CN107217597A - A kind of prestressed concrete bridge face is seamlessly connected the construction method of plate - Google Patents

A kind of prestressed concrete bridge face is seamlessly connected the construction method of plate Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107217597A
CN107217597A CN201710425754.5A CN201710425754A CN107217597A CN 107217597 A CN107217597 A CN 107217597A CN 201710425754 A CN201710425754 A CN 201710425754A CN 107217597 A CN107217597 A CN 107217597A
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high ductility
composite material
length
connecting plate
ductility cement
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CN201710425754.5A
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郭丽萍
柴丽娟
丁聪
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Southeast University
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Southeast University
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01DCONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D21/00Methods or apparatus specially adapted for erecting or assembling bridges
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01DCONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D19/00Structural or constructional details of bridges
    • E01D19/12Grating or flooring for bridges; Fastening railway sleepers or tracks to bridges
    • E01D19/125Grating or flooring for bridges

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to the construction method that a kind of prestressed concrete bridge face is seamlessly connected plate, belong to technical field of bridge engineering, this method comprises the following steps:1) high ductility cement-base composite material connection board parameter is designed;2) one layer of machine oil or releasing agent are brushed in concrete substrate upper surface, is used as unsticking layer;3) fibre composite reinforcement mesh sheet is laid;4) high ductility cement-base composite material is poured, high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate is prepared;5) casting concrete pave-load layer;6) conserve.The present invention substitutes reinforcing bar of the prior art using fibre composite reinforcement, utilize the fibre composite reinforcement modulus of elasticity close with high ductility cement-base composite material, the ductility of high ductility cement-base composite material is played as far as possible, the design method is simple and reliable, construction costs can be reduced from life cycle management, considerable economic benefit is brought.

Description

A kind of prestressed concrete bridge face is seamlessly connected the construction method of plate
Technical field
The present invention relates to the construction method that a kind of prestressed concrete bridge face is seamlessly connected plate, belong to science of bridge building technology neck Domain.
Background technology
In science of bridge building, concrete bridge deck pavement layer is crept due to temperature and load action and autogenous shrinkage and is caused floorings System moderate finite deformation, traditional method is that expansion joint is set on each pier, but expansion joint by vehicular load in the case where being impacted for a long time It can damage, trigger the series of problems such as rainwater infiltration, steel bar corrosion.At this stage, many scholars start simply supported girder bridge panel in bridge Dun Chu connections, i.e., replace expansion joint to be seamlessly connected plate, realizes that bridge floor is continuous and seamless, keeps road surface slippery.Wherein, with Gao Yan Property cement-base composite material (HDCC) plus the connecting plate that designs of reinforced mesh be suitable for the deformations of floorings, undertake continuous beam The pulling force of hogging moment area, keeps the safety and stability of bridge, reduces bridge floor cracking risk, reduces the maintenance renewal expense of floorings, Increase economic efficiency.
The design of current connecting plate relates generally to two aspects, on the one hand, floorings system stress is distributed according to rigidity, Rigidity is smaller, and stress is then smaller, to reduce the stress of connecting plate, and unsticking layer is set at connecting plate, and in unsticking area with mating formation Transition region is set between layer concrete, and reinforces transition region, it is possible to decrease the rigidity of connecting plate ensures connecting plate and pave-load layer simultaneously It is reliably connected;On the other hand, the characteristic of HDCC multiple crack growths is realized, the excellent deformabilities of HDCC is given full play to, work can be saved Journey cost.
But the connecting plate designed using HDCC with reinforced mesh, high an order of magnitude of reinforcing bar modular ratio HDCC is caused The two compatibility of deformation ability is poor, it is impossible to play the excellent deformabilities of HDCC.Therefore in the urgent need to an effective reinforcement material, as far as possible The modulus of elasticity and HDCC for making muscle material are approached, and play HDCC ductility, and the rigidity of reduction connecting plate.
The content of the invention
Technical problem:It is an object of the invention to provide the construction party that a kind of prestressed concrete bridge face is seamlessly connected plate Method, this method easy construction, it is possible to decrease construction costs.
Technical scheme:The invention provides the construction method that a kind of prestressed concrete bridge face is seamlessly connected plate, this method Comprise the following steps:
1) length of high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate and the ratio of reinforcement of fibre composite reinforcement are designed, is specifically included de- The length and quantity of adhesion coating length, length of transition zone, the length of longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing and quantity and transverse fiber composite reinforcing, The longitudinal direction is direction of traffic;
2) gap of adjacent concrete matrix connecting place is first filled up with epoxy resin mortar, afterwards the center line correspondence at gap Both sides brush one layer of machine oil or releasing agent, be used as unsticking layer;
3) transition region is set in the longitudinal direction correspondence both sides of unsticking layer, for unsticking layer to the mistake between concrete pavement layer Cross, lay longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing and transverse fiber composite reinforcing in unsticking layer and transition region afterwards, form fibre composite reinforcement mesh sheet;
4) high ductility cement-base composite material is poured in fibre composite reinforcement mesh sheet region, fibre composite reinforcement mesh sheet is covered, it It is afterwards that its surface is floating, obtain high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate;
5) in the longitudinal direction correspondence both sides casting concrete pave-load layer of high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate;
6) after the completion for the treatment of that concrete pavement layer is poured, to high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate and concrete pavement layer Conserved.
Wherein:
Step 1) described in the high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate of design length and the ratio of reinforcement of fibre composite reinforcement Refer to the longitudinal direction i.e. ratio of reinforcement of direction of traffic and spacing that high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate is calculated by reinforcement of beam, High ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate is set laterally i.e. perpendicular to the ratio of reinforcement and spacing of direction of traffic according to board-like arrangement of reinforcement, The force-bearing situation of bed rearrangement bridge is simulated by finite element software again, the parameter of high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate is determined, It is specific as follows:The length of high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate is 15%-the 20% of adjacent two concrete substrates length, Unsticking layer length is 5%-the 10% of adjacent two concrete substrates length, and the length of longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing is than high ductility cement Long 1000mm~the 2000mm of length of based composites connecting plate, the length 40mm smaller than bridge width of transverse fiber composite reinforcing~ 60mm。
The middle position for the high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate that the unsticking layer is located at, and high ductility cement base is multiple The length of condensation material connecting plate is equal to unsticking layer length and the summation of both sides length of transition zone.
Step 3) described in lay longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing and transverse fiber composite reinforcing in unsticking layer and transition region, form fine The concrete operations for tieing up composite reinforcing mesh sheet are as follows:Ballast is first carried out on two neighboring concrete substrate, ballast quantity and scope are pressed Mat formation according to the second phase to moment equivalence principle in girder span, set up longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing and horizontal stroke in unsticking layer and transition region position afterwards To fibre composite reinforcement, longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing is in the upside of transverse fiber composite reinforcing;
Step 4) described in high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate upper surface and fibre composite reinforcement mesh sheet in longitudinal direction Fibre composite reinforcement distance is 20~30mm.
The length of the longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing is more than high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate, and stretches into both sides coagulation Native each 500mm~1000mm of pave-load layer, the length is used as anchorage length.
Described longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing and the interior diameter of transverse fiber composite reinforcing are 8mm~20mm, and its material is the Black Warrior Rock fibre composite reinforcement or glass fibre composite reinforcing, tension modulus of elasticity be 40GPa~45GPa, muscle material surface it is threaded or Sandblasting.
The corresponding concrete substrate upper surface of the transition zone position carries out dabbing or blasting treatment in advance so that base Body rough surface.
The strength grade of described high ductility cement-base composite material is that C40, compression modulus of elasticity are 20GPa~25GPa, Single shaft stretching strain is at least 1.5%.
The thickness and the consistency of thickness of concrete pavement layer of described high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate are 80~ 120mm。
Maintenance is carried out to high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate and concrete pavement layer to refer in external environmental condition Under, after high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate and concrete pavement layer condense 4~5 hours, gunnysack is covered on its surface Watering maintenance or the watering maintenance of plastic covering film.
Beneficial effect:Compared with prior art, the present invention has the advantage that:
The method easy construction of the present invention, low engineering cost has the prominent advantages that the present invention is substituted using fibre composite reinforcement Reinforcing bar of the prior art, can give full play to the ductility of high ductility cement-base composite material, reduce the rigidity of connecting plate, improve Its stress, reduces connecting plate cracking risk as far as possible, it is ensured that driving comfort level, economic benefits.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is that the prestressed concrete bridge face of the present invention is seamlessly connected the structure design schematic diagram of plate;
Wherein have:It is high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate 1, longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing 2, transverse fiber composite reinforcing 3, mixed Solidifying soil pave-load layer 4, unsticking layer 5, concrete substrate 6;Anchorage length a, length of transition zone b, unsticking layer length c, high ductility cement Based composites connecting plate length d.
Embodiment
For a better understanding of the present invention, with reference to the case study on implementation content that the present invention is furture elucidated, but the present invention Content be not limited solely to the following examples.
Embodiment 1:
The structure design that the prestressed concrete bridge face of the present invention is seamlessly connected plate is as shown in Figure 1:
1) with finite element analysis softwares such as ABAQUS, the high thickness of ductility cement-base composite material (HDCC) connecting plate 1 is designed For 120mm, length d=3m, the HDCC connecting plate 1 of HDCC connecting plates 1 and the unsticking layer length c=2m of concrete substrate 6, transition The bond-anchorage length a=of section length b=500mm, both sides longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing (FRP) 2 in concrete pavement layer 4 500mm;
2) FRP muscle uses basalt FRP muscle (BFRP), and tension modulus of elasticity is 45GPa, and tensile strength is 800MPa, BFRP muscle surface is in shape of threads, and longitudinal BFRP muscle internal diameter is 12mm, and spacing is 120mm, and horizontal BFRP muscle internal diameter is 8mm, spacing For 300mm;
3) gap of adjacent concrete matrix connecting place is first filled up with epoxy resin mortar, afterwards the center line correspondence at gap Both sides brushing a layer thickness be 2mm releasing agent, as unsticking layer 5, and unsticking layer the 5 corresponding surface of concrete substrate 6 Dabbing or blasting treatment are not done;
4) dabbing or blasting treatment are done in the surface of concrete substrate 6 at transition zone position, and holding surface is coarse;
5) ballast is carried out on two adjacent concrete matrixes 6, ballast quantity and scope are mated formation in girder span according to the second phase Moment equivalence principle, then arrange BFRP muscle, pour HDCC connecting plates.
In the present embodiment, the strength grade of HDCC connecting plates 1 is C40, and compression modulus of elasticity is 25GPa, ultimate tensile strength Design load is 1.5%.
In the present embodiment, the maintenance method of HDCC connecting plates 1 is, after after HDCC initial sets, to be conserved using covering gunnysack watering.
Embodiment 2:
The structural design drawing that the prestressed concrete bridge face of the present invention is seamlessly connected plate is as shown in Figure 1:
1) with finite element analysis softwares such as ABAQUS, the thickness of design HDCC connecting plates 1 is 100mm, design HDCC connecting plates 1 Length d=3m, HDCC connecting plate 1 and concrete substrate 6 unsticking layer length c=1.5m, both sides length of transition zone b= The bond-anchorage length a=1000mm of 750mm, both sides longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing (FRP) 2 in concrete pavement layer 4;
2) FRP muscle uses basalt FRP muscle (BFRP), and tension modulus of elasticity is 40GPa, and tensile strength is 800MPa, BFRP muscle surface is in shape of threads, and longitudinal BFRP muscle internal diameter is 16mm, and spacing is 150mm, and horizontal BFRP muscle internal diameter is 8mm, spacing For 300mm;
3) gap of adjacent concrete matrix connecting place is first filled up with epoxy resin mortar, afterwards the center line correspondence at gap Both sides brushing a layer thickness be 2mm machine oil, as unsticking layer 5, and unsticking layer the 5 corresponding surface of concrete substrate 6 do not do Dabbing or blasting treatment;
4) dabbing or blasting treatment are done in the surface of concrete substrate 6 at transition zone position, and holding surface is coarse;
5) ballast is carried out on two adjacent concrete matrixes 6, ballast quantity and scope are mated formation in girder span according to the second phase Moment equivalence principle, then arrange BFRP muscle, pour HDCC connecting plates.
In the present embodiment, the strength grade of HDCC connecting plates 1 is C40, and compression modulus of elasticity is 22GPa, ultimate tensile strength Design load is 1.5%.
In the present embodiment, the maintenance method of HDCC connecting plates 1 is, after after HDCC initial sets, to be conserved using covering gunnysack watering.
Embodiment 3:
The structural design drawing that the prestressed concrete bridge face of the present invention is seamlessly connected plate is as shown in Figure 1:
1) with finite element analysis softwares such as ABAQUS, the thickness of design HDCC connecting plates 1 is 80mm, the length of HDCC connecting plates 1 Spend d=4.5m, unsticking layer length c=1.5m, the both sides length of transition zone b=of HDCC connecting plates 1 and concrete substrate 6 The bond-anchorage length a=800mm of 1500mm, both sides longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing (FRP) 2 in concrete pavement layer 4;
2) FRP muscle uses glass fibre FRP muscle (GFRP), and tension modulus of elasticity is 42GPa, and tensile strength is 1700MPa, GFRP muscle surface sand-blastings, longitudinal GFRP muscle internal diameter is 20mm, and spacing is 200mm, and horizontal GFRP muscle internal diameter is 12mm, and spacing is 300mm;
3) gap of adjacent concrete matrix connecting place is first filled up with epoxy resin mortar, afterwards the center line correspondence at gap Both sides brushing a layer thickness be 2mm machine oil, as unsticking layer 5, and unsticking layer the 5 corresponding surface of concrete substrate 6 do not do Dabbing or blasting treatment;
4) dabbing or blasting treatment are done in the surface of concrete substrate 6 at transition zone position, and holding surface is coarse;
5) ballast is carried out on two adjacent concrete matrixes 6, ballast quantity and scope are mated formation in girder span according to the second phase Moment equivalence principle, then arrange GFRP muscle, pour HDCC connecting plates.
In the present embodiment, the strength grade of HDCC connecting plates 1 is C40, and compression modulus of elasticity is 20GPa, ultimate tensile strength Design load is 1.6%.
In the present embodiment, the maintenance method of HDCC connecting plates 1 is, after after HDCC initial sets, to be conserved using covering gunnysack watering.
Embodiment 4:
The structural design drawing that the prestressed concrete bridge face of the present invention is seamlessly connected plate is as shown in Figure 1:
1) with finite element analysis softwares such as ABAQUS, the thickness of design HDCC connecting plates 1 is 100mm, the length of HDCC connecting plates 1 Spend d=4m, HDCC connecting plates 1 and the unsticking layer length c=1m of concrete substrate 6, both sides length of transition zone b=1500mm, two Bond-anchorage length a=600mm of the side longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing (FRP) 2 in concrete pavement layer 4;
2) FRP muscle uses basalt FRP muscle (BFRP), and tension modulus of elasticity is 43GPa, and tensile strength is 800MPa, BFRP muscle surface is through blasting treatment, and longitudinal BFRP muscle internal diameter is 16mm, and spacing is 150mm, and horizontal BFRP muscle internal diameter is 10mm, Away from for 300mm;
3) gap of adjacent concrete matrix connecting place is first filled up with epoxy resin mortar, afterwards the center line correspondence at gap Both sides brushing a layer thickness be 2mm releasing agent, as unsticking layer 5, and unsticking layer the 5 corresponding surface of concrete substrate 6 Dabbing or blasting treatment are not done;
4) dabbing or blasting treatment are done in the surface of concrete substrate 6 at transition zone position, and holding surface is coarse;
5) ballast is carried out on two adjacent concrete matrixes 6, ballast quantity and scope are mated formation in girder span according to the second phase Moment equivalence principle, then arrange BFRP muscle, pour HDCC connecting plates.
In the present embodiment, the strength grade of HDCC connecting plates 1 is C40, and compression modulus of elasticity is 23GPa, ultimate tensile strength Design load is 1.6%.
In the present embodiment, the maintenance method of HDCC connecting plates 1 is, after after HDCC initial sets, to be conserved using covering gunnysack watering.
The foregoing is only a specific embodiment of the invention, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, any Those skilled in the art disclosed herein technical scope in, the change that can expect without creative work or Replace, should all be included within the scope of the present invention.Therefore, protection scope of the present invention should be limited with claims Fixed protection domain is defined.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of prestressed concrete bridge face is seamlessly connected the construction method of plate, it is characterised in that:This method comprises the following steps:
1) ratio of reinforcement of high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate length (d) and fibre composite reinforcement is designed, unsticking is specifically included Layer length (c), length of transition zone (b), the length of longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing (2) and quantity and transverse fiber composite reinforcing (3) Length and quantity, the longitudinal direction are direction of traffic;
2) gap of adjacent concrete matrix (6) connecting place is first filled up with epoxy resin mortar, afterwards the center line correspondence at gap Both sides brush one layer of machine oil or releasing agent, be used as unsticking layer (5);
3) transition region longitudinally is set for correspondence both sides in unsticking layer (5), for unsticking layer (5) between concrete pavement layer (4) Transition, lays longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing (2) and transverse fiber composite reinforcing (3) in unsticking layer (5) and transition region afterwards, forms fiber Composite reinforcing mesh sheet;
4) high ductility cement-base composite material is poured in fibre composite reinforcement mesh sheet region, fibre composite reinforcement mesh sheet is covered, afterwards will Its surface is floating, obtains high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate (1);
5) in high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate (1) longitudinal direction correspondence both sides casting concrete pave-load layer (4);
6) after the completion for the treatment of that concrete pavement layer (4) is poured, to high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate (1) and concrete pavement Layer (4) is conserved.
2. a kind of prestressed concrete bridge face according to claim 1 is seamlessly connected the construction method of plate, it is characterised in that: Step 1) described in the high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate length (d) of design and the ratio of reinforcement of fibre composite reinforcement refer to pass through The longitudinal direction that reinforcement of beam calculates high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate (1) is the ratio of reinforcement and spacing of direction of traffic, according to Board-like arrangement of reinforcement sets high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate (1) laterally i.e. perpendicular to the ratio of reinforcement and spacing of direction of traffic, The force-bearing situation of bed rearrangement bridge is simulated by finite element software again, the ginseng of high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate (1) is determined Number, it is specific as follows:High ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate length (d) is adjacent two concrete substrate (6) length 15% -20%, unsticking layer length (c) is 5%-the 10% of adjacent two concrete substrate (6) length, longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing (2) length 1000mm~2000mm longer than high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate length (d), transverse fiber composite reinforcing (3) length 40mm~60mm smaller than bridge width.
3. a kind of prestressed concrete bridge face according to claim 1 is seamlessly connected the construction method of plate, it is characterised in that: The middle position for the high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate (1) that the unsticking layer (5) is located at, and high ductility cement base is compound Material connecting plate length (d) is equal to unsticking layer length (c) and the summation of both sides length of transition zone (b).
4. a kind of prestressed concrete bridge face according to claim 1 is seamlessly connected the construction method of plate, it is characterised in that: Step 3) described in lay longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing (2) and transverse fiber composite reinforcing (3), formation in unsticking layer (5) and transition region The concrete operations of fibre composite reinforcement mesh sheet are as follows:Ballast, ballast quantity and model are first carried out on two neighboring concrete substrate (6) Enclose and mat formation according to the second phase to moment equivalence principle in girder span, set up longitudinal fiber in unsticking layer (5) and transition region position afterwards and answer Close muscle (2) and transverse fiber composite reinforcing (3), upside of the longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing (2) in transverse fiber composite reinforcing (3);Step 4) The upper surface of described high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate (1) and longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing in fibre composite reinforcement mesh sheet (2) distance is 20~30mm.
5. a kind of prestressed concrete bridge face according to claim 1 is seamlessly connected the construction method of plate, it is characterised in that: The length of the longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing (2) is more than high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate (1), and stretches into both sides concrete Pave-load layer (4) each 500mm~1000mm, the length is used as anchorage length (a).
6. a kind of prestressed concrete bridge face according to claim 1 is seamlessly connected the construction method of plate, it is characterised in that: Described longitudinal fiber composite reinforcing (2) and the interior diameter of transverse fiber composite reinforcing (3) are 8mm~20mm, and its material is the Black Warrior Rock fibre composite reinforcement or glass fibre composite reinforcing, tension modulus of elasticity be 40GPa~45GPa, muscle material surface it is threaded or Sandblasting.
7. a kind of prestressed concrete bridge face according to claim 1 is seamlessly connected the construction method of plate, it is characterised in that: Corresponding concrete substrate (6) upper surface of the transition zone position carries out dabbing or blasting treatment in advance so that matrix table Face is coarse.
8. a kind of prestressed concrete bridge face according to claim 1 is seamlessly connected the construction method of plate, it is characterised in that: The strength grade of described high ductility cement-base composite material is that C40, compression modulus of elasticity are 20GPa~25GPa, and single shaft is drawn should Become and be at least 1.5%.
9. a kind of prestressed concrete bridge face according to claim 1 is seamlessly connected the construction method of plate, it is characterised in that: The thickness of described high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate (1) and the consistency of thickness of concrete pavement layer (4) are 80~ 120mm。
10. a kind of prestressed concrete bridge face according to claim 1 is seamlessly connected the construction method of plate, its feature exists In:Maintenance is carried out to high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate (1) and concrete pavement layer (4) to refer in external environmental condition Under, after high ductility cement-base composite material connecting plate (1) and concrete pavement layer (4) condense 4~5 hours, covered on its surface Lid gunnysack watering maintenance or the watering maintenance of plastic covering film.
CN201710425754.5A 2017-06-08 2017-06-08 A kind of prestressed concrete bridge face is seamlessly connected the construction method of plate Pending CN107217597A (en)

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CN110804940A (en) * 2019-11-18 2020-02-18 江苏韧强建筑科技有限公司 Continuous structure of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fiber reinforced ultrahigh ductility concrete bridge floor
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CN111926675A (en) * 2020-07-29 2020-11-13 长江勘测规划设计研究有限责任公司 Bridge deck continuous structure for reducing arrangement of bridge deck expansion joints and construction method thereof
CN114592428A (en) * 2022-04-21 2022-06-07 江苏梦联桥科技有限公司 Low-modulus high-toughness composite material, continuous bridge deck connecting plate member and construction process
CN117431828A (en) * 2023-12-19 2024-01-23 北京新桥技术发展有限公司 Bridge leveling layer, bridge and construction method

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