CN107151072B - Treatment process of desulfurization wastewater - Google Patents
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- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
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Abstract
The invention discloses a treatment process of desulfurization wastewater, which comprises a desulfurization wastewater pretreatment process, a desulfurization wastewater membrane concentration treatment process and a desulfurization wastewater salting-out treatment process, wherein the desulfurization wastewater pretreatment process comprises a two-stage electrochemical treatment process and a two-stage softening treatment process; the membrane concentration treatment section is designed into two-stage membrane treatment, and comprises a roll type RO device and a mesh pipe type STRO device; the salting-out section adopts an MVR evaporator combined with a spray evaporator, and no organic agent is added in the whole process flow.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of environmental protection, and particularly relates to a desulfurization wastewater zero-discharge treatment process.
Background
The wet flue gas desulfurization technology has been applied and developed in domestic thermal power plants for more than ten years, is mature and stable day by day, and the matched wastewater treatment process still continues to use the triple-box traditional treatment process when the flue gas desulfurization technology is introduced. In the operation process of the equipment, due to the conditions of corrosion, abrasion, blockage and the like, the system failure rate is much higher than that of other systems of a power plant, a desulfurization wastewater system is shut down, and the condition that desulfurization wastewater is stolen and discharged to an ash yard generally exists. At present, with the stricter national environmental protection requirements and the stricter law enforcement measures, the power industry is announcing a modified wind of a desulfurization wastewater treatment system, and a power plant starts to try a zero-emission treatment technology.
The foreign zero-emission treatment process and equipment have complex systems and high operating cost, so that a power plant cannot bear high operating cost. In the prior art, a forward osmosis treatment process and equipment are used for carrying out zero-emission modification treatment on desulfurization wastewater, and the specific process flow is as follows: the raw wastewater is softened by lime-soda, clarified efficiently and filtered, then is preconcentrated by adopting an ultrafiltration membrane and a high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane technology, the raw water can be preconcentrated to the salt content of 5-7 ten thousand ppm, and then is further concentrated to the salt content of 20-25 ten thousand ppm by adopting a forward osmosis treatment process, and dried crystal salt is obtained by a crystallizer. Because the pretreatment system process is incomplete, the system has the scaling problem, and the chloride ion content of the inlet water of the system is 3000ppm, which is far away from the conventional requirement that the chloride ion content of the desulfurization wastewater is 10000-.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention overcomes the defects in the prior art and provides the desulfurization wastewater treatment process which is low in cost and suitable for industrialization.
The invention provides a treatment process of desulfurization wastewater, which comprises the following steps:
1) a desulfurization wastewater pretreatment process: the desulfurization wastewater pretreatment process comprises a two-stage electrochemical treatment process and a two-stage softening treatment process; enabling the desulfurization wastewater to enter a three-dimensional reactor from a vertical flow buffer device for primary electrochemical treatment to remove acidic substances in the wastewater and enabling colloidal substances in the wastewater to be unstable due to charge action to complete primary electrochemical treatment; the wastewater after the primary electrochemical treatment enters a secondary electrochemical reactor to generate electrochemical reaction, the secondary electrochemical treatment enables chloride ions in the wastewater to escape in a gas form, and organic matters in the wastewater are oxidized and decomposed on the surface of an anode; the wastewater treated by the secondary electrochemical reactor enters an intermediate water tank and an intermediate water pump through a precipitation device, and is pumped into a tubular microfiltration device by the water pump for filtration to obtain primary softened water, wherein the hardness of the primary softened water can be reduced to below 50 ppm; the primary softened water flows through a primary soft water tank and a nanofiltration water feed pump, then is filtered by an active carbon filter, filtrate filtered by the active carbon enters a nanofiltration device through a nanofiltration high-pressure pump, concentrated water intercepted by the nanofiltration device returns to an inclined plate precipitator, and wastewater which is not intercepted after being treated by the nanofiltration device enters the soft water tank;
2) and a desulfurization wastewater membrane concentration treatment process: the wastewater which is not intercepted after the treatment of the nanofiltration device enters a soft water tank and then enters a roll type RO device through an RO water feed pump and an RO high-pressure pump, and the concentrated water treated by the roll type RO device enters an STRO device through a booster pump to finish the concentration treatment process;
3) salting-out treatment process of desulfurization wastewater: concentrated water treated by the STRO device is evaporated by the MVR evaporation device, and evaporated concentrated salt waste is buried, so that zero discharge of sulfur-containing wastewater is realized.
The invention aims to adopt a two-stage electrochemical method to carry out flocculation, clarification and COD reduction treatment on the desulfurization wastewater, shortens the time required by the treatment of suspended solids and colloids in the desulfurization wastewater, reduces the occupied area of equipment and creates favorable conditions for the subsequent membrane process.
The two-stage softening process (primary softening by adopting soda ash/tubular microfiltration membrane filtration and deep softening by adopting a nanofiltration process) is adopted, so that the hardness of the wastewater entering the RO membrane device is less than 2.5mg/l, and the whole zero-discharge process system can stably and reliably operate for a long time.
The desulfurization wastewater is concentrated and reduced by adopting a two-stage membrane concentration treatment process, so that the automation level of system equipment is improved, and the treatment scale and the operating cost of an evaporation system are reduced.
And (3) evaporating the concentrated desulfurization wastewater by combining mechanical compression evaporation treatment with a spray evaporation process to form final solid waste of the zero-discharge system.
The process adopts advanced Internet of things and cloud computing technology, combines an electrical parameter sensor to acquire data of the operating states of system electrical equipment and a control valve, then sends the data to a cloud computing platform through a remote communication module to realize remote monitoring, combines an online analysis instrument to send real-time production data information such as water quantity, water level, water quality, power consumption, drug consumption and equipment states of the system to the cloud computing platform through the remote communication module, and collects, integrates, analyzes and processes the data through the cloud computing platform to realize remote real-time supervision, fault diagnosis and equipment management of the operating conditions of the system, so that the operating conditions of the equipment can be mastered, problems can be predicted and found in time, and the management is more standardized and refined.
The whole process can be divided into three process sections, namely a pretreatment section, a membrane concentration treatment section and a salting-out treatment section.
The pretreatment section comprises the whole process flow from the vertical flow buffer device to the soft water tank, and has the main functions of removing hardness, removing turbidity, and reducing the concentration of organic matters, chloride ions and sulfate ions, and comprises two-stage electrochemical treatment and two-stage softening treatment.
The wastewater from the desulfurization absorption tower is circulated for many times in the absorption tower, contains a large amount of colloid substances and is difficult to naturally settle through gravity, and the addition of chemical agents increases the salt content of the wastewater and increases the treatment difficulty of the subsequent desalting process. The process of the invention adopts two-stage electrochemical treatment, and can shorten the settling time of suspended substances in the desulfurization wastewater. Firstly, the desulfurization wastewater is subjected to primary electrochemical treatment in a three-dimensional reactor, on one hand, acidic substances in the wastewater can be consumed, and on the other hand, colloidal substances in the wastewater are destabilized due to the charge action due to the micro-battery reaction. The waste water is subjected to electrochemical reaction on the surface of an electrode of the secondary electrochemical reactor, chloride ions in the waste water escape in a gas form, and organic matters in the waste water are oxidized and decomposed on the surface of an anode.
And adding liquid caustic soda into the produced water of the electrochemical reactor to improve the pH value of the wastewater. Under the alkaline condition, insoluble suspended matters in the wastewater enter an inclined plate precipitation device to obtain primary precipitation, the precipitated wastewater generates calcium carbonate precipitation under the action of soda ash, and the calcium carbonate precipitation is filtered through a tubular microfiltration membrane. The hardness of the desulfurization waste water can be greatly reduced by filtering and preliminary softening the soda/tubular microfiltration membrane, and the hardness of the water produced by the tubular microfiltration membrane can be reduced to below 50 ppm.
The water produced by the tubular microfiltration membrane enters the nanofiltration device through the high-pressure pump, as the removal rate of the nanofiltration membrane on divalent anions is as high as 95 percent, and the cationic charge of the nanofiltration water is correspondingly reduced according to the electric neutral principle, the wastewater is deeply softened, the hardness value of the deeply softened wastewater can be reduced to below 2.5mg/l, and the hardness of the water treated by the conventional lime/soda softening process can only reach 3-4 mg/l. The soda ash/microfiltration process designed by the invention primarily removes hardness and deeply removes hardness by a nanofiltration process, a gradual progressive mode is adopted, so that the hardness removing process is more stable and reliable, and the produced water of the tubular microfiltration membrane meets the requirement of the inlet water of the nanofiltration device on suspended matters in the aspect of turbidity.
The concentrated water intercepted by the nanofiltration device flows back to the inclined plate precipitator for water inlet, and because the concentration of sulfate ions in the nanofiltration concentrated water is greatly improved, the sulfate ions react with calcium ions in the desulfurization wastewater entering the inclined plate precipitation device to form calcium sulfate precipitation, and the calcium sulfate precipitation is removed in the inclined plate precipitation device through sedimentation.
The wastewater after the two-stage electrochemical treatment has high oxidability and is reduced by the activated carbon before entering the nanofiltration membrane device, so that the safe and stable operation of the membrane element is ensured.
After pretreatment, the wastewater entering the RO membrane device has the hardness of less than 2.5mg/L, the turbidity of less than 0.1NTU, the COD of less than 10mg/L, the removal rate of chloride ions of more than 30 percent and the removal rate of sulfate ions of more than 95 percent.
The membrane concentration treatment section is designed into two-stage membrane treatment, including a roll-type RO device and a mesh-tube type STRO device.
The salting-out section adopts an MVR evaporator combined with a spray evaporator, and no organic agent is added in the whole process flow.
The invention relates to the following brief introduction:
1) vertical flow buffer device
The vertical flow buffer device is arranged at the first section of the system, and is used for carrying out preliminary sedimentation on the desulfurization wastewater so as to reduce the sludge treatment load of the subsequent process section, and the device can be designed into a reinforced concrete structure.
2) Three-dimensional reactor
The three-dimensional reactor is internally provided with a catalytic electrolysis filler, so that the desulfurization wastewater is subjected to primary electrochemical treatment, part of acidic substances in the wastewater can be eliminated, and the equipment is provided with an air stirring device for enhancing the treatment effect. The retention time of the wastewater in the three-dimensional reactor is not less than 2 hours, and the air flow required by the air stirring device is 15: 1, designing. In order to promote the wastewater to be fully contacted with the filler in the three-dimensional reactor, the device is provided with an internal circulating pump, and the circulating water quantity is 2 times of the inlet water quantity.
3) Electrochemical reactor
And (3) introducing direct current into a plurality of groups of parallel polar plates, and generating an electric field between the anode plate and the cathode plate to enable water to be treated to flow into gaps of the polar plates. The electrified polar plate can generate electrochemical reaction and flocculation reaction in water, and in the process, other actions such as electro-flotation, oxidation reduction and the like are simultaneously generated, and as a result, the soluble, colloidal and suspended pollutants in the water are effectively converted and removed. In order to promote the wastewater to fully contact with the inner polar plate of the electrochemical reactor, the device is provided with an inner circulating pump, and the circulating water quantity is the same as the inlet water quantity.
4) Tubular microfiltration device
Soda is added into the water discharged from the inclined plate precipitation device, the generated calcium carbonate micro-precipitates are separated through the tubular microfiltration device, the hardness of the produced water is greatly reduced, the concentrated water of the microfiltration device is subjected to cross flow and returned to the inclined plate precipitation device for water inlet, and the soda and tubular microfiltration membrane separation process has wide application in reducing the hardness and turbidity. The flow speed of the wastewater in the tubular microfiltration membrane is as high as 4.6m/s, so that no scaling phenomenon exists on the surface of the membrane.
5) Nanofiltration device
Divalent ions are further separated from water, the deep softening effect is achieved, concentrated drainage of the nanofiltration device returns to the water inlet end of the inclined plate sedimentation tank, precipitates can be formed with calcium ions in the desulfurization wastewater, and the interception efficiency of the nanofiltration membrane on sulfate ions is up to more than 95%, so that divalent cations can be intercepted, and the effect of further removing hardness is achieved.
6) Roll type RO device
A seawater desalination membrane element is adopted as a membrane element for primary concentration and separation.
7) Net pipe type RO device (STRO)
And further concentrating and separating concentrated drainage water of the seawater desalination membrane element by adopting an STRO device. Compared with a roll type RO membrane element, the net pipe type RO membrane element adopts a 34 mil parallel water inlet flow passage so as to reduce the possibility of high scaling tendency of water inlet and the membrane surface as much as possible. Designed influent flow, the geometric characteristics of which ensure low pressure drop within the membrane shell; the STRO membrane element can tolerate the influent water with high solid content of 250mg/l TSS and organic pollution of 30000ppm COD; compared with the DTRO membrane elements, the membrane area of 1 STRO membrane element is 3 times higher than that of 1 DTRO membrane element, so the system cost is much lower.
8) Mechanical compression evaporator
Adopt the MVR device to carry out evaporative concentration to STRO device's dense drainage, the MVR device is than single-effect evaporator, and multi-effect evaporator says, and its energy consumption is lower, and equipment area is less, has stronger market competition.
Because the STRO concentrated drainage hydraulic pressure is high, be provided with the nozzle in the MVR flash tank, make the concentrated drainage of membrane that gets into the flash tank produce vaporific dribble through pressure release, strengthen the evaporation effect, the water smoke of production leaves the flash tank under mechanical compressor's suction effect, can realize the preliminary evaporative concentration function of strong brine under the condition that need not the heating.
Through the mechanical compression effect, the low-temperature low-pressure steam pumped out from the flash tank is converted into steam with higher pressure and higher temperature, heat exchange is carried out between the heating chamber and the circulating concentrated solution, the compressed secondary steam with higher temperature and higher pressure is condensed by the concentrated solution to be changed into condensed water to be discharged, and meanwhile, the compressed secondary steam of the concentrated solution is heated and continuously evaporated.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the desulfurization wastewater is flocculated, clarified and COD-reduced by adopting a two-stage electrochemical method, so that the time required by the clarification treatment of suspended matters and colloids in the desulfurization wastewater is shortened, the occupied area of equipment is reduced, and favorable conditions are created for the subsequent membrane process.
2. The tubular microfiltration membrane is adopted to replace a conventional ultrafiltration system, so that the inflow water with extremely low suspended matter concentration is provided for a subsequent reverse osmosis system, and the hardness in the wastewater can be effectively reduced by combining the addition of the soda ash and the caustic soda liquid, so that conditions are created for deeply removing the hardness and COD of the nanofiltration device.
3. The concentrated drainage of the designed nanofiltration system is returned to the front end of the microfiltration membrane treatment process, so that the concentration of divalent anions in the wastewater is improved, the efficiency of generating calcium sulfate precipitate by combining with calcium ions in the wastewater is improved, and the concentration of sulfate radicals in the wastewater is effectively reduced.
4. The system is provided with a two-stage electrochemical reaction device, which creates favorable conditions for preventing organic matters of the tubular microfiltration membrane from being polluted and blocked; the active carbon filter is arranged in front of the nanofiltration device, so that the organic membrane can be effectively prevented from being oxidized and degraded.
5. Because organic agents are not added in the whole treatment process, and the COD of the wastewater can be effectively reduced in the whole treatment process, the MVR evaporation device does not need to add a defoaming agent.
6. The STRO device concentrated drainage pressure is high in the process, for the purpose of fully utilizing the potential energy, the nozzle is arranged in the MVR flash tank, the concentrated drainage is released through pressure to generate vaporific water drops after entering the flash tank, the water mist leaves the flash tank under the suction action of the mechanical compressor, and preliminary evaporation and concentration of the concentrated brine can be realized under the condition that heating is not needed.
7. The process adopts the advanced Internet of things technology to remotely monitor the operating states of the electrical equipment and the control valve of the system, and combines an online analysis instrument to remotely diagnose and control the operating condition of the system, thereby mastering the operating condition of the equipment and diagnosing faults in time.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of the present invention
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the description is intended to be exemplary only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Examples
The desulfurization wastewater passes through a vertical flow buffer device of a reinforced concrete structure, is subjected to preliminary precipitation so as to reduce the sludge treatment load of a subsequent process section, and is subjected to primary electrochemical treatment through a three-dimensional reactor; the three-dimensional reactor is internally provided with a catalytic electrolysis filler, so that the desulfurization wastewater is subjected to primary electrochemical treatment, part of acidic substances in the wastewater can be eliminated, and the equipment is provided with an air stirring device for enhancing the treatment effect. The retention time of the wastewater in the three-dimensional reactor is not less than 2 hours, and the air flow required by the air stirring device is 15: 1, designing. In order to promote the wastewater to be fully contacted with the filler in the three-dimensional reactor, the device is provided with an internal circulating pump, and the circulating water quantity is 2 times of the inlet water quantity.
Wastewater flowing through the three-dimensional reactor enters the electrochemical reactor, direct current is introduced into a plurality of groups of parallel polar plates, an electric field is generated between the anode plate and the cathode plate, and water to be treated flows into gaps of the polar plates. The electrified polar plate can generate electrochemical reaction and flocculation reaction in water, and in the process, other actions such as electro-flotation, oxidation reduction and the like are simultaneously generated, and as a result, the soluble, colloidal and suspended pollutants in the water are effectively converted and removed. In order to promote the wastewater to fully contact with the inner polar plate of the electrochemical reactor, the device is provided with an inner circulating pump, and the circulating water quantity is the same as the inlet water quantity.
The wastewater flowing through the electrochemical reactor enters the inclined plate precipitation device, the sodium carbonate is added into the effluent of the inclined plate precipitation device, the generated calcium carbonate micro-precipitates are separated through the tubular microfiltration device, the hardness in the produced water is greatly reduced, the concentrated water of the microfiltration device is fed back to the inclined plate precipitation device in a cross flow manner, and the sodium carbonate and tubular microfiltration membrane separation process has wide application in the aspects of reducing the hardness and turbidity. The flow speed of the wastewater in the tubular microfiltration membrane is as high as 4.6m/s, so that no scaling phenomenon exists on the surface of the membrane.
The waste water filtered by the tubular microfiltration device passes through the primary water hose and the nanofiltration water feed pump, is treated by active carbon, then flows through the security filter and the nanofiltration high-pressure pump to enter the nanofiltration device, divalent ions are further separated from the water, the deep softening effect is achieved, concentrated drainage water of the nanofiltration device returns to the water inlet end of the inclined plate sedimentation tank, precipitates can be formed with calcium ions in the desulfurization waste water, the interception efficiency of the nanofiltration membrane on sulfate ions is up to more than 95%, divalent cations can be intercepted, and the hardness can be further removed.
The wastewater filtered by the nanofiltration device enters a roll type RO device through a soft water tank, an RO water feed pump and an RO high-pressure pump, the roll type RO device adopts a seawater desalination membrane element as a membrane element for primary concentration and separation, and the concentrated water treated by the roll type RO device enters a mesh pipe type RO device (STRO) through a booster pump.
The waste water treated by the STRO device enters a mechanical compression evaporator (MVR device) to evaporate and concentrate the concentrated drainage water of the STRO device, and compared with a single-effect evaporator and a multi-effect evaporator, the MVR device has the advantages of lower energy consumption, smaller equipment floor area and stronger market competitiveness. Because the STRO concentrated drainage hydraulic pressure is high, be provided with the nozzle in the MVR flash tank, make the concentrated drainage of membrane that gets into the flash tank produce vaporific dribble through pressure release, strengthen the evaporation effect, the water smoke of production leaves the flash tank under mechanical compressor's suction effect, can realize the preliminary evaporative concentration function of strong brine under the condition that need not the heating. Through the mechanical compression effect, the low-temperature low-pressure steam pumped out from the flash tank is converted into steam with higher pressure and higher temperature, heat exchange is carried out between the heating chamber and the circulating concentrated solution, the compressed secondary steam with higher temperature and higher pressure is condensed by the concentrated solution to be changed into condensed water to be discharged, and meanwhile, the compressed secondary steam of the concentrated solution is heated and continuously evaporated. And (4) landfill treatment of strong salt waste evaporated by the MVR evaporation device, so that zero discharge of sulfur-containing wastewater is realized.
The process also adopts advanced Internet of things and cloud computing technology, combines an electrical parameter sensor to acquire data of the operating states of the electrical equipment and the control valve of the system, then sends the data to a cloud computing platform through a remote communication module to realize remote monitoring, combines an online analysis instrument to send real-time production data information such as water quantity, water level, water quality, power consumption, drug consumption and equipment states of the system to the cloud computing platform through the remote communication module, and collects, integrates, analyzes and processes the data through the cloud computing platform to realize remote real-time supervision, fault diagnosis and equipment management of the operating conditions of the system, so that the operating conditions of the equipment can be mastered, problems can be predicted and found in time, and the management is more standardized and refined.
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations can be made hereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (4)
1. A treatment process of desulfurization wastewater comprises the following treatment procedures:
1) a desulfurization wastewater pretreatment process: the desulfurization wastewater pretreatment process comprises a two-stage electrochemical treatment process and a two-stage softening treatment process; the desulfurization wastewater enters a three-dimensional reactor from a vertical flow buffer device for primary electrochemical treatment, acidic substances in the wastewater are removed, and colloidal substances in the wastewater are destabilized due to the action of charges to complete primary electrochemical treatment; the wastewater treated by the primary electrochemical reactor enters a secondary electrochemical reactor to generate electrochemical reaction, the secondary electrochemical reactor enables chloride ions in the wastewater to escape in a gas form, organic matters in the wastewater are oxidized and decomposed on the surface of an anode, the wastewater treated by the secondary electrochemical reactor enters an intermediate water tank and an intermediate water pump through an inclined plate precipitation device, the wastewater is pumped into a tubular microfiltration device by the water pump to be filtered, primary softened water is obtained after the filtration, and the hardness of the primary softened water can be reduced to be below 50 ppm; the primary softened water flows through a primary soft water tank and a nanofiltration water supply pump, then is filtered by an active carbon filter, filtrate filtered by the active carbon enters a nanofiltration device through a nanofiltration high-pressure pump, concentrated water intercepted by the nanofiltration device returns to the inclined plate precipitation device, and water produced after being treated by the nanofiltration device enters the soft water tank;
2) and a desulfurization wastewater membrane concentration treatment process: the produced water treated by the nanofiltration device enters a soft water tank and then enters a roll-type RO device through an RO water feed pump and an RO high-pressure pump, and the concentrated water treated by the roll-type RO device enters an STRO device through a booster pump to finish the concentration treatment process;
3) salting-out treatment process of desulfurization wastewater: concentrated water treated by the STRO device is evaporated by the MVR evaporation device, and evaporated concentrated salt waste is buried, so that zero discharge of sulfur-containing wastewater is realized.
2. The process for treating desulfurization wastewater according to claim 1, characterized in that: the three-dimensional reactor has waste water retention time longer than 2 hours, an internal circulating pump is arranged in the three-dimensional reactor, and the circulating water quantity is 2 times of the inlet water quantity.
3. The process for treating desulfurization wastewater according to claim 1, characterized in that: an internal circulating pump is arranged in the electrochemical reactor, and the circulating water quantity is the same as the water inlet quantity.
4. The process for treating desulfurization wastewater according to claim 1, characterized in that: the system also combines an electrical parameter sensor to carry out data acquisition on the running states of electrical equipment and a control valve of the system, then the running states are sent to a cloud computing platform through a remote communication module to realize remote monitoring, and real-time production data information such as water quantity, water level, water quality, electricity consumption, medicine consumption and equipment states of the system is sent to the cloud computing platform through the remote communication module in combination with an online analysis instrument, and the real-time production data information is collected, integrated, analyzed and processed through the cloud computing platform to realize remote real-time supervision, fault diagnosis and equipment management of the running conditions of the system, so that the running conditions of the equipment can be mastered, and problems can be predicted and found in time.
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| CN109694119A (en) * | 2018-04-26 | 2019-04-30 | 中电华创电力技术研究有限公司 | A method of desulfurization wastewater is handled using modified activated carbon granule electrode |
| CN110342713B (en) * | 2019-07-03 | 2024-02-20 | 西安格瑞电力科技有限公司 | Desulfurization waste water is from retrieval and utilization and zero release system |
| CN111268753A (en) * | 2020-02-14 | 2020-06-12 | 北京光耀环境工程有限公司 | Desulfurization wastewater treatment system and method |
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