ ID NO:3至少90%相同的氨基酸序列的人DNase I的变体,其中所述变体具有DNA水解活性;
具有仅通过一个氨基酸取代而不同于SEQ ID NO:3的氨基酸序列的人DNase I的变体,其中所述变体具有DNA水解活性;
包含选自由E13A、E13H、E13R、E13W、E13Y、H44A、H44D、H44Y、H44W、H44C、H44Q、H44N、H44E、L45C、L45K、L45R、V48C、V48K、V48R、G49C、G491、G49K、G49R、G49Y、L52C、L52K、L52M、L52N、L52R、D53A、D53K、D53R、D53Y、D53C、D53L、D53M、N56C、N56F、N56K、N56R、N56W、D58T、H64N、Y65A、Y65R、Y65W、Y65C、Y65K、Y65M、Y65S、Y65N、Y65E、Y65P、V66T、V66N、V67A、V67E、V67K、V67C、V67D、V67H、V67M、V67P、V67R、V67S、V67T、V67N、S68K、S68R、S68M、S68N、E69K、E69R、E69A、E69C、E69M、E69T、P70T、S94N、Y96T、A114C、A114E、A114G、A114H、A114K、A114L、A114M、A114Q、A114R、A114W和A114Y组成的组的至少一个氨基酸取代的人DNase I(SEQ ID NO:3)的变体,其中所述变体具有DNA水解活性;
包含选自由E13A、E13H、E13R、E13W、E13Y、H44A、G49R、D53R、D53K、D53Y、D53A、D53C、N56R、Y65A、Y65R、Y65W、V67E、E69K、E69R、A114G和A114H组成的组的至少一种氨基酸取代的人DNase I(SEQ ID NO:3)的变体;和
包含选自H44A:D53R:Y65A、H44A:Y65A:E69R,、D53R:Y65A、D53R:E69R、S94N:Y96T、V67N:E69T,、Y65N:V67T和H64N:V66T中的至少一种氨基酸取代的人DNase I(SEQ ID NO:3)的变体。
美国专利号6,391,607还描述了具有与可用于本文所述的治疗肺结节病的方法的天然人DNase I中发现的略微不同的氨基酸序列的rhDNase I变体。例如,描述了包含与天然人DNase I(SEQ ID NO:3)的氨基酸序列具有至少90%同一性的氨基酸序列和在对应于天然人DNase I的Gln9、Thr14、Asn74、Ser75和Thr205的一个或多个氨基酸残基处的取代的人DNase I变体。
可以通过在合适的培养基中培养已经用编码人DNase I的合适表达载体转染的中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞,并通过常规手段如切向流过滤和柱层析纯化rhDNase I,在CHO细胞中重组生产rhDNase I。或者,可以使用本领域公知的其它合适的重组宿主细胞生产rhDNase I。
用于本文所述方法的粘液溶解剂可以使用合适的雾化器或雾化器/压缩机系统通过吸入向肺施用。合适的雾化器/压缩机系统包括:
具有压缩机的Hudson T UP-DRAFT II雾化器;
具有压缩机的Marquest雾化器;
具有PARI压缩机的Jet+雾化器;
具有PARI压缩机的雾化器;
具有压缩机的耐用雾化器;和
具有压缩机的耐用雾化器。
当粘液溶解剂是DNase I时,可以使用约2.5mg每天一次的剂量。可选地,可以使用约2.5mg每天两次的剂量。可以使用的其它剂量包括约0.5mg、约1.0mg、约1.5mg、约2.0mg、约2.5mg、约3.0mg、约3.5mg、约4.0mg、约4.5mg、或约5.0mg,每天一次或两次。也可以使用0.5mg至5.0mg,1.0mg至4.0mg或1.5mg至3.5mg,每天一次或两次的剂量。
在某些实施方案中,粘液溶解剂每周通过吸入递送至患者1、2、3、4、5、6或7次,持续一定时间段。在某些实施方案中,所述时间段为约1周、约2周、约1个月、约2个月、约3个月、约6个月、约9个月、约1年、约2年、约3年、约4年、约5年、约6年、约7年、约8年、约9年、约10年、约11年或约12年。
可以根据本文所述的方法将包含治疗有效量的rhDNase I和药学上可接受的载体或赋形剂的药物组合物向需要治疗肺结节病的患者施用。DNase I的缓冲或无缓冲水溶液,例如等渗盐溶液,如pH7的含有1.0mM氯化钙的150mM氯化钠,可以是合适的药物组合物。
在一个实施方案中,rhDNase I作为灭菌的水溶液施用,所述水溶液含有1.0mg/mL的阿法链道酶、0.15mg/mL氯化钙脱水剂和8.77mg/mL氯化钠,不含防腐剂。溶液的标称pH为6.3。在一个实施方案中,将rhDNase I供应于通过雾化器递送2.5mL该溶液的一次性安瓿中。
在某些实施方案中,所述方法包括向需要治疗肺结节病的患者施用粘液溶解剂和口服皮质类固醇,例如强的松或泼尼松龙。在某些实施方案中,所述方法包括向需要治疗肺结节病的患者施用粘液溶解剂和支气管扩张剂。
在某些实施方案中,所述方法包括向患有肺结节病的患者施用粘液溶解剂和抗生素。粘液溶解剂可以是DNase I,抗生素可以选自由妥布霉素(tobramycin)、Podhaler、 沙丁胺醇、阿奇霉素、Azasite、Cotazym、Pancreaze、Nebcin及其组合组成的组。抗生素可以通过吸入例如使用雾化器施用。抗生素可以与粘液溶解剂一起施用或分开施用。
在某些实施方案中,粘膜溶解剂与典型用于治疗肺结节病(例如胸部物理治疗和/或体位引流)的非药物疗法一起施用。
实施例
一名患者(中年女性,非洲血统)患有使人衰弱的慢性肺结节病史,伴有需要每年进行抗生素治疗的多次肺部症状加重。不断咳嗽导致肋骨骨折和腹部疝气。有时,患者卧床不起,呼吸困难,爬楼梯或行走无法超过10英尺。类固醇由肺科专科医生开出;然而,无法忍受类固醇治疗的副作用(糖尿病、体重增加、记忆丧失、精神错乱、致残的关节疼痛)。患者的肺结节病被认为是类固醇治疗最终难以治愈的,该治疗已被停用,基本上没有为该患者提供治疗方案。
由执照医生向患者开出以开始治疗。患者对治疗作出如下反应:
1.与有关的不良事件–在超过10年的治疗中没有出现;
2.咳嗽、气喘、呼吸困难–无(尽管已经需要持续的治疗3-4天/周以维持改善的肺功能,当定期尝试停止治疗所述肺功能立即开始退化);
3.目前,室内空气中的动脉血氧饱和度为98%(手指脉搏血氧测定法);
4.治疗过程中的运动耐力-无限制;
5.肺部症状加重(肺炎)-在超过10年的治疗中没有出现;
6.肉芽肿形成/咳痰-偶尔;
7.与肺结节病相关的急诊就诊住院治疗-在超过10年的治疗中没有出现;
8.治疗期间的血液化学、肝和肾功能-正常;
9.治疗期间治疗的无关临床病况:
a.脊髓麻醉的腹部子宫切除术;
b.鼻窦炎-用抗组胺药治疗的两次发作;
c.胸壁脂肪瘤-局部麻醉下手术切除;
d.后膝盖脂肪瘤-在局部麻醉下手术切除;
10.用体位引流的胸部物理治疗-治疗期间无需;
11.肋骨骨折和腹部疝-在治疗期间无;
12.一般生活质量-在治疗期间大大改善。
用于治疗慢性肺结节病的这些临床发现甚至更值得注意,因为黑人女性患者通常具有更严重的肺部受累,并且具有差的长期预后和非常高的复发发生率。
鉴于肺结节病的性质,上述患者的延长的临床时间线是适当的。所有肺结节病患者的约50%在症状发作2年内经历缓解。普遍接受的是,关于疾病表现的Scadding放射学分期(radiologic staging)预测了缓解的近似似然。在一些情况下,口服类固醇治疗后缓解,但在所有情况下,缓解的原因是未知的。肺纤维化(IV期)患者不经历缓解,只有少部分慢性肺结节病患者(20%±)发生缓解。
尽管肺结节病中疾病的真正缓解是不可预言的,然而终末期疾病典型地随着患者的状况逐渐恶化而在5-10年间继续进行。慢性肺结节病的典型临床过程是肺功能的不断恶化,最终导致急性呼吸衰竭(ARF),由于以下各种原因:i)肺实质破坏;ii)咯血;iii)肺炎;或iv)间质性纤维化。
最差的临床预后与上述患者相关:
i)发病时年龄>40岁
ii)非裔美国人血统
iii)女性
iv)需要类固醇
v)皮肤/神经系统受累
vi)II-IV期胸部照片
vii)显著的肺功能损伤
viii)需要ER访问、抗生素、住院等的复发性肺炎
ix)呈现出严重的呼吸困难伴以浓稠的分泌物
上述延长的临床时间线允许区分要进行的疾病的缓解和稳定。将缓解患者与通过治疗性干预来使其疾病稳定并保持在准稳态的患者区分的方法之一是在适当长的间隔(可能相当于导致ARF和死亡的间隔)内观察治疗,并定期中止治疗以观察疾病症状是否恶化或保持不变,从而表明疾病的真实缓解。对于上述患者,在典型的“生存窗口”(对于进行性、慢性疾病患者8-14年),这是每年要做的。
在预治疗和整个治疗间隔期间,用治疗上述患者的临床时间线图示于图3中。在治疗过程中,没有发生单一的肺部症状加重,尽管患者已经有几次手术和几次短暂的上呼吸道感染,伴有鼻塞、头痛和不适感。通过脉搏血氧定量法测量的动脉氧合从治疗间隔期间的SaO2=70%的低水平改善为室内空气中当前测量的SaO2=99%,与运动能力逐渐改善和运动时呼吸困难消失一致。在治疗期间,患者每年自愿停用治疗2周间隔,以确定是否发生疾病消退或是否有必要继续用治疗。在停用治疗的每一例中,患者的肺部疾病症状(呼吸困难、分泌物浓稠等)恶化,但在恢复治疗(每周2.5mg qd 4x)后得到解决。患者偶尔报告有肺组织“肿块”的咳出,推测是脱落的气道肉芽肿,将最近的标本回收并在10%福尔马林中固定用于组织病理学。患者的常规胸部X光片在治疗过程中表现出改善,基于瘢痕形成的证据,没有进展到更严重的疾病。在治疗期间注意到的唯一临时咳嗽发作与由于粘液阻塞和/或脱落肉芽肿的咳出而导致的周期性支气管刺激相关,其中没有一个严重到足以导致腹部疝气疼痛或肋骨骨折。患者的结节性皮肤受累不变,患者的饮食不受限制。患者目前身体健康状况良好,生活质量明显提高,但在可预见的将来,必须用继续治疗,维持计划为2.5mg qd,每周4x-5x。
长时间观察这一个患者,密切监测这种疾病的临床体征和症状,显示出显著的治疗相关的生活质量改善,完全不存在肺部症状加重,显著改善血氧合/运动耐力。疾病的缓解在这个病人中并不明显,因为每年停用治疗14天导致在每种情况下疾病症状恶化(咳嗽增加、呼吸困难和身体不适)。这种连续的长期监测为治疗的有益结果提供了非常高度的信心,并且完全没有与长期使用相关的副作用。
由于慢性肺结节病的进行性性质以及该患者缓解的可能性非常低,因此从短时间的治疗中观察得出有意义的结论将是困难的。相反,进行了长时间的连续观察,因为只研究了一名患者,除了停止治疗,没有任何可用于评估单一患者疾病的进展或缓解状态的测试或指标。
在上述治疗中肯定地解决了六个根本重要的问题:
1.当预期终身治疗时,短治疗间隔(1年)是否预测长期反应(10年)(Kravitz等人,2009,Contemp.Clin.Trials 30(5):436–445)?
2.治疗干预能否无限期地耐受而不会产生不良药物反应(ADR)?
3.实验设计能否将疾病的自发缓解与在稳态患者失调中维持治疗的持续需要相分开?
4.患者的生活质量的改善是否由治疗所需的成本和努力所判定,以及评估长期治疗所需的评估工具是什么?
5.能否持续n=1试验直到治疗功效和耐受性被建立或否定(Guyatt等人,1986,N.Engl.J.Med.314(14):889–892;Rochon,1990,J.Clin.Epidemiol.43(5):499–508)?
6.能否使用n=1结果来开发分层治疗组用于随后的基于更大群体的RCT?这对于由美国FDA对治疗干预的正式上市许可是至关重要的。
在回答上述问题时,目的是将这种n=1分层药物治疗用于索引慢性肺结节病患者,以支持促进“循证”医学的举措(Guyatt等人,2000,Evidence-Based Medicine WorkingGroup,JAMA 284(10):1290–1296;Sackett等人,1996,BMJ312(7023):71–72;Lauer&Collins,2010,JAMA 303(21):2182–2183;Collins,2010,Science327(5961):36–37),更重要的是,在严重困难的患者中,无需替代治疗方案即可迅速使治疗精确度最大化。总体目标是使用在治疗过程中逐步形成的客观的、结果驱动的标准来确定最佳个性化治疗。根据该n=1试验的客观结果,该患者通过基于特定临床风险特征和疾病的阶段和范围建立个体治疗分层,帮助提供关键的见解来确定在更大的异质的、处在危险期的人群中个体结局如何改善。此外,作为个体化治疗的一部分,随着时间的推移利用索引患者的年度无治疗(“洗脱(washout)”)间隔,以定期评估长期治疗的持续益处。
n=1临床试验的一个缺点是需要不断的长期的监测和相关的患者招募和保留问题。对于本申请中的索引患者,招募、保留和依从性不是问题,这是因为不存在替代疗法,且患者起初的痛苦状况导致令人沮丧的稳步下降的医疗预后,加上患者方面以前尝试了无效的标准治疗而不愿意经过长时间的次优治疗(见图3所示的临床时间线)。
n=1临床试验的第二个缺点涉及生活方式变化(饮食调整、其他医疗问题,运动方案等)对治疗结果解释的混杂影响。但这些混杂变量对于索引患者而言随时间推移最终得到平衡。在这里,正是增加试验长度(见临床时间线)清楚地解决了与混杂变量效应有关的歧义,包括疾病自发缓解的可能性。洗脱期(每年2周“无治疗”间隔)总是与疾病症状的恢复相关,表明索引慢性肺结节病患者可能类似于需要准日常治疗的CF患者;此外,患者的主观经验证实了治疗效用,且在本文报道的整个治疗间隔期间未观察到药物不良反应(ADR)。
基于研究长度和索引患者的主观和客观反应,被明确地验证为安全有效的终身治疗方案。应该注意的是,在洗脱间隔期间每天监测患者,以避免危及患者安全-类似于RCT的安慰剂组的方法。此外,如果患者的身体状况(呼吸困难、过度咳嗽,变色的粘液等)恶化,则指示患者立即恢复治疗。通常,在2周洗脱间隔结束之前,在第1周和第2周之间这些疾病症状开始复发。
从该索引患者的长期结果来看,显然,标准RCT中未来患者组的某些分层是适当的,尽管这种努力可能花费数千万美元,涉及多个国际临床中心,和一个相当大的临床研究团队。本文提供的工作是建立下一阶段临床研究,提供足够资金和完成RCT的关键,将有希望导致美国FDA批准用于慢性肺结节病。意识到美国处于医疗危机之中,已经积极推动了医学研究进展(Collins,2010,Science327(5961):36-37)和采用精细药物治疗罕见疾病的方法,其中慢性肺结节病是直到现在仍顽固地无法成功治疗。
已经证明了上述患者的长期治疗可显著降低慢性肺结节病的发病率并改善生活质量。在该患者的治疗间隔期间似乎没有发生疾病缓解,临床改善完全取决于持续的治疗。虽然肺结节病的症状对于该患者而言已经缓解并且维持缓解,但是该疾病的根本原因仍然存在,并且在停止治疗时存在快速疾病进展的可能。
Claims (15)
1.一种治疗肺结节病的方法,所述方法包括向有需要的患者施用治疗有效量的粘液溶解剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述粘液溶解剂是DNase I。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述粘液溶解剂选自由2-硫烷基乙磺酸钠、2,2'-二硫烷二基二乙磺酸二钠及其组合组成的组。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述DNase I是重组DNase I。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述重组DNase I是重组人DNase I。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述重组人DNase I通过吸入向患者的肺施用。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述吸入使用雾化器进行。
8.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述重组人DNase I具有天然人DNase I的氨基酸序列。
9.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述重组人DNase I具有SEQ ID NO:3的氨基酸序列。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述肺结节病是急性肺结节病。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述肺结节病是慢性肺结节病。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其包括向所述患者施用抗生素。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其包括向所述患者施用支气管扩张剂。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其包括向患者施用胸部物理治疗或体位引流。
15.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其包括向患者施用另外的粘液溶解剂,所述另外的粘液溶解剂选自由2-硫烷基乙磺酸钠;2,2'-二硫烷二基二乙磺酸二钠;N-乙酰半胱氨酸;及其组合组成的组。
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