CN107237656B - Coaxial structure of supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and axial flow turbine - Google Patents

Coaxial structure of supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and axial flow turbine Download PDF

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CN107237656B
CN107237656B CN201710619752.XA CN201710619752A CN107237656B CN 107237656 B CN107237656 B CN 107237656B CN 201710619752 A CN201710619752 A CN 201710619752A CN 107237656 B CN107237656 B CN 107237656B
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carbon dioxide
centrifugal compressor
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flow turbine
turbine
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CN107237656A (en
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谢永慧
施东波
张荻
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Xian Jiaotong University
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01KSTEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K7/00Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating
    • F01K7/32Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines using steam of critical or overcritical pressure
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D15/00Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
    • F01D15/08Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, pumps
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D15/00Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
    • F01D15/10Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a coaxial structure of a supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and an axial flow turbine, wherein a high-speed starting motor, the centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine are sequentially arranged on a main shaft from left to right to form a coaxial structure, and the main shaft is connected with a rotating shaft of a generator through a gearbox; when the centrifugal compressor works, the centrifugal compressor is started through the high-speed starting motor, the centrifugal compressor compresses carbon dioxide to set high-pressure, then the high-pressure carbon dioxide flows through the pressure stabilizing tank and enters the heat regenerator, high-temperature working medium at the outlet of the axial flow turbine is used for preheating the high-pressure carbon dioxide, then the high-pressure carbon dioxide is heated to a supercritical state at the inlet of the turbine by the heat source, the high-temperature high-pressure carbon dioxide flows into the axial flow turbine to expand and work, the internal energy of the carbon dioxide is converted into mechanical energy, and the mechanical energy is transmitted to the generator to generate; after the carbon dioxide which has done work flows through the heat regenerator, the carbon dioxide finally flows into the cooler to reduce the temperature to the state required by the inlet of the centrifugal compressor.

Description

Coaxial structure of supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and axial flow turbine
Technical Field
The invention relates to a mechanical power output structure of an impeller, in particular to a coaxial structure of a supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and an axial flow turbine.
Background
With the rapid development of science and technology, the requirements on the performance of a power generation thermodynamic system in national economy and national defense science and technology are higher and higher, and a power generation system using a conventional working medium is difficult to meet the design requirements. The carbon dioxide is one of the most promising natural working mediums due to the specific properties of the carbon dioxide in the supercritical state. The carbon dioxide is colorless, tasteless, nontoxic, good in chemical stability, widely available in the atmosphere, cheap and easy to obtain, the critical temperature is 31.1 ℃, the critical pressure is 7.4MPa, the supercritical state is easy to realize, the requirement on equipment is low, and the manufacturing cost is reduced. The carbon dioxide has high density similar to liquid, low viscosity similar to gas and low surface tension in a supercritical state, and has good flowing, penetrating and transferring properties. The supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a thermal cycle working medium, and the characteristic of higher density near a critical point is fully utilized, so that the cyclic compression work can be reduced, and the cycle efficiency is improved. Meanwhile, the impeller taking the supercritical carbon dioxide as the working medium has a more compact mechanical structure and a smaller volume.
Among them, the power generation turbine and the centrifugal compressor are one of the core key devices in the entire thermodynamic system. The compressor is driven by a high-speed motor to work, and the high-speed motor is adopted to drive the compressor, so that the problems of complex system, high requirement on the motor, cost increase and the like are caused. Based on the reasons, the invention provides a coaxial structure of the centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine, which takes supercritical carbon dioxide as a working medium, the axial flow turbine is used for directly driving the compressor, the coaxial structure has the characteristics of simple system, compact structure and high efficiency, simultaneously the problems of difficult matching and high manufacturing cost of a high-speed motor are solved, and the manufacturing and operating cost of equipment is effectively reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art, provides a coaxial structure of a centrifugal compressor and an axial flow turbine by using supercritical carbon dioxide as a working medium, has a power output structure with simple structure, small volume, compact structure, high efficiency and low manufacturing and operating cost, and has wide application prospect.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme to realize the purpose:
a coaxial structure of a supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and an axial flow turbine comprises the centrifugal compressor, a high-speed starting motor, a pressure stabilizing tank, a heat regenerator, a heat source, the axial flow turbine, a cooler, a gearbox and a generator; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the high-speed starting motor, the centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine are sequentially arranged on a main shaft from left to right to form a coaxial structure of the supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine, and the main shaft is connected with a rotating shaft of a generator through a gearbox;
when the centrifugal compressor works, the centrifugal compressor is started through the high-speed starting motor, power is provided by the centrifugal compressor when the centrifugal compressor runs to compress a carbon dioxide working medium to set high-pressure, then the high-pressure carbon dioxide working medium flows through the pressure stabilizing tank and enters the heat regenerator, the high-pressure carbon dioxide working medium is preheated by utilizing a high-temperature working medium at the outlet of the axial flow turbine, then the high-pressure carbon dioxide working medium is heated to a supercritical state at the inlet of the turbine by utilizing a heat source, the high-temperature high-pressure carbon dioxide working medium flows into the axial flow turbine to expand and work, the internal energy of the carbon dioxide working medium is converted into mechanical energy, and the mechanical energy is transmitted to; after the carbon dioxide working medium which does work flows through the heat regenerator, the carbon dioxide working medium finally flows into the cooler to reduce the temperature to the state required by the inlet of the centrifugal compressor.
The invention is further improved in that a compressor side radial bearing, a thrust bearing and a turbine side radial bearing are sequentially arranged on the main shaft from left to right, the compressor side radial bearing is arranged between the high-speed starting motor and the centrifugal compressor, the thrust bearing is arranged between the centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine, and the turbine side radial bearing is arranged between the axial flow turbine and the gearbox.
The invention is further improved in that the compressor side radial bearing, the thrust bearing and the turbine side radial bearing are any one of a pneumatic bearing, an electromagnetic bearing, a hydrostatic bearing, a dynamic pressure bearing and an oil-lubricated bearing.
The invention has the further improvement that a compressor side dry gas seal is arranged at the shaft end of the outlet side of the centrifugal compressor, a turbine side dry gas seal is arranged at the shaft end of the inlet side of the axial flow turbine, and the dry gas seals are all sealed by supercritical carbon dioxide dry gas.
The invention further improves that the power generation thermodynamic system with the coaxial structure belongs to a low-power system, the output power of a turbine ranges from 10 MW to 40MW, and the consumed power of a compressor ranges from 4 MW to 16 MW.
The invention is further improved in that the pressure of the carbon dioxide working medium at the inlet of the centrifugal compressor is between 7.7 and 12MPa, the temperature is between 32 and 50 ℃, the stage pressure ratio is between 1.5 and 2.3, and the flow rate is between 225 and 915 kg/s.
The invention is further improved in that the pressure of the carbon dioxide working medium at the inlet of the axial flow turbine is between 15 and 25MPa, the temperature is between 450 and 750 ℃, the stage pressure ratio is between 1.5 and 2.3, and the flow rate is between 225 and 915 kg/s.
The invention is further improved in that the centrifugal compressor adopts a single-stage or double-stage structure, the diameter of the wheel disc is between 150 and 600mm, and the rotating speed is in the range of 10000 and 40000 rpm.
The invention further improves that the grade of the axial flow turbine is selected to be in the range of 2-4 grades, the diameter of the wheel disc is between 215 and 1050mm, and the rotating speed is in the range of 10000 and 40000 rpm.
The invention is further improved in that the transmission ratio of the gearbox connecting the main shaft of the coaxial structure and the rotating shaft of the generator is 2-4.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the coaxial structure of the supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine, the Brayton cycle with the supercritical carbon dioxide as the working medium is adopted, and the characteristics of high density, low viscosity and low surface tension of the supercritical carbon dioxide and better flowing, permeating and transmitting performances of the carbon dioxide in a supercritical state are utilized, so that the compression work of the cycle can be reduced, and the cycle efficiency is improved. Compared with the impeller machinery with the conventional working medium, the impeller machinery taking the supercritical carbon dioxide as the working medium has the characteristics of high pressure, low temperature, small enthalpy drop and the like, so that the supercritical carbon dioxide impeller machinery has a more compact structure and a smaller volume. Meanwhile, the supercritical carbon dioxide is characterized by high density, so that the volume of the whole thermodynamic cycle system equipment is only about one tenth of the volume of the traditional steam cycle system equipment, and the equipment required by the whole cycle system is simpler than the traditional cycle system, thereby greatly reducing the volume and the manufacturing cost of the cycle system equipment. In conclusion, the Brayton cycle with supercritical carbon dioxide as the working medium has the remarkable advantages of simple system, small volume, compact structure, low equipment cost, high cycle efficiency and the like.
Particularly, the invention provides a coaxial structure of a centrifugal compressor and a radial flow turbine on the basis of the Brayton thermodynamic cycle of supercritical carbon dioxide, wherein the centrifugal compressor, a high-speed starting motor and the axial flow turbine are arranged on the same rotating shaft, and when the centrifugal compressor, the high-speed starting motor and the axial flow turbine are operated, the compressor and the axial flow turbine have the same rotating speed. In the starting stage of the centrifugal compressor, a high-speed starting motor is used for providing power for the centrifugal compressor; when partial load or normal working condition, the axial flow turbine directly drives the centrifugal compressor to work, and the motor drive in a conventional system is replaced, so that the system is simpler, the structure is more compact, and the mass of the whole machine is further reduced. Meanwhile, the coaxial structure of the centrifugal compressor and the centripetal turbine does not need to be specially provided with a high-speed motor, solves the problems of difficult matching and high manufacturing cost of the high-speed motor, and effectively reduces the equipment manufacturing and system operation cost.
Furthermore, the supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine are of a coaxial structure, a compressor side dry gas seal is arranged at the shaft end of the outlet side of the centrifugal compressor, a turbine side dry gas seal is arranged at the shaft end of the inlet side of the axial flow turbine, and the dry gas seals are all sealed by the supercritical carbon dioxide dry gas, so that zero leakage and zero escape of a sealing working medium can be effectively realized, the increasingly harsh leakage emission requirements of an environmental protection method on the medium are completely met, and meanwhile, the long-period, low-energy consumption, safe and reliable operation of a unit is realized.
Furthermore, the supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine are of a coaxial structure, a main shaft connecting the centrifugal compressor and the turbine is connected with a rotating shaft of a generator by adopting a gearbox, the transmission ratio of the gearbox is 2-4, the rotating speed of an output shaft can be regulated and controlled according to the actual performance of the generator, and a wider choice is provided for the model selection of the generator. Meanwhile, for a high-speed unit, a special high-speed generator does not need to be matched and designed, the equipment cost of the generator is greatly reduced, and the applicability and the economical efficiency of the power generation system are improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a thermodynamic cycle system of the present invention having a coaxial arrangement of a supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and an axial flow turbine;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the components of a portion A of FIG. 1 of the present invention showing a coaxial arrangement of a supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and an axial flow turbine;
FIG. 3 is a schematic three-dimensional view of a coaxial structure of a supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and an axial flow turbine according to the present invention;
in the figure: 1. the system comprises a centrifugal compressor, 2, a high-speed starting motor, 3, a surge tank, 4, a heat regenerator, 5, a heat source, 6, an axial flow turbine, 7, a cooler, 8, a gearbox, 9, a generator, 10, a compressor side radial bearing, 11, a turbine side radial bearing, 12, a thrust bearing, 13, a compressor side dry gas seal, 14 and a turbine side dry gas seal.
Detailed Description
The following embodiments of the present invention are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, and the embodiments and specific operations of the embodiments are provided on the premise of the technical solution of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1 to fig. 3, the coaxial structure of the supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine provided by the invention comprises a centrifugal compressor 1, a high-speed starting motor 2, a surge tank 3, a heat regenerator 4, a heat source 5, an axial flow turbine 6, a cooler 7, a gearbox 8, a generator 9, a compressor side radial bearing 10, a turbine side radial bearing 11, a thrust bearing 12, a compressor side dry gas seal 13 and a turbine side dry gas seal 14. The centrifugal compressor 1, the high-speed starting motor 2 and the axial flow turbine 6 are arranged on one main shaft to form a coaxial structure of the supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine, and the speed of the supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and the speed of the axial flow turbine are the same during operation. The main shaft is connected with a rotating shaft of the generator 9 through the gearbox 8, speed can be adjusted according to the actual performance of the generator, the transmission ratio of the gearbox is 2-4, and a wider choice is provided for the type selection of the generator. Meanwhile, for a high-speed unit, a special high-speed generator does not need to be matched and designed, the equipment cost of the generator is greatly reduced, and the applicability and the economical efficiency of the power generation system are improved. The shaft ends of the outlet side of the centrifugal compressor 1 and the shaft end of the inlet side of the axial flow turbine 6 are respectively sealed by supercritical carbon dioxide dry gas seals 13 and 14, so that zero leakage and zero escape of a sealed carbon dioxide working medium can be realized, the increasingly harsh leakage emission requirements of an environmental protection method on the medium are completely met, and the long-period, low-energy consumption, safe and reliable operation of a unit is realized. The dry gas seal may be replaced by a labyrinth seal or other form of sealing arrangement depending on the requirements of the application. The compressor-side radial bearing 10, the thrust bearing 12, and the turbine-side radial bearing 11 may be any one of a pneumatic bearing, an electromagnetic bearing, a hydrostatic bearing, a hydrodynamic bearing, and an oil-lubricated shaft.
The principle and the process of the invention mainly comprise the following steps: the centrifugal compressor 1 is started through the high-speed starting motor 2, the centrifugal compressor 1 provides power during operation to compress the carbon dioxide working medium to set high-pressure, then the high-pressure carbon dioxide working medium flows through the pressure stabilizing tank 3 and enters the heat regenerator 4, and the working medium with higher temperature at the outlet of the axial flow turbine 6 is utilized to preheat the high-pressure carbon dioxide working medium, so that the overall circulation efficiency is improved. Then, the high-pressure carbon dioxide is heated to a turbine inlet supercritical state by using the heat source 5, a high-temperature and high-pressure working medium flows into the axial flow turbine 6 to expand and do work, the internal energy of the working medium is converted into mechanical energy, the shaft work is provided for the centrifugal compressor 1, and meanwhile, the main shaft and a rotating shaft of the generator 9 are connected through the gearbox 8, and the mechanical energy is transmitted to the generator 9 to generate electricity. After the working carbon dioxide working medium flows through the heat regenerator 4, the working carbon dioxide working medium finally flows into the cooler 7 to reduce the temperature to the state required by the inlet of the centrifugal compressor 1.
In the invention, the carbon dioxide working medium in the thermodynamic cycle is always in a supercritical state. The power generation thermodynamic system with the coaxial structure of the supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine belongs to a low-power system, the output power range of the axial flow turbine 6 is 10-40MW, and the consumed power range of the centrifugal compressor 1 is 4-16 MW. In the starting stage of the centrifugal compressor 1, a high-speed starting motor 2 is used for providing power for the centrifugal compressor 1; under partial load or normal conditions, the centrifugal compressor 1 is directly driven by the axial turbine 6 to operate. The centrifugal compressor 1 adopts a single-stage or two-stage structure, the diameter of a wheel disc is between 150 and 600mm, the rotating speed is in the range of 10000 and 40000rpm, the pressure of an inlet carbon dioxide working medium is between 7.7 and 12MPa, the temperature is between 32 and 50 ℃, the stage pressure ratio is between 1.5 and 2.3, and the flow rate is between 225 and 915 kg/s. The grade selection range of the axial flow turbine 6 is 2-4 grades, the diameter of the wheel disc is between 215 and 1050mm, the rotating speed is within 10000 and 40000rpm, the pressure of an inlet carbon dioxide working medium is between 15 and 25MPa, the temperature is between 450 and 750 ℃, the grade pressure ratio is between 1.5 and 2.3, and the flow rate is between 225 and 915 kg/s.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the components of a coaxial structure of the supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine in the part A of FIG. 1. Fig. 3 is a schematic three-dimensional structure diagram of a coaxial structure of the supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine. The high-speed starting motor 2 is arranged along the main shaft direction of the radial bearing 11 at the turbine side from left to right in sequence: the high-speed starting device comprises a high-speed starting motor voltage 2, a compressor side radial bearing 10, a centrifugal compressor 1, a compressor side dry gas seal 13, a thrust bearing 12, a turbine side dry gas seal 14, an axial flow turbine 6 and a turbine side radial bearing 11; the high-speed starting motor 2, the centrifugal compressor 1 and the axial flow turbine 6 have the same speed during operation, and the coaxial structure has the remarkable advantages of simple and compact structure, high pneumatic efficiency, low manufacturing and operating cost and the like. Meanwhile, the gearbox 8 is adopted to connect the main shaft and the rotating shaft of the generator 9, so that the applicability and the economy of the power generation system are improved.

Claims (4)

1. A coaxial structure of a supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and an axial flow turbine is characterized by comprising a centrifugal compressor (1), a high-speed starting motor (2), a pressure stabilizing tank (3), a heat regenerator (4), a heat source (5), an axial flow turbine (6), a cooler (7), a gearbox (8) and a generator (9); wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the high-speed starting motor (2), the centrifugal compressor (1) and the axial flow turbine (6) are sequentially arranged on a main shaft from left to right to form a coaxial structure of the supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine, and the main shaft is connected with a rotating shaft of a generator (9) through a gearbox (8); the pressure of the carbon dioxide working medium at the inlet of the centrifugal compressor (1) is between 7.7 and 12MPa, the temperature is between 32 and 50 ℃, the stage pressure ratio is between 1.5 and 2.3, and the flow rate is between 225 and 915 kg/s; the pressure of the carbon dioxide working medium at the inlet of the axial flow turbine is between 15 and 25MPa, the temperature is between 450 and 750 ℃, the stage pressure ratio is between 1.5 and 2.3, and the flow rate is between 225 and 915 kg/s; the rotating speeds of the centrifugal compressor (1) and the axial flow turbine (6) are both in the range of 10000-;
the power generation thermodynamic system with the coaxial structure belongs to a low-power system, the output power range of a turbine is 10-40MW, and the consumed power range of a compressor is 4-16 MW; the centrifugal compressor adopts a single-stage or two-stage structure form, and the diameter of the wheel disc is between 150 and 600 mm; the stage selection range of the axial flow turbine (6) is 2-4 stages, and the diameter of the wheel disc is between 215 and 1050 mm; the transmission ratio of a gearbox (8) connecting the main shaft of the coaxial structure and a rotating shaft of the generator (9) is 2-4;
when the centrifugal compressor works, the centrifugal compressor (1) is started through the high-speed starting motor (2), the centrifugal compressor (1) provides power to compress a carbon dioxide working medium to set high-pressure when in operation, then the high-pressure carbon dioxide working medium flows through the pressure stabilizing tank (3) and enters the heat regenerator (4), the high-pressure carbon dioxide working medium is preheated by using a high-temperature working medium at the outlet of the axial flow turbine (6), then the high-pressure carbon dioxide working medium is heated to a turbine inlet supercritical state by using the heat source (5), the high-temperature high-pressure carbon dioxide working medium flows into the axial flow turbine (6) to expand and work, the internal energy of the carbon dioxide working medium is converted into mechanical energy, the main shaft and a rotating shaft of the generator (9) are connected through the gearbox (8) while shaft work is provided for the; after the carbon dioxide working medium which does work flows through the heat regenerator (4), the carbon dioxide working medium finally flows into the cooler (7) to reduce the temperature to the state required by the inlet of the centrifugal compressor (1).
2. The structure of claim 1, wherein the main shaft is further provided with a compressor-side radial bearing (10), a thrust bearing (12) and a turbine-side radial bearing (11) in sequence from left to right, the compressor-side radial bearing (10) is arranged between the high-speed starting motor (2) and the centrifugal compressor (1), the thrust bearing (12) is arranged between the centrifugal compressor (1) and the axial flow turbine (6), and the turbine-side radial bearing (11) is arranged between the axial flow turbine (6) and the gearbox (8).
3. The coaxial structure of the supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine according to claim 2, characterized in that the compressor side radial bearing (10), the thrust bearing (12) and the turbine side radial bearing (11) are any one of a pneumatic bearing, an electromagnetic bearing, a hydrostatic bearing, a hydrodynamic bearing and an oil-lubricated bearing.
4. The coaxial structure of the supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor and the axial flow turbine as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a compressor side dry gas seal (13) is arranged at the shaft end of the outlet side of the centrifugal compressor (1), a turbine side dry gas seal (14) is arranged at the shaft end of the inlet side of the axial flow turbine (6), and the dry gas seals are all supercritical carbon dioxide dry gas seals.
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